Cells g1 phase. Medical search. Frequent questions

The partially active G1 phase and propensity for apoptosis inherited after each division may underlie rapid proliferation and cell death, which are hallmarks of B cell proliferative responses. (nih.gov)
6. Role of proteasomes in T cell activation and proliferation. (nih.gov)
Mutations in these genes can result in abnormal versions of the proteins that fail to prevent the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. (news-medical.net)
At a fundamental level, cancer is caused by an accumulation of genetic changes that result in unregulated cell growth and proliferation. (medscape.com)
Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that normally provide negative control of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
PTEN encodes a protein kinase of the same name and functions as a tumor suppressor through regulation of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
Proto-oncogenes are genes that function normally in healthy cells to promote growth and proliferation. (medscape.com)
In addition, estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1)-mediated stimulation of proliferation of the epithelial cells contributes to conversion of DNA damage into mutations (i.e., tumor initiation) as well as tumor promotion and progression (Yager 2015 ). (springer.com)
ESR1-mediated proliferation involves complex intercellular signaling between epithelial and stromal cells (Lanigan et al. (springer.com)
We chose liver regeneration in mammals as the model system because it is the most synchronised cell proliferation phenomenon, where 95\% of the cells simultaneously enter cell cycle. (hu-berlin.de)
Loss of MCU prevents mitochondrial fusion in G1-S phase and blocks cell cycle progression and proliferation. (ucsf.edu)
The activity of AD against vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation remains unclear. (hindawi.com)
Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
Neural stem and progenitor cells undergo an important transition from proliferation to differentiation in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (ca.gov)
Cyclin D proteins promote proliferation in G1 and typically are down-regulated before differentiation. (ca.gov)
Tumor cell proliferation is blocked because of the interruption of asparagine-dependent protein synthesis. (prospecbio.com)
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment 3 (ERGIC3) promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in lung cancer, but its molecular mechanism is unclear. (techscience.com)
We aim to investigate the effects of CDC6 on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation in DLBCL cells, delineate its underlying mechanism, and to correlate CDC6 expression with clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with DLBCL. (bvsalud.org)
The cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V APC/7-AAD double staining, and cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. (bvsalud.org)
We found that CDC6 overexpression increased SUDHL4 or OCI-LY7 cell proliferation, while knockdown of CDC6 inhibited cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSION: CDC6 promotes cell proliferation and survival of DLBCL cells through regulation of G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)

subsequence reports from other labs as well as our own have since confirmed this concept and extended it to show that mammalian Orc1 is selectively ubiquitinated and phosphorylated during the S to M-phase transition, while ORC subunits 2 to 5, which comprise a stable core complex (3,4), remain tightly bound to chromatin throughout cell division (Fig. 4). (nih.gov)
In mitotic cells, Orc1 is hyperphosphorylated by its association with Cdk1/cyclin A, then dephosphorylated and bound to chromatin during the M to G1-phase transition (10). (nih.gov)
During the M to G1 transition, Ub-Orc1 was essentially absent and non-ubiquitinated Orc1 rebound to chromatin. (nih.gov)
1. p55Cdc/cdc20 overexpression promotes early g1/s transition in myeloid cells. (nih.gov)
2. Inhibition of the melanoma cell cycle and regulation at the G1/S transition by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) by modulation of CDK2 activity. (nih.gov)
13. Cdc2-cyclin E complexes regulate the G1/S phase transition. (nih.gov)
Ser/Thr-kinase component of cyclin D-CDK4 (DC) complexes that phosphorylate and inhibit members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulate the cell-cycle during G1/S transition. (wikipedia.org)
Immunoblot screening indicated that lycopene's antiproliferative effects are likely achieved through a block in G1/S transition mediated by decreased levels of cyclins D1 and E and cyclin dependent kinase 4 and suppressed Retinoblastoma phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
pRB functions as a negative regulatory transcription factor during the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition. (medscape.com)
Insights into the network controlling the G1/S transition in budding yeast. (mpg.de)
The G1-S phase transition was modelled, focusing on how injury induced pro-inflammatory signals \textit{prime} the cells in G1 phase and consequently both cytokine and growth factor induced pathways lead to further cell cycle progression. (hu-berlin.de)
Normal cells are growth factor dependent and commit to initiate DNA replication at the G1/S phase transition. (uvm.edu)
Because transcription of histone genes is tightly coupled with the onset of DNA replication at the G1/S phase transition, we have pioneered the use of histone H4 genes as a paradigm for cell cycle control of transcription. (uvm.edu)
activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (proteopedia.org)
USP37 is activated by phosphorylation and thus triggers G1-S transition. (proteopedia.org)
Cyclin which controls both the G1/S and the G2/M transition phases of the cell cycle. (xenbase.org)
In particular, by morphocytochemical and cytometric approaches, the influence of type I and type IV collagens in an experimental model representative of three phases (initial, intermediate and terminal) of monocyte-macrophage transition was analyzed. (scirp.org)

It was demonstrated that pemetrexed inhibited cell survival and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human ESCC cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by cytotoxic agents are critical in cancer treatment ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
10. CaMK-II inhibition reduces cyclin D1 levels and enhances the association of p27kip1 with Cdk2 to cause G1 arrest in NIH 3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
11. Involvement of p27Kip1 in G1 arrest by high dose 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)
16. Cyclin E-cdk2 activation is associated with cell cycle arrest and inhibition of DNA replication induced by the thymidylate synthase inhibitor Tomudex. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, honokiol induced G0/G1 phase arrest, elevated the levels of glucose-regulated protein (GRP)−78, an endoplasmic reticular stress (ERS)-associated protein, and increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). (nature.com)
In contrast, reducing production of intracellular ROS using N -acetylcysteine, a scavenger of ROS, concurrently suppressed honokiol-induced cellular apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest. (nature.com)
Taken together, our results revealed that honokiol caused G0/G1 phase arrest, induced apoptosis, and autophagy via the ROS/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma cells. (nature.com)
LNCaP and PC3 cells treated with the lycopene-based agents undergo mitotic arrest, accumulating in G0/G1 phase. (nih.gov)
Lycopene exposure can suppress phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent proliferative and survival signalling in androgen-responsive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC3 cells suggesting that the molecular mechanisms for the cytostatic and cytotoxic actions of lycopene involve induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. (nih.gov)
As with other inhibitors, treatment of oncogene-transformed NIH-3T3 cells with luminol (250, 1000 µM) for 12 days after plating resulted in the marked appearance of flat cells, possibly by eliminating exogenous transforming genes, suppressed G1 arrest and enhanced G2 arrest in gamma-irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast C3D2F1 3T3-a cells. (nih.gov)
SK33 induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Single treatment of both mTOR inhibitors induced a significant G 1 cell cycle arrest and combination treatment with Dasatinib reduced the expression of cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 or increased the expression of cell cycle inhibitor p21. (medsci.org)
It specifically negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to induce cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
Specifically, HDAC inhibitors have been linked to several downstream effects in tumor cell lines, resulting in cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis ( 9 - 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The results from the present study provide experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that LBH589 decreases specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and inhibits OSCC cell viability by inducing cell cycle arrest and activating apoptotic pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Our data showed that the expression of myogenic genes as well as cell cycle exit genes was increased after FGF21 overexpression, and FGF21 overexpression induces cell cycle arrest. (hindawi.com)
Cumulative evidence indicates that cell-cycle progression is mediated by cell-cycle regulatory proteins, such as cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27), which are associated with G0/G1 phase cell-cycle arrest [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cell senescence is a physiological process of irreversible cell cycle arrest that contributes to various stress conditions, telomere shortening, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial dysfunction are main characteristic of cell senescence [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)
Percentage of the cells in cell cycle arrest increased in a dose-dependent manner and was more evident in MDA-MB-231 cells. (ijpsonline.com)
Since p53 was identified as a tumor suppressor protein in late 1980's, various studies have focused on its contributions on cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis and autophagy [ 8 , 9 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Thus DOX inhibits replication and transcription causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis afterwards [ 16 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
CDC6 knockdown led to significant cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and increase in cell apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)

Here we show that in contrast to the canonical view that G1 progression signals are essential after mitosis to reenter S phase, B lymphocytes sustain several rounds of mitogen-independent cell division following the first mitosis. (nih.gov)
In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
G1 phase together with the S phase and G2 phase comprise the long growth period of the cell cycle cell division called interphase that takes place before cell division in mitosis (M phase). (wikipedia.org)
In human somatic cells, the cell cycle lasts about 10 hours, and the G1 However, in Xenopus embryos, sea urchin embryos, and Drosophila embryos, the G1 phase is barely existent and is defined as the gap, if one exists, between the end of mitosis and the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Between the beginning of the G1 phase (which is also after mitosis has occurred) and R, the cell is known as being in the G1-pm subphase, or the post-mitotic phase. (wikipedia.org)
Fly Embryos: ORC subunits 2 to 6 (grey cylinders) remain bound to chromatin throughout the cell cycle, but Orc1 (red cylinder) is selectively ubiquitinated during mitosis by the APC/Fzr system and degraded. (nih.gov)
Thus, hamster ORC activity was absent during mitosis and early G1 phase, and reappeared as cells progressed through G1 phase. (nih.gov)
Orc1 and Mcm3 were easily eluted from chromatin during mitosis and early G1 phase, but became stably bound during mid-G1 phase, concomitant with the appearance of the origin decision point (i.e. assembly of a functional pre-replication complex at ori -b). (nih.gov)
M phase (mitosis): In this phase, which lasts only 30 to 60 minutes, the cell actually splits into 2 new cells. (cancer.org)
In mitosis (M) the chromosomes separate, and the cell divides into two daughter cells. (nobelprize.org)
MITOSIS is the division of the nucleus of body (somatic) cells into genetically identical daughter cells. (angelfire.com)
M (Mitosis) PHASE is the period of nuclear division. (angelfire.com)
During mitosis, the two sets of chromosomes made during the S phase are separated and two daughter nuclei form. (angelfire.com)
Cell division requires faithful duplication of the genome as chromatin, and subsequent partitioning of chromosomes into progeny cells at mitosis. (uvm.edu)
Cell size homeostasis is brought about by the co-ordination of cell division with cell growth and requires restriction of smaller cells from undergoing mitosis and cell division, whilst allowing larger cells to do so. (elifesciences.org)
CDK inhibitory phosphorylation works synergistically with PP2A to prevent mitosis in smaller cells. (elifesciences.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK Cdc2 ) is the master regulator of mitosis and cell division, and therefore the propensity for smaller cells not to divide must ultimately feed into the regulation of CDK activity ( Coudreuse and Nurse, 2010 ). (elifesciences.org)
regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (proteopedia.org)

The cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated using flow cytometry analysis, and proteins were detected using western blotting. (spandidos-publications.com)
Once the required proteins and growth are complete, the cell enters the next phase of the cell cycle, S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Surprisingly, hamster Orc1 and Orc2 proteins were present in nuclei at equivalent concentrations throughout the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
3. Glucocorticoids induce G1 as well as S-phase lengthening in normal human stimulated lymphocytes: differential effects on cell cycle regulatory proteins. (nih.gov)
7. Differential patterns of cell cycle regulatory proteins expression in transgenic models of thyroid tumours. (nih.gov)
G1 phase: During this phase, the cell starts making more proteins to get ready to divide. (cancer.org)
Biochemical effects of lycopene treatment were investigated by immunoblotting for changes in the absolute levels and phosphorylation states of cell cycle regulatory and signalling proteins. (nih.gov)
BRCA1 interacts with several proteins that regulate the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
The Cell Cycle and cellular reproduction are precisely regulated by a series of proteins called cyclins . (angelfire.com)
During GAP 2 (G2), the cell is making final preparation including making proteins and preparing to divide. (angelfire.com)
All dividing cells must package newly replicated DNA into chromatin during S phase, which necessitates the expression of multiple histone genes that encode the core nucleosomal proteins. (uvm.edu)
S-phase kinase associated protein 2 belongs to ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that plays vital roles in regulating many biological processes by controlling the timely turn-over of proteins ( Frescas and Pagano, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the phorbol‑12‑myristate‑13‑acetate‑induced protein 1/induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl‑1 axis is involved in intrinsic apoptosis induced by pemetrexed. (spandidos-publications.com)
Members of the apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2) family serve crucial roles in the regulation of apoptotic processes in various cancer cells ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
NOXA is able to interact with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (Mcl-1), interfering with the polymerization of apoptosis regulator BAX and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer to trigger the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The types of cell death induced by honokiol were primarily autophagy and apoptosis. (nature.com)
Furthermore, pretreatment of osteosarcoma cells with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, inhibited honokiol-induced apoptosis and autophagy. (nature.com)
In particular, autophagy has been found to closely related to apoptosis, which is a kind of programmed cell death. (nature.com)
In contrast PC3 cells were resistant to apoptosis at doses up to 1 microM. (nih.gov)
No significant apoptosis was observed in the BEAS-2B cell type. (cdc.gov)
SAEC cells exposed to AL-MW3 showed significant apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, substituting Rapamycin in the modified multimodal RIST protocol with Torin-2 reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis despite a significant lower Torin-2 drug concentration applied. (medsci.org)
In addition, it can stimulate apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
Panobinostat (LBH589) induces apoptosis through the regulation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, HN22 and HSC4. (spandidos-publications.com)
LBH589 significantly reduced cell growth and the sub-G1 cell population and induced apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Taken together, our data demonstrate that LBH589 induces the apoptosis of OSCC cells by suppressing Sp1 expression, indicating that LBH589 may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of OSCC. (spandidos-publications.com)
We demonstrate that LBH589 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in the HN22 and HSC4 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Changes in cell viability, apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell cycle analysis were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay, annexin V/ propidium iodide staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. (medsci.org)
Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by the activation of catabolic enzymes, which is responsible for degradation of cellular components, shrinkage of the cell, condensation of chromatin and fragmentation of DNA [ 4 , 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

Yeast: ORC (six gray cylinders) remains bound to replication origins throughout the cell cycle, but ORC is phosphorylated (-P) during the S to M periods, and this phosphorylation inhibits its ability to assemble a pre-RC. (nih.gov)
17. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of p27 cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor by cyclin E/Cdk2. (nih.gov)
Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complexes and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)
Western blots demonstrated that MI-773 potently induced expression of p53 and its downstream targets p21, MDM2, and induced phosphorylation of p53 (serine 392) in low passage primary human ACC cells. (nih.gov)
Growth/cell cycle regulation of Sp1 phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
We develop a high-throughput single-cell assay system of CDK activity in vivo and show that inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK encodes cell size information, with the phosphatase PP2A aiding to set a size threshold for division. (elifesciences.org)
Therefore, scaling of cyclin-CDK levels with cell size, CDK inhibitory phosphorylation, PP2A, and DNA-dependent inhibition of CDK activity, all inform the cell cycle network of cell size, thus contributing to cell size homeostasis. (elifesciences.org)
Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1. (proteopedia.org)
Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of p220(NPAT) by cyclin E/Cdk2 in Cajal bodies promotes histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)

Orc1 reappears bound to chromatin in late G1-phase cells (16). (nih.gov)
The maximum control is seen in late G1 phase to S phase. (news-medical.net)

Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover, cell cycle genes were decreased in FGF21 overexpression cells while they were increased in FGF21 knockdown cells. (hindawi.com)
Overexpression of KLF4 in T cells not only inhibited G1/S phase progression of the cell cycle but additionally induced upregulation of CCR2 and CCR5. (uni-muenchen.de)
Overexpression of EMP1 in encephalitogenic T cells influenced the migratory behaviour of effector T cells both in vitro and in vivo. (uni-muenchen.de)

20. Requirements for p53 and the ATM gene product in the regulation of G1/S and S phase checkpoints. (nih.gov)
Role of APCs, Th1 and Th2 cells, and proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in the regulation of cellular and humoral immunity. (nih.gov)
Skp1 connects cell cycle regulation to the ubiquitin proteolysis machinery through a novel motif, the F-box. (nih.gov)

In mammalian cells, there are multiple, but poorly defined, pathways, with much current attention on repair in S phase. (nih.gov)
There is increasing evidence that both of these complexes play a central role in DNA damage recognition, activation of cell cycle checkpoints, and DNA repair pathways. (nih.gov)
With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
Given that this reaction can occur outside the context of S-phase, these results imply a more general role for PCNA modification in the control of DNA repair pathways through the cell cycle, which is dependent on the type of damage or repair intermediate encountered. (ox.ac.uk)
Accordingly, entry into S-phase is controlled by molecular pathways that facilitate a rapid, unidirectional shift in cell state. (wikipedia.org)
The aim of the project was to characterize the functional properties of these migrating encephalitogenic T cells during the course of EAE and to identify biological pathways which determine their migratory behaviour and pathogenic potential. (uni-muenchen.de)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)

The HER (erbB) family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases is one of the cytostatic targets in tumor cell growth and survival. (medscape.com)
Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)
For example, we observed a tumor growth inhibition index of 127% in UM-PDX-HACC-5 tumors that was associated with an increase in the fraction of apoptotic cells (P = 0.015). (nih.gov)
Neuroblastoma, derived from primitive nervous sympathetic cells, is the most common solid tumor of childhood and constitutes 7 % of all pediatric cancers [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)
Researchers have uncovered new insights into how the normal controls on cell growth are lost in cancer cells, leading to rapid tumor expansion. (sciencedaily.com)
Cell senescence is a fundamental mechanism of aging and appears to play vital roles in the onset and prognosis of cardiovascular disease, fibrotic pulmonary disease, liver disease and tumor. (degruyter.com)
to aid the growth of some tumor cells. (prospecbio.com)
They help inhibit protein synthesis in tumor cells. (prospecbio.com)
The reason it's used is that so many tumor cells depend on a high concentration of asparagine in the blood. (prospecbio.com)
As a result, the tumor cells don't just stop growing - they decrease in size. (prospecbio.com)
Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a malignant tumor with high incidence worldwide. (techscience.com)
The tumor microenvironment refers to the surrounding microenvironment in which tumor cells exist, including the surrounding blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, various signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix. (techscience.com)
Based on these considerations, we developed the antiangiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, TX-1877, TX-1898 and the hypoxic cytotoxin TX-402 that inhibits the HIF-1α pathway We will also discuss our research involved with the development of other drugs to exploit tumor hypoxia, including a hypoxia-targeting boron carrier for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and a p53 inhibiting radiosensitizer. (go.jp)

Interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are absolute blocks to transcription and replication and can provoke genomic instability and cell death. (nih.gov)
These complexes then activate S-Cdk complexes that move forward with DNA replication in the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Members of both RPA and the MRN complexes become phosphorylated during S-phase and in response to replication fork blockage. (nih.gov)
In year 2000, we reported the first clear evidence that "origin replication complex" (ORC) activity in mammalian cells is regulated by cell cycle changes in the affinity of the Orc1 subunit for chromatin (1,2). (nih.gov)
Hamster cells contain specific DNA replication origins between the DHFR and 2BE2121 genes (Fig. 2A). (nih.gov)
Throughout M phase and G1 phase, cells assemble inactive pre-replication complexes (pre-RC) on replication origins distributed throughout the genome. (wikipedia.org)
[4] During S-phase, the cell converts pre-RCs into active replication forks to initiate DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
[5] Redundant origins may increase the flexibility of DNA replication, allowing cells to control the rate of DNA synthesis and respond to replication stress. (wikipedia.org)
Actively dividing cells are continually challenged by impediments (referred to as replication stress) to the progression of replication forks. (nih.gov)
Individuals with defects in the genes that encode factors that protect cells from replication stress typically suffer from severe clinical pathologies including cancer, neurodegeneration, features of accelerated aging, and early death. (nih.gov)
The cells are harvested, DNA fibers are stretched on microscope slides, the location of psoralen adducts displayed with an immunoquantum dot, and the replication tracks illuminated by immunofluorescence. (nih.gov)
Cell replication is a controlled process with sequential and timely activation and degradation of cyclins leading to swift transitions between the phases of the cell cycle. (hu-berlin.de)
Cell replication is a normal process that generates additional cells, enabling the body to grow, repair tissues and generate germ-fighting immune cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The first phase of the cell cycle, called G1, is normally tightly controlled to ensure replication occurs safely. (sciencedaily.com)
Several years ago, the team challenged this theory in healthy immune cells, showing that both phases of the cell cycle contribute to changes in replication time. (sciencedaily.com)
The old theory predicts that all variation in replication time comes from the first phase of the cell cycle. (sciencedaily.com)
We then performed single cell imaging to track each phase of the cell cycle as they underwent replication," she said. (sciencedaily.com)
BACKGROUND: Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6) is a key licensing factor in the assembly of pre-replicative complexes at origins of replication. (bvsalud.org)

[3] The Cln3-CDK2 complex promotes transcription of S-phase genes by inactivating the transcriptional repressor Whi5 . (wikipedia.org)
[3] Since upregulation of S-phase genes drive further suppression of Whi5 , this pathway creates a positive feedback loop that fully commits cells to S-phase gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
[3] Active cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex induces release of E2F transcription factor, which in turn initiates expression of S-phase genes. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to increasing transcription of histone genes, S-phase entry also regulates histone production at the RNA level. (wikipedia.org)
According to the TargetScan 7.2 database, the target genes of miR-17∼92a act on tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-MMPs, p27/21 cyclins, and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR α ) ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1/G1, which are involved in the process of atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
Cell viability percentages, cell cycle phases, which cells were on, apoptotic cell rates, drug efflux levels via P-gp, expression levels of Mdr-1 as well as certain genes in p53 apoptotic pathway were measured. (ijpsonline.com)
At the time of transfer, encephalitogenic T cells in vitro are maximally activated, i.e. they exhibit a prominent upregulation of cell cycle genes such as cyclin A2 (CCNA2) and cyclin B2 (CCNB2) among others. (uni-muenchen.de)
In contrast, T cells isolated from spleen 3 days post transfer, downregulated activation markers such as interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) and interferon γ (IFNγ), and at the same time upregulated migration specific genes such as CC-chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1), CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). (uni-muenchen.de)
Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that several transcription regulators known for inhibiting cell cycle progression such as krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) and transducer of ERBB2, 1 (TOB1) were clustered together with cell cycle and migration genes. (uni-muenchen.de)
The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)

The restriction point (R) in the G1 phase is different from a checkpoint because it does not determine whether cell conditions are ideal to move on to the next phase, but it changes the course of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Some authors will say that the restriction point and the G1/S checkpoint are one and the same, but more recent studies have argued that there are two different points in the G1 phase that check the progression of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The first restriction point is growth-factor dependent and determines whether the cell moves into the G0 phase, while the second checkpoint is nutritionally-dependent and determines whether the cell moves into the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
The G1/S checkpoint is the point between G1 phase and the S phase in which the cell is cleared for progression into the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
At the G1/S checkpoint, formation of the G1/S cyclin with Cdk to form a complex commits the cell to a new division cycle. (wikipedia.org)

B and T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system undergo proliferative bursts to generate pools of antigen-specific cells for effective immunity. (nih.gov)
18. Involvement of p27Kip1 in the G1- and S/G2-phase lengthening mediated by glucocorticoids in normal human lymphocytes. (nih.gov)
the comet assay in peripheral blood-isolated lymphocytes and mammary epithelial cells was also carried out. (researchgate.net)
Our results suggest that DDT is genotoxic, not only for lymphocytes but also to mammary epithelial cells. (researchgate.net)
Other cells, such as the B lymphocytes which will eventually produce Antibodies, will return to the G1 phase when stimulated by an antigen. (angelfire.com)

The ORC cycle in fly embryos and mammalian cells (15). (nih.gov)
When is Orc1 bound tightly to chromatin In mammalian cells? (nih.gov)
A remarkably similar regulatory scheme exists in mammalian cells. (wikipedia.org)
Better understanding of the cell cycle control system in mammalian cells would enable understanding perturbations of the human cell cycle machinery which lead to diseases like cancers. (hu-berlin.de)

The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16INK4a. (wikipedia.org)

If somatic cell chromatin is incubated in the extract instead of sperm chromatin, then ORC is released spontaneously from chromatin following pre-RC assembly. (nih.gov)

Complexes of cyclin that are active during other phases of the cell cycle are kept inactivated to prevent any cell-cycle events from occurring out of order. (wikipedia.org)
4. Formation of p27-CDK complexes during the human mitotic cell cycle. (nih.gov)
In yeast, for instance, cell growth induces accumulation of Cln3 cyclin , which complexes with the cyclin dependent kinase CDK2. (wikipedia.org)
[3] Mitogenic signals received throughout G1-phase cause gradual accumulation of cyclin D, which complexes with CDK4/6. (wikipedia.org)
Epigenetic and transcriptome responsiveness to ER modulation by tissue selective estrogen complexes in breast epithelial and breast cancer cells. (uvm.edu)
The cyclin subunit confers the substrate specificity of these complexes and differentially interacts with and activates CDK1 and CDK2 throughout the cell cycle. (xenbase.org)

The 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Dr. Paul Nurse and others who identified the chemical regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle. (angelfire.com)

Activation of proteases is delayed until these enzymes are in the lumen by virtue of the localized presence of an activating enzyme, enterokinase, on the brush border of small intestinal epithelial cells. (proprofs.com)
The pesticide DDT and the food colorant Red No. 3 were found to increase the growth of HTB 133 but not estrogen receptor (ER) negative human breast cells (HTB 125) or rat liver epithelial cells (RLE). (researchgate.net)
RB and c-Myc activate expression of the E-cadherin gene in epithelial cells through interaction with transcription factor AP2. (nih.gov)
Genotoxicity was measured in immortalized (BEAS-2B) and primary lung epithelial cells (SAEC) either 24 or 72 hours after exposure using micronuclei assay with pancentromere staining, mitotic spindle analysis, and cell cycle analysis. (cdc.gov)
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive epithelial malignancy with a poor prognosis despite advances in diagnosis and treatment ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
A novel tetraspan membrane protein called epithelial membrane protein (EMP1), was found to be up regulated in ex vivo-isolated effector T cells. (uni-muenchen.de)

Exposure to lycopene at doses as low as 10 nM for 48 h induced a profound apoptotic response in LNCaP cells. (nih.gov)
The "pre-treatment" with Rapamycin and Dasatinib is anticipated to have an apoptotic, chemo-sensitizing and cell cycle synchronizing effect [ 9 ]. (medsci.org)
Apoptotic cell number increased in MCF-7 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was measured to be ~ 7 fold higher in cells treated with 200 nM of doxorubicin when compared to the control. (ijpsonline.com)
Likewise, apoptotic cell rate increased in MDA-MB-231 cells and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was increased by 2 fold compared to the control. (ijpsonline.com)
Consequently it was concluded that doxorubicin directly influences apoptotic pathway and multidrug resistance in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells even though data all together suggest that the effect is more significant on MDA-MB-231. (ijpsonline.com)

5. TGF-beta 1 induces the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 mRNA and protein in murine B cells. (nih.gov)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (wikipedia.org)
Red No. 3, beta-estradiol, and DDT increase ER site-specific DNA binding to the estrogen response element in HTB 133 cells and increase cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (researchgate.net)
[4] This process depends on the kinase activity of Cdc7 and various S-phase CDKs, both of which are upregulated upon S-phase entry. (wikipedia.org)
The Interleukin-2-mTORc1 Kinase Axis Defines the Signaling, Differentiation, and Metabolism of T Helper 1 and Follicular B Helper T Cells. (nih.gov)
Human myt1 is a cell cycle-regulated kinase that inhibits cdc2 but not cdk2 activity. (nih.gov)
Emerging evidence has shown that the F-box protein S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (Skp2) also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. (frontiersin.org)

Targeted molecular therapy, like therapy with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and other therapies, has limited or nonexistent side effects on normal cells of the body, unlike present modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. (medscape.com)
The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
Luminol was reported to increase the efficiency of intrachromosomal homologous recombination in Chinese hamster A238 cells, and to affect the rate of single DNA exchanges and gene conversion (double exchanges) in LMtk- and HeLa cells, respectively, which were transformed with plasmid DNA. (nih.gov)
Currently, we are examining cell cycle control in vivo during the earliest stages of embryonic development from the zygote to the blastocyst using conditional null mouse models lacking critical gene regulators. (uvm.edu)
Drug efflux assay results were also shown to be consistent with Mdr-1 gene expression levels in both cell lines. (ijpsonline.com)
To this end, average linkage hierarchical clustering, pathway and gene ontology (GO) analyses of transcriptomes from cultured and ex vivo-isolated myelin basic protein-reactive T cells (TMBP cells) were performed. (uni-muenchen.de)
In conclusion, gene expression profiling of encephalitogenic T cells revealed interesting genome wide transcriptomic changes and established a correlation between cell cycle progression and cell migration. (uni-muenchen.de)

During G1 phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and protein that are required for DNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
In order for the cell to continue through the G1-pm, there must be a high amount of growth factors and a steady rate of protein synthesis, otherwise the cell will move into G0 phase. (wikipedia.org)
Mammals: ORC subunits 2 to 6 remain bound to chromatin throughout the cell cycle, but Orc1 is selectively detached when DNA synthesis begins. (nih.gov)
S phase ( Synthesis phase ) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated , occurring between G 1 phase and G 2 phase . (wikipedia.org)
The helicase component forms a locked ring around the template for leading strand synthesis, and once activated in S phase cannot disassemble and relocate. (nih.gov)
When it has reached its appropriate size it enters the phase of DNA-synthesis (S), where the chromosomes are duplicated. (nobelprize.org)
GAP 1 (G1) precedes the synthesis of new DNA. (angelfire.com)
During the S (synthesis) PHASE, an exact copy of the DNA is synthesized so that at the end of the phase there will actually be 46 pairs of chromosomes in the cell. (angelfire.com)

Biochemical triggers known as cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) switch on cell cycles events at the corrected time and in the correct order to prevent any mistakes. (wikipedia.org)

Also phosphorylates SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and represses its transcriptional activity. (wikipedia.org)
SK33, a trifluoromethylated enobosarm analog, is a cell and brain penetrant, tissue selective and highly potent anti-androgen that reduces androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Testing of IgG autoantibodies to human cellular antigens was performed by the HEp-2 cell immunofluorescence assay using slides from INOVA Diagnostics, San Diego, CA (Cat # 508100) following the manufacturer's instructions and evaluated primarily using their NOVA View system. (cdc.gov)
Our high-content confocal imaging systems based on the CSU are the ideal solution for drug screening using elaborated 3D and live cell assay systems as well as 2D fixed samples. (yokogawa.com)

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dominant histological subtype of esophageal cancer with notably high incidence and mortality rates. (spandidos-publications.com)
Esophageal cancer, which consists of two principal subtypes, adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), is the sixth leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
[ 1 ] Early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated relatively well with single-modality therapy (either surgery or radiation alone). (medscape.com)
Go to Imaging of Nasopharyngeal and Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)

G1 phase ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase. (wikipedia.org)
The events that take place between one cell division and the next are called the CELL CYCLE and are often identified as INTERPHASE. (angelfire.com)
INTERPHASE includes three growth phases. (angelfire.com)
A cell undergoes growth and usually doubles in size during interphase. (angelfire.com)

Xic1, a Cdk specific inhibitor, is present prior to S-phase, and presumably inhibits the ORC associated Cdk1/cyclin A activity, thereby allowing ORC to bind to chromatin. (nih.gov)
Therefore, we concluded that the affinity of Orc1 for ORC/chromatin sites is cell cycle dependent. (nih.gov)
We discovered that Orc1 could be selectively eluted from chromatin as hamster cells entered S-phase (6) , and a similar observation was reported for human cells (7). (nih.gov)
Furthermore, we observed that some of the CgOrc1 that was released from chromatin during S-phase was mono-ubiquitinated. (nih.gov)

Beyond defining basic mechanisms of cell cycle control in cancer cells and pluripotent embryonic stem cells, we are also addressing broader physiological processes linked to cancer and regenerative medicine. (uvm.edu)
The basic idea is to either stimulate endogenous stem cells or taking advantage of the recent isolation of human embryonic stem cells, which are capable of differentiating into any cell type. (ca.gov)

Curr Opin Cell Biol 13(6):738-74711698191. (nih.gov)

It now appears that this is partly the result of a high degree of cell cycle phase selectivity in the choice of ICL pathway employed. (ox.ac.uk)
These studies have resulted in the definition of a new cell cycle regulatory signaling pathway (Cyclin E-CDK2-NPAT-HiNFP axis). (uvm.edu)
Further, FGF21/P53/p21/Cyclin-CDK has been suggested as the key pathway for cell cycle exit mediated by FGF21 in C2C12 cells. (hindawi.com)
Interestingly, the miR-17∼92a cluster contains miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19a/b, miR-20a, and miR-92a, which are mediated by the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2)/ELK1 pathway in endothelial cells [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
These data identify a cell cycle-independent function for Cyclin D1 in promoting neuronal differentiation, along with a potential genetic pathway through which this function is exerted. (ca.gov)

S phase: In the S phase, the chromosomes containing the genetic code (DNA) are copied so that both of the new cells formed will have the right amount of DNA. (cancer.org)
Before a cell can divide it has to grow in size, duplicate its chromosomes and separate the chromosomes for distribution between the two daughter cells. (nobelprize.org)
Through this mechanism the daughter cells receive identical sets of chromosomes. (nobelprize.org)
Thus all body cells such as skin cells, muscle cells, bone cells in the human have 46 chromosomes. (angelfire.com)
The cell elongates and the daughter chromosomes are pulled apart. (angelfire.com)
The movement of the chromosomes and their separation to opposite ends or poles of the cell is a continuous process but we like to slow the process down and think of a series of phases with obvious structural characteristics. (angelfire.com)
Later in this phase the nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes attach to the spindle. (angelfire.com)
In METAPHASE , the chromosomes become aligned (lined up) near the middle of the cell. (angelfire.com)
Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)
However, the roles of FGF21 in myogenic differentiation and cell cycle remain obscure. (hindawi.com)
Also, we deduce that FGF21 promotes the initiation of myogenic differentiation mainly through enhancing cell cycle exit of C2C12 cells. (hindawi.com)
Taken together, our results demonstrated that FGF21 promotes cell cycle exit and enhances myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. (hindawi.com)
Reaching a successful outcome is dependent upon the development of protocols that efficiently and safely direct stem cell differentiation toward the desired cell type. (ca.gov)
Here we show that motoneuron progenitors in the embryonic spinal cord persistently express Cyclin D1 during the initial phase of differentiation, while down-regulating Cyclin D2. (ca.gov)
In this work, the influence of different substrate ad hesion during phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation of THP-1 monocytic cell line was studied. (scirp.org)
Our results have indicated that type I and type IV colla gens were able to influence, with respect to glass ad hesion, various differentiation phases. (scirp.org)
Type IV collagen, besides determining effects on lysosomal compart ment of intermediate and terminally differentiated cells, influenced mainly proliferative activity of cells with initial differentiation level (6 nM PMA). (scirp.org)
Spano, A. , Barni, S. , Bertone, V. and Sciola, L. (2013) Changes on lysosomal compartment during PMA-induced differentiation of THP-1 monocytic cells: Influence of type I and type IV collagens. (scirp.org)
Huh, H.Y., Pearce, S.F., Yesner, L.M., Schindler, J.L. and Silverstein, R.L. (1996) Regulated expression of CD36 during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation: potential role of CD36 in foam cell formation. (scirp.org)

The ORC cycle in yeast cells and frog eggs. (nih.gov)
Here we review recent results showing that Polymerase zeta, specialized translesion plays an important role during ICL repair in G1 phase yeast cells, and that PCNA modification by ubiquitin is a key regulator of its activity. (ox.ac.uk)
Thus, there must exist alternative mechanisms by which fission yeast cells integrate cell size information into the CDK control network. (elifesciences.org)

12. Effects of oncogenic ErbB2 on G1 cell cycle regulators in breast tumour cells. (nih.gov)
Using a novel CDK activity sensor, we have monitored cell size, CDK activity, and cyclin-CDK complex level simultaneously, whilst genetically varying regulators of the cyclin-CDK control system. (elifesciences.org)

[1] Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved. (wikipedia.org)
This process, called the cell cycle, is normally tightly controlled to prevent excessive growth, which can lead to cancer. (sciencedaily.com)

p53 is a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage and blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)

and a high concentration of Cdk inhibitors is found during G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)

Phase III trials should only be initiated in appropriate patients based on strong clinical and biological signals. (medscape.com)

After Cdc7 and S-phase CDKs phosphorylate their respective substrates, a second set of replicative factors associate with the pre-RC. (wikipedia.org)

We aimed to examine whether EPA could protect vascular endothelial cells under stress conditions against stress-induced accelerated senescence (SIAS). (medsci.org)
Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to H 2 O 2 as oxidative stress and a high glucose concentration with palmitate as a glucolipotoxic condition. (medsci.org)

By comparing the IC 50 values of Torin-1, Torin-2, AZD3147 and PP242 we established that only Torin-2 inhibited cell viability of all three MycN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines tested at nanomolar concentration. (medsci.org)

In humans, the normal physiological temperature is around 37 °C (98.6 °F). G1 phase is particularly important in the cell cycle because it determines whether a cell commits to division or to leaving the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)

Site-specific DNA binding by p53 in RLE, HTB 125, HTB 133, and MCF-7 cells was increased when they were treated with Red No. 3, which suggests that cellular DNA was damaged by this colorant. (researchgate.net)
Cellular signaling is potentially regulated by cell density in receptor trafficking networks. (mpg.de)
Based on high-resolution microscopic images, high content analysis (HCA) enables you to detect cellular phenotypic changes at a molecular level, so the technology can be utilized as a powerful tool to study effects of physiologically active substances, such as compounds, siRNA, peptides and antibodies, on cultured cells, tissue samples and whole organisms, like zebrafish. (yokogawa.com)
Thses days, using 3D samples such as spheroids and organoids, and live cell samples to mimic realistic cellular environment are becoming more and more popular due to cell culture technology development. (yokogawa.com)
Cellular senescence is a process in which various stressors permanently stop cell division, resulting in cell changes that appear as senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) ( 2 ). (medsci.org)
This is the first demonstration of a direct role of a cell cycle regulator in cellular specification. (ca.gov)
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. (bvsalud.org)

8. Mimosine arrests cells in G1 by enhancing the levels of p27(Kip1). (nih.gov)
Exposure to 2.4 microg/mL of each material produced significant arrests in the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. (cdc.gov)

It is a young cell carrying on normal life functions. (angelfire.com)
Radiation can disrupt the structure of the DNA (and other macromolecules), thereby disrupting normal cell and organ functions. (cdc.gov)

During early S-phase, the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex phosphorylates NPAT , a nuclear coactivator of histone transcription. (wikipedia.org)

The G1 peak of CBS10496 coincided with the G2 peak of strain CBS10510, which indicated that strain CBS10496 has approximately twice the amount of DNA than CBS10510. (cdc.gov)

Moreover, an increasing body of evidence shows that cell senescence plays an indispensable role in the formation and development of atherosclerosis. (degruyter.com)
This review summarizes the characteristics of cell senescence and updates the molecular mechanisms underlying cell senescence. (degruyter.com)

G0 phase (resting stage): Cells have not yet started to divide. (cancer.org)

The tsBN462 cell line, a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant isolated from the hamster cell line, BHK21/13, cannot progress into S phase at 39.5 °C, following the release from isoleucine deprivation. (elsevierpure.com)

ESCC cells were treated with pemetrexed and cell survival was assessed with MTT assays. (spandidos-publications.com)
In the advanced setting, the current standard of care was established over a decade ago when gemcitabine improved symptoms and prolonged survival in a phase III trial when compared with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). (medscape.com)

Lentiviral constructs harboring CDC6 or shCDC6 was transfected to overexpress or knockdown CDC6 in SUDHL4 and OCI-LY7 cells. (bvsalud.org)

These different processes are coordinated in the cell cycle. (nobelprize.org)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

Proliferation21

Transition18

Arrest23

Mitosis18

Proteins14

Apoptosis17

Phosphorylation9

Late G1-phase2

Early G1 phase1

Overexpression3

Regulation3

Pathways8

Tumor14

Replication18

Genes10

Checkpoint5

Lymphocytes5

Mammalian cells4

Cyclins1

Somatic1

Complexes6

20011

Epithelial6

Apoptotic5

Kinase8

Gene7

Synthesis8

Cyclin-depende1

Transcriptional2

Assay2

Squamous cell carc4

Interphase4

Chromatin4

Embryonic stem2

Biol1

Pathway5

Chromosomes9

Differentiation11

Yeast cells3

Regulators2

Tightly2

Transcription factor1

Inhibitors1

Signals1

Cdks1

Endothelial cells2

Viability1

Humans1

Cellular7

Arrests2

Functions2

Histone1

CBS105101

Senescence2

Started to divide1

Hamster cell1

Survival2

Knockdown1

Processes1