• MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Integration of intracellular metabolic states with extracellular signals leads to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or quiescence. (janechin.net)
  • However, the tumour cells have undergone hypermutation, 21 23 a feature of the GC reaction during B-cell activation and differentiation. (bmj.com)
  • The results of these analyses revealed that the differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs participate in multiple biological processes, such as gene expression, synthesis of biomolecules, cell development, differentiation, and signal transduction, among others. (hindawi.com)
  • This study confirms that alterations in the expression of exosomal miRNAs can promote osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs, which also provides the foundation for further research on the regulatory functions of exosomal miRNAs in the context of ADSC osteogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Most of these paracrine secretions include soluble factors and exosomes, which regulate the repair and regeneration processes at sites of damage by affecting cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation [ 22 , 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The power of the thiol proteinases to cleave a multitude of substrates in response to calcium mineral activation allows their involvement in a variety of cell processes offering cell motility, sign transduction, apoptosis, cell differentiation and legislation of the cytoskeleton (3). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Thus, exogenous AhR induced catecholaminergic differentiation in N2a-Rα cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The excessive activation of AhR resulted in neural differentiation of Neuro2a cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activated AhR may disrupt the strictly regulated brain formation with irregular differentiation occurring rather than cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway is involved in multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mounting evidence also suggests a role for p53 in differentiation of cells including neuronal precursors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We studied the transcriptional role of p53 during nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of the PC12 line into neuron-like cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We hypothesized that p53 contributed to PC12 differentiation through the regulation of gene targets distinct from its known transcriptional targets for apoptosis or DNA repair. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The data show p53 protein was transcriptionally activated and contributed to NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth during differentiation of PC12 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • p53 transcriptional activity may be further involved in the differentiation of other non-neuronal cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite data supporting the transcriptional activity of p53 protein in differentiation, few genetic targets have been described and fewer still within a neuronal context. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is involved in cell differentiation, maintenance of cell differentiation state, tumorigenesis, and cell senescence, mainly through DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA-related silencing [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It plays an important role in T cell development and differentiation. (biolegend.com)
  • In addition to its function in thymus, TCF1 promotes T cell differentiation to Th2 cells in the periphery through transcriptional activation of GATA3. (biolegend.com)
  • TCF1 is essential for survival of CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes and differentiation of T cells in the periphery. (biolegend.com)
  • Dazl can regulate the expression, transport and localization of target mRNAs of proteins which control the differentiation, growth and maturation of germ cells. (ijbs.com)
  • Another protein, calgranulin A (Cal A), is involved in the regulation of several cell processes, including the cell cycle and cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cystatin A (Cys A), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is a precursor of proteins involves in keratinocyte keratinization, and is expressed during the late phase of differentiation of these cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • RON is activated in response to macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), and then induces an invasive program ( 8 ) consisting of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, all of which are important at multiple points during tumorigenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • PDCD4 induces turnover (proliferation and apoptosis) of HUVECs. (plos.org)
  • Ample evidence shows that pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow induces sustained activation of atherogenic genes in endothelial cells to promote their oxidation, inflammation, cell cycle progression and proliferation, whereas pulsatile shear stress tends to maintain endothelial cells in a quiescent and less proliferative state with a low level of oxidation and inflammation [16] , [17] . (plos.org)
  • The activation of CD47 induces rapid apoptosis of T cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Similarly, CD47 ligation rapidly induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Androgen deprivation therapy induces apoptosis or cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • The BH3-mimetic Obatoclax induces apoptosis and decreases MCL1 expression in androgen-sensitive PCa cells, while castration-resistant PCa cells are less sensitive and react with an upregulation of MCL1 expression. (oncotarget.com)
  • The various markers that enable assessment of the progression of preneoplastic lesions to spindle cell carcinoma include the p16 protein, which halts the cell cycle and induces apoptosis by pRb-mediated phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). (bvsalud.org)
  • Through its phosphorylation and nuclear localization, this kinase plays regulatory roles in the signaling pathways during neuronal apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Beta-arrestin 2, a receptor-regulated MAP kinase scaffold protein, is found to interact with, and stimulate the phosphorylation of this kinase by MAP kinase kinase 4 (MKK4). (wikipedia.org)
  • Each stage of the cell cycle is profiled by distinct protein complexes and phosphorylation events. (janechin.net)
  • Low PDCD4 level was associated with reduced proliferation but not apoptosis or phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase caused by pulsatile shear stress to help maintain the homeostasis of endothelial cells. (plos.org)
  • Tumor necrosis factor receptor activation results in phosphorylation and inactivation of inhibitor kB by IKK, thus resulting in activation of NF-kB. (medscape.com)
  • Background: The phosphorylation of NF-kappaB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) protein is pivotal to the regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity in the cell. (researchsquare.com)
  • We investigated the new phosphorylation site for IκBα and identified its biological function in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Conclusions: Therefore, we identified novel phosphorylation site of IκBα by AURK, and its site was related to apoptosis and necroptosis pathway in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • The protein is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, with late prophase phosphorylation remaining through metaphase. (cancerindex.org)
  • Phosphorylation by mTOR of 4E-BP1 disrupts its binding to eIF4E, a protein that binds the 5'-cap structure of mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics may influence many cellular and molecular pathways, as calcium-dependent immune activation, transcription factors phosphorylation, cytokine secretion, organelle transference and even cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Activation of AMPK by low energy supply and phosphorylation of LKB1 results in an inhibition of mTOR , thus decreasing energy-consuming processes, in particular translation and, thus, cell growth. (sdbonline.org)
  • Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
  • Their regulation may be carried out either through direct binding to DNA as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or via modulation in an indirect manner of signaling pathway molecules (e.g., protein kinase C) and other transcription factors (nuclear factor kappa B and sterol regulatory element binding protein). (springer.com)
  • Finally, we studied the effects of arsenide trioxide and 5-azacitidine on the proliferation of leukemia cells and the TGF- β signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • At the same time, arsenide trioxide and 5-azacitidine are associated with the inhibition of cellular proliferation of acute leukemia cells and also promote the elevated expression of TGF- β signaling pathway-linked proteins, including TGF- β , Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4. (hindawi.com)
  • TCF1 is a transcription factor, involved in the canonical Wingless/Integration 1 (Wnt) signaling pathway. (biolegend.com)
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK10 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 can phosphorylate, and inhibit the activity of this kinase, which may be important in preventing neuronal apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Growth factors that signal through tyrosine-kinase receptor families include the epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming-growth factor-α (TGF-α). (janechin.net)
  • Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) signals through a serine/threonine-kinase receptor pathway. (janechin.net)
  • Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) normally expressed at low levels in epithelial cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • RON is a 180-kDa heterodimeric protein composed of a 40-kDa α-chain and a 150-kDa transmembrane β-chain with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Maturation occurs in the cell membrane resulting in a 180-kDa heterodimeric protein composed of a 40-kDa α-chain and a 150-kDa transmembrane β-chain with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity ( 5 , 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • NEMO/IKK -gamma is the regulatory subunit of the inhibitor kappa kinase (IKK) complex and is required for the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB (NF-kB). (medscape.com)
  • Methods: Previously we observed that aurora kinase (AURK) binds IκBα in the cell. (researchsquare.com)
  • AURK significantly promotes activation of IκBα at serine 32, but not serine 36 residues, unlike IκB kinase (IKK) family proteins activate both IκBα serine residues. (researchsquare.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)
  • The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. (cancerindex.org)
  • Treating SMMC-7721 cells with 5-Fu leads to apoptosis of the cells, and reduction in telomerase activity, as well as a dramatic reduction in the activated form of p70 S6 kinase, a mTOR substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway has been reported as an important intracellular mediator frequently activated in cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Glioblastoma (GBM), a very aggressive and incurable tumor, often results from constitutive activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). (sdbonline.org)
  • The master kinase LKB1 is a key regulator of several cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell polarity and cellular metabolism. (sdbonline.org)
  • In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • 100.000 cCREs in total), dispersed within the genome and present in cis-regulatory regions of ~81% of human genes, as calculated following gene enrichment analysis. (mdpi.com)
  • Conserved transcription factor-binding sites within promoter regions of human RON genes were then searched. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • As opposed to other styles of muscles dystrophy, where mutations take place in genes encoding structural protein, calpainopathy was the initial reported kind of dystrophy predetermined by mutations within a gene encoding a proteolytic enzyme. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • AhR regulates the transcription of diverse genes through binding to the xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a transcription factor, many of the functional cellular roles of the p53 protein are elicited through direct DNA binding to sequence-specific cis-regulatory elements [ 3 ] leading to the transactivation or transrepression of target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ADARs have been shown to contribute to disease pathologies by editing of glutamate receptors, editing of serotonin receptors, mutations in ADAR genes, and by other mechanisms, including recently identified regulatory roles in microRNA processing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using the protein-protein interaction analysis we observed strong interactions between the proteins produced by genes that are associated with cervical cancer. (jcancer.org)
  • Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. (lookformedical.com)
  • The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • These genes, encoding for RNA binding proteins, contain a highly conserved RNA recognition motif and at least one DAZ repeat encoding for a 24 amino acids sequence able to bind other mRNA binding proteins. (ijbs.com)
  • DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia) family genes are important fertility factors in many animals including humans. (ijbs.com)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
  • Whole exome sequencing of patients who experienced severe influenza reveals several genes, including scaffold protein AHNAK, with predicted loss-of-function variants that are also identified in our proteomic analyses. (cdc.gov)
  • Comparative biochemical studies of rapamycin and wortmannin on transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1)-mediated G(1)-S cell cycle progression in C3H-10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts. (janechin.net)
  • Therefore, understanding biochemical dynamics of cell cycle progression may lead to target-specific therapy with improved side effect profiles. (janechin.net)
  • An obvious requirement for the stringent control of cell cycle progression is the prevention of deregulated proliferation - loss of control may result in tumors and cancers. (janechin.net)
  • These factors couple extracellular signals to intracellular processes to determine cell cycle progression. (janechin.net)
  • Although PDCD4 in general suppresses the development and progression of tumors, its specific biological functions differ by cell type [8] . (plos.org)
  • The tumor suppressor p53 is recognized as a critical regulator of cell cycle progression and apoptosis, incorporating signals from DNA damage and other cellular stressors to decide cell fate [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its occurrence, development, and progression are a critical process involving multiple factors and steps [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In fact, increased mitochondrial ROS production causes endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs and macrophages, with ensuing ATS lesion progression and possible plaque rupture [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conclusion: p63, p16, MIB, Cal A, Cys A are markedly expressed and p16 is strongly suppressed in oral cavity tumors, which suggests that the latter protein may play a role in negative regulation of cell cycle progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immunohistochemical identification of molecular genetic events in the progression of preneoplastic lesions to spindle cell squamous-cell carcinoma enables early detection of lesions with the potential for malignant progression, thus permitting timely intervention 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, the models also predict that mutations of RAS, ARF and P21 in the context of HMGB1 signaling can influence the cancer cell's fate - apoptosis or survival - through the crosstalk of different pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cell cycle is strictly regulated and controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways [ 1 ], comprised of hundreds of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, a number of extracellular proteins can bind to their receptors and activate signaling pathways that promote the proliferation of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HMGB1 signal transduction can influence the cell's fate by two important processes - apoptosis and cell proliferation - which are regulated respectively by the proteins p53 and CyclinE, acting in two different signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Which signaling pathways are fundamental for describing HMGB1 signal transduction, and what mechanisms are responsible to explain recent results linking overexpression of HMGB1 with decrease of apoptosis (and increased cancer cell survival)? (biomedcentral.com)
  • 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Both CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, which share a low level (44%) of sequence homology [6], are G protein-coupled receptors that mainly signal via G i /G o proteins, even though they may also activate G s , G q/11 , and G protein-independent signaling pathways [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important tumor suppressor in the development of various human cancers [1] and inhibits translation rather than transcription. (plos.org)
  • IκBα inhibits the NF-κB by keeping them in a state isolated from the inactive cytoplasmic mask and the nuclear localization signal of NF-κB proteins. (researchsquare.com)
  • Survivin binds and inhibits caspase-3, controlling the checkpoint in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle through inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell division (4,5). (cellsignal.com)
  • CD47 is a high affinity receptor for thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a secreted glycoprotein that plays a role in vascular development and angiogenesis, and in this later capacity the TSP1-CD47 interaction inhibits nitric oxide signaling at multiple levels in vascular cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Activation of CD47 with TSP-1 in wild-type cells inhibits proliferation and reduces expression of stem cell transcription factors. (wikidoc.org)
  • The Bcl-x(L) isoform inhibits apoptosis, whereas Bcl-x(S) can induce apoptosis[ 10 ]. (berkeley.edu)
  • In this paper, we ask the following questions: How do these proteins and their mutations change the cell's fate - apoptosis or survival - when HMGB1 signal transduction is activated? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Furthermore, the deleterious aftereffect of missense mutations can occur not merely from immediate disruption of CAPN3 function(s), but additionally from disruption from the protein's structural integrity, that could affect its intra or intermolecular protein lead and interactions to decreased stability or altered localization. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Expression of p63 is almost exclusively restricted to epithelial cells, mutations in this gene are infrequent, and its expression is increased in a variety of solid tumors, particularly those of the head and neck area 12,13 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Application of unidirectional pulsatile shear stress to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased PDCD4 protein but not mRNA level. (plos.org)
  • Specifically, the PDCD4 protein combines directly with the mRNA coding region of the target gene ( MYB/c-MYB ) to block translation [2] . (plos.org)
  • N2a-Rα cells expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA as a functional marker of catecholaminergic neurotransmitter production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 5-Fu treatment nearly abolishes transcription of hTERT (the major component of telomerase) mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presence, absence, abundance and activity of splicing factors can effect which regions of the pre-mRNA will be included in the mature mRNA. (berkeley.edu)
  • After mRNA processing, most transcripts are exported to the cytoplasm for translation into protein. (berkeley.edu)
  • Each mRNA transcript can serve as template for repeated translation into protein by ribosomes. (berkeley.edu)
  • The number of protein products produced by any single mRNA can vary widely. (berkeley.edu)
  • Secondly, we employed qRT-PCR and Western blotting to detect the mRNA and protein levels of GRHL2 in leukemia cell lines. (hindawi.com)
  • Then we investigated the demethylating effect of arsenic trioxide and 5-azacitidine on the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRHL2 in cell lines of acute leukemia. (hindawi.com)
  • The methylation level of the GRHL2 promoter region in acute leukemia patients and cell lines was significantly higher than the normal control group, and we found the elevated mRNA and protein levels of GRHL2 in acute leukemia cell lines after the use of the demethylation drug arsenic trioxide and 5-azacitidine. (hindawi.com)
  • When this conversion occurs in the coding region of mRNA, it results in an altered nucleotide codon and, therefore, can change the amino acid sequence of the coded protein in what is referred to as a re-coding editing event. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of MCL1 protein and mRNA expression in PCa tissue and primary cell culture specimens of luminal and basal origin, respectively, reveals higher expression in cancerous tissue compared to benign origin. (oncotarget.com)
  • Basically, Daz family proteins function as adaptors for target mRNA transport and activators of their translation. (ijbs.com)
  • The localization of DAZ family proteins suggests that they can regulate mRNA translation occurring in the cytoplasm. (ijbs.com)
  • Basically, DAZ family proteins have been proposed to function as adaptors for mRNA transport and activators of their translation. (ijbs.com)
  • The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)
  • Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)
  • It can also compete with eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)4G and RNA for eIF4A binding and trap eIF4A in an inactive conformation to inhibit translation initiation via its two highly conserved MA3 domains [3] - [6] . (plos.org)
  • These proteins have a highly conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM) for binding target mRNAs and at least one characteristic sequence of 24 amino acids, which are termed as DAZ repeats [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • If some important proteins are mutated or there are defects in the signaling mechanisms, normal cell growth regulation will break down, possibly leading to the occurrence of cancer in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Encouraging progress in understanding cell cycle regulation occurred over the past five years. (janechin.net)
  • Such regulation ensures faithful reproduction of DNA for subsequent distribution to daughter cells. (janechin.net)
  • Additionally, DBC1 knockdown eliminated the up-regulation of MMP7, EMT-related proteins, and cell cycle-related proteins as well as the enhanced proliferation and invasiveness induced by ZNF326. (cancerindex.org)
  • Lipid bilayer regulation of membrane protein function: gramicidin channels as molecular force probes. (springer.com)
  • Up-regulation of telomerase activity is thought to be a critical step leading to cell transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5-Fu and rapamycin were synergistic in regards to down-regulation of telomerase activity in hepatocarcinoma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [8] Binding of TSP-1 to CD47 influences several fundamental cellular functions including cell migration and adhesion, cell proliferation or apoptosis, and plays a role in the regulation of angiogenesis and inflammation. (wikidoc.org)
  • On the other hand, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is essential for CNS health maintenance and leading to the induction of IL-10 and reduction of TNF-α secretion, increased cell viability and diminished cell injury in addition to reduced oxidative stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • Regulation of MCL1 through the AR signaling axis is indirectly mediated via a cell cycle-dependent mechanism. (oncotarget.com)
  • Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • The recently described role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the regulation of immune cell infiltration of microenvironment tumor resumes interest because of its potential impact to rection of immune therapy. (chemdiv.com)
  • Dysregulation of processes driven by these factors is a severe liability to the cell and therefore represents potential areas for therapeutic intervention. (janechin.net)
  • The mammalian cell is furnished with receptors linked to interactive series of cytoplasmic networks for controlling cellular processes. (janechin.net)
  • Although one typically thinks of carbohydrates as associated with cell growth and viability, glycosylation also has an integral role in many processes leading to cell death. (nature.com)
  • Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • Most of the important molecular processes in the cell, such as DNA replication, are performed by large molecular network of protein-protein interactions. (researchsquare.com)
  • CD47 is involved in a range of cellular processes, including apoptosis , proliferation , adhesion , and migration . (wikidoc.org)
  • The reason is because many immune-related receptors and molecules are extensively produced by these cells, not only during disease but also during physiological processes ( 3 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Processes of disposal of cellular debris whose results do not damage the organism differentiate apoptosis from necrosis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism. (lookformedical.com)
  • This library represents a selection of drug-like compounds aimed at modulating protein-protein interaction (PPI) of β-catenin with different proteins involved in significant physiological processes. (chemdiv.com)
  • We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
  • CD47 ligation leads to cell death in many normal and tumor cell lines via apoptosis or autophagy . (wikidoc.org)
  • There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
  • To understand the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of glial tumors in vivo, an established Drosophila melanogaster model of glioma was used based on overexpression in larval glial cells of an active human EGFR and of the PI3K homolog Pi3K92E /Dp110. (sdbonline.org)
  • they are derived from the cell membrane during endocytic internalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Membrane proteins implicated in long-chain fatty acid uptake by mammalian cells: CD36, FATP and FABPm. (springer.com)
  • Dietary fatty acids and membrane protein function. (springer.com)
  • CD47 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily [1] and partners with membrane integrins and also binds the ligands thrombospondin-1 ( TSP-1 ) and signal-regulatory protein alpha ( SIRPα ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Most of the metabolic energy of neurons is expended on maintaining ion gradients across the cell membrane. (benbest.com)
  • Voltage-gated ion channels and ion-exchangers in the cell membrane also regulate ion concentrations. (benbest.com)
  • Countering NADH production, calcium action on the mitochondrial permeability transition pores increases inner membrane permeability thereby reducing proton potential, causing the matrix to swell and ultimately releasing cytochrome c (an initiator of apoptosis). (benbest.com)
  • Even when released, they remain largely membrane associated due to their hydrophobic nature and can be taken up by cells via a high-affinity uptake mechanism [ 23 ], which is followed by their enzymatic degradation. (degruyter.com)
  • They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)
  • The mammalian cell cycle is stringently regulated and orderly process by which a cell reproduces. (janechin.net)
  • The mammalian cell cycle typically completes in 24 hours, where dramatic changes occur in cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal physiology. (janechin.net)
  • Here we show a novel function for Retinoblastoma family member, p107 in controlling stem cell expansion in the mammalian brain. (rupress.org)
  • The existence of specific receptors for plant-derived molecules in mammalian cells initiated a search for specific endogenous ligands. (degruyter.com)
  • COX-1 is expressed constitutively and is isolated throughout most cell lines in almost all mammalian tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Factors mandating cellular consequence include cell surface-receptors, cytoplasmic proteins, and nuclear proteins. (janechin.net)
  • Caspase-3 (CPP-32, Apoptain, Yama, SCA-1) is a critical executioner of apoptosis, as it is either partially or totally responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins such as the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (1). (cellsignal.com)
  • Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a member of the DNA sliding clamp family of proteins that assist in DNA replication (6). (cellsignal.com)
  • How do C-type lectins tailor adaptive immunity following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells? (nature.com)
  • Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
  • Besides, S63A and/or S262A of IκBα regulated apoptotic and necroptic effects in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Survivin is a 16 kDa anti-apoptotic protein highly expressed during fetal development and cancer cell malignancy (3). (cellsignal.com)
  • The Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain is crucial for the death-inducing and dimerization properties of pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family, including Bak, Bax, and Bad. (lookformedical.com)
  • Further experiments suggested that silencing of lncRNA SNHG1 reduced the inflammation and apoptotic rate of LPS-induced HL-1 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inhibition of Bcl-2 promoter methylation reduced the inflammation and apoptotic rate of LPS-induced HL-1 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of AR-V7-driven transcription is limited. (cancerindex.org)
  • Knowledge of the mechanisms by which fatty acids control specific gene expression may identify important risk factors for cancer and provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies for a better management of whole body lipid metabolism. (springer.com)
  • You will discover the precise mechanisms of action by which aspirin impedes cancer cell development. (lifeextension.com)
  • During recovery, counterregulatory mechanisms take place, and the activated cells return to the homeostatic state. (frontiersin.org)
  • Conversely, these mechanisms demand high energy consumption, promoting important metabolic changes in the cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because of the prevalence of alternative splicing, researchers would like to know the regulatory mechanisms that control it and the functional consequences of the isoforms that are produced. (berkeley.edu)
  • Discovery of non-genotoxic mechanisms through which p53 protein may be activated within tumor cells harboring wild-type p53 remains an important therapeutic objective, both in effort to alleviate traditional off-target chemotherapeutic side-effects and to prevent the unpredictable mutagenicity characteristic of these therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review will discuss the molecular mechanisms by which atherosclerotic risk factors could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent vascular impairment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • β-Cells possess inherent mechanisms to adapt to overnutrition and the prevailing concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, and other fuels to maintain glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. (springer.com)
  • What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)
  • High levels of intracellular calcium ion activate proteolytic enzymes (known as calpains) that break down many cell proteins, particularly those in the cytoskeleton of neurons (spectrin, neurofilament and microtubule-associated protein). (benbest.com)
  • Though the exact mechanism is unclear, it is likely that CD47 promotes proliferation via the PI3K/Akt pathway in cancerous cells but not normal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Of our identified host factors, 54 significantly alter IAV infection upon siRNA knockdown, and two factors, AHNAK and coatomer subunit COPB1, are also essential for productive infection by SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • It was earlier thought that cannabinoids exert their physiologic and behavioral effects via nonspecific interaction with cell membranes. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The CD47/SIRPα interaction leads to bidirectional signaling, resulting in different cell-to-cell responses including inhibition of phagocytosis , stimulation of cell-cell fusion, and T-cell activation . (wikidoc.org)
  • Recent studies have found that overexpression of the High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, in conjunction with its receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs), is associated with proliferation of various cancer types, including that of the breast and pancreatic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HMGB1 can activate a series of signaling components, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT, which play an important role in tumor growth and inflammation, through binding to different surface receptors, such as RAGE and TLR2/4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • In particular, emerging evidence suggests that agonists of cannabinoid receptors expressed by tumor cells may offer a novel strategy to treat cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The diversified effects of cannabinoids are now known to be mediated through the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors that are normally bound by a family of endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • These results suggest that the fast glycinergic spIPSCs in AII cells are probably mediated by 1 heteromeric receptors with a contribution from 1 homomeric receptors. (gasyblog.com)
  • Indeed, it has been suggested that amacrine cells only express glycine receptors with sluggish kinetic properties (Frech 2001). (gasyblog.com)
  • In this study, we have investigated the functional characteristics of glycine receptors in the narrow-field AII amacrine cell. (gasyblog.com)
  • In various mouse and rat models of obesity and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, eCBs generated in various renal cells activate CB 1 receptors and contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis. (degruyter.com)
  • We investigated whether atheroprotective unidirectional pulsatile shear stress affects the expression of PDCD4 in endothelial cells. (plos.org)
  • En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
  • However, the action of PDCD4 in endothelial cells is unclear. (plos.org)
  • Vascular endothelial cells, as a monolayer in direct contact with the flowing blood, bear the most of the wall shear stresses and have important homeostatic functions in response to stress [16] . (plos.org)
  • Loss of CD47 allows sustained proliferation of primary murine endothelial cells and enables these cells to spontaneously reprogram to form multipotent embryoid body-like clusters. (wikidoc.org)
  • Expression of several stem cell markers , including c-Myc , is elevated in CD47-null endothelial cells and a human T cell line lacking CD47. (wikidoc.org)
  • Oxidized low density lipoprotein and hyperglycemia may induce the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria of macrophages and endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We detected miR-181-5p in human umbilical vein endothelial cells after treatment with aorta and ox-LDL in AS model mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the current report, a systematic approach is implemented to catalogue regulatory elements within HERVs, as a roadmap to potential functions of HERV sequences in gene networks. (mdpi.com)
  • New regulatory targets were discovered and novel functions of known proteins were uncovered. (janechin.net)
  • Cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that functions as a tumor suppressor of lung tumors. (cancerindex.org)
  • These interactions result in CD47/integrin complexes that affect a range of cell functions including adhesion, spreading and migration. (wikidoc.org)
  • β-Catenin is a fascinating protein with many important cellular and developmental functions. (chemdiv.com)
  • β -catenin has many binding partners that mediate a diverse set of cellular functions, and the protein probably acts as a 'hub' on which many cellular signaling networks impinge. (chemdiv.com)
  • Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a recombinant Protein A-PCNA fusion protein, or with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Cys60 of human Survivin. (cellsignal.com)
  • Jurkat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) incubated with the monoclonal antibody Ad22 results in apoptosis within 3 hours. (wikidoc.org)
  • In the present study, the potential of using exosomes isolated from adipose‑derived stem cells (ADSCs) as a therapeutic tool for reducing chronic inflammation and promoting chondrogenesis was investigated using patient‑derived primary cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been characterized as having the ability to self-renew and differentiate into different connective tissue cells, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and myocytes, under specific inductive stimuli ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In total, 1-10% of nucleated cells in adipose tissue are ADSCs, whereas only 0.0001-0.01% of nucleated cells in bone marrow are stem cells ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Over the last decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted extensive attention in the field of bone regeneration [ 4 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • MSCs are a population of nonhematopoietic adult stem cells that have the property of self-renewal and can differentiate into multiple lineages [ 8 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Among these, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cell isolated from adipose tissue, which has the advantages of abundant storage in vivo , easy acquisition, and expansion [ 13 - 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Recently, a number of studies have confirmed that ADSCs possess the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes [ 16 - 18 ], suggesting that a broader source of stem cells is available for application in tissue engineering. (hindawi.com)
  • The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. (medscape.com)
  • Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a branch of a functional network that is involved in a broad range of biological systems including stem cells, embryonic development and adult organs. (chemdiv.com)
  • Alanine transition of S63 and S262 (S63A and S262A) of IκBα induced inhibition of cell proliferation and suppression of p65 transcription activity. (researchsquare.com)
  • CircTDRD9 downregulation prevented LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation inhibition, and cell fibrosis in A549 cells, whereas these effects were reversed by the inhibition of miR-223-3p, a target of circTDRD9. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, RAB10 was verified as a target of miR-223-3p, and RAB10 overexpression recovered LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation inhibition, and cell fibrosis in A549 cells that were ameliorated by miR-223-3p restoration. (bvsalud.org)
  • CD47 is ubiquitously expressed in human cells and has been found to be overexpressed in many different tumor cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Our simulations show that, if HMGB1 is overexpressed, then the oncoproteins CyclinD/E, which regulate cell proliferation, are overexpressed, while tumor suppressor proteins that regulate cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), such as p53, are repressed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histologically, BL cells are monomorphic medium sized cells with round nuclei, a number of nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. (bmj.com)
  • DAZ family proteins are located in the nucleus and/or in the cytoplasm of male and female germ cells at different developmental stages throughout the gametogenesis. (ijbs.com)
  • It has been known for many years that the fundamental transforming event in BL is the translocation of the MYC gene, and the events that bring about this translocation and those that allow cells to survive with the constitutive expression of MYC have been the subject of intense investigation. (bmj.com)
  • Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 and elevated oxidative stress markers have been reported in a neonate with IP and encephalopathy. (medscape.com)
  • The activation of exogenous AhR in N2a-Rα cells was confirmed using RNAi, with si-AhR suppressing the expression of exogenous AhR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morphologically, N2a-Rα cells bore spontaneous neurites exhibiting axon-like properties with the localization of NF-H. In addition, cdc42 expression was increased in comparison to the control cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the ubiquitous expression of CD47, signaling differs according to cell type. (wikidoc.org)
  • We found a lower level of GRHL2 expression not only in acute leukemia patients but also in cell lines when compared with normal controls. (hindawi.com)
  • Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the expression of GRHL2 is an independent risk factor in acute leukemia patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Methylated DNA can prevent transcription factors from binding to it, resulting in low or no gene expression, which is an important alteration in the early initiation and development of malignant neoplastic diseases [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Using PCa cellular models in vitro and in vivo we show that MCL1 expression is upregulated in androgen-deprived PCa cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Using constructs downregulating or overexpressing MCL1 we demonstrate that expression of MCL1 prevents induction of apoptosis when PCa cells are grown under steroid-deprived conditions. (oncotarget.com)
  • The roles of b-catenin are 'classically' defined: as an adhesion protein and as a signaling protein, transducing extracellular signals to the nucleus to modify gene expression. (chemdiv.com)
  • Chronic high glucose dramatically influences β-cell lipid metabolism via substrate availability, changes in the activity and expression of enzymes of glucose and lipid metabolism, and modifications in the expression level of key transcription factors. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The expression of fibrosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • LncRNA SNHG1 was screened out as a differentially expressed lncRNA in sepsis samples through microarray profiling, and the upregulated expression of lncRNA SNHG1 was confirmed in myocardial tissues of LPS-induced septic mice and HL-1 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Expression of the L1 protein using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs). (cdc.gov)
  • The surface of the living cells is decorated by a complex layer of glycosylated molecules that store relevant biological information. (nature.com)
  • PI3K activates a number of signaling molecules, among which the Akt/mTOR pathway is of particular interest because of its role in inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins: its activation can lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In many cell lines, exposure to rapamycin results in a relatively small decrease in overall protein synthesis (~15-20%), but dose result specifically in G1 cell cycle arrest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endogenous lectins and glycans are critical signals in the resolution of cell death. (nature.com)
  • Each antibody in the SignalStain ® Proliferation/Apoptosis IHC Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target protein and does not cross-react with any related proteins. (cellsignal.com)
  • Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. (lookformedical.com)
  • It receives excitatory input from rod bipolar cells and sends its output to ON-cone bipolar cells via electrical synapses, and to OFF-cone bipolar cells via glycinergic, inhibitory synapses (Bloomfield & Dacheux, 2001). (gasyblog.com)
  • CD47 interacts with signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), an inhibitory transmembrane receptor present on myeloid cells . (wikidoc.org)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin embedded Jurkat cell pellets, untreated (left) or etoposide-treated (right), using Phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10) Antibody, PCNA (PC10) Mouse mAb, Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) Antibody and Survivin (71G4B7E) Rabbit mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • Western blot analysis of 15µg cell lysates from Jurkat (highly expressed) and HepG2 (lowly expressed) cells. (biolegend.com)
  • DAZ family proteins are found almost exclusively in germ cells in distant animal species. (ijbs.com)
  • Finally, 16 compounds targeting our identified host factors suppress IAV replication, with two targeting CDK2 and FLT3 showing pan-antiviral activity across influenza and coronavirus families. (cdc.gov)
  • Extracellular signals direct the cell-cycle 'engine. (janechin.net)
  • John Foxton Ross Kerr, Emeritus Professor of Pathology at the University of Queensland , received the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize on March 14 2000 , for his description of apoptosis. (wikidoc.org)
  • and promoted the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. (cancerindex.org)
  • In vitro neurosphere assays revealed striking increases in the number of neurosphere forming cells from p107 −/− brains that exhibited enhanced capacity for self-renewal. (rupress.org)
  • Upon arrival at the termination codon, release factors interact with any undisplaced exon-junction complexes[ 34 ]. (berkeley.edu)
  • This protein is a neuronal-specific form of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Using affinity purification-mass spectrometry and global phosphoproteomic and protein abundance analyses using three IAV strains (pH1N1, H3N2, H5N1) in three human cell types (A549, NHBE, THP-1), we map 332 IAV-human protein-protein interactions and identify 13 IAV-modulated kinases. (cdc.gov)
  • Most clinical trials which utilize ADSCs for OA treatment have been based on the autologous cells from the stromal vascular fraction, as have most of the in vivo studies ( 6 , 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Mitochondria are both sources and targets of reactive oxygen species, and there is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a relevant intermediate mechanism by which cardiovascular risk factors lead to the formation of vascular lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein levels of HADC1, VAV3, AKT, p-AKT, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were detected by western blot analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
  • Cannabinoids are a class of pharmacologic compounds that offer potential applications as antitumor drugs, based on the ability of some members of this class to limit inflammation, cell proliferation, and cell survival. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Mice and HL-1 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish animal and cellular models simulating sepsis and inflammation. (bvsalud.org)
  • I analyzed the presence of HERV sequences on consensus cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) from ENCODE data. (mdpi.com)
  • The emergence of functional studies on animal lectins during the 1990s has provided the appropriate framework to better understand their roles in cell death. (nature.com)
  • Antennapedia homeodomain protein is a homeobox protein involved in limb patterning in ARTHROPODS. (lookformedical.com)