• Bacteria are able to compete effectively for iron bound to host proteins because of the secretion of high-affinity, low molecular weight iron chelators known as siderophores. (medscape.com)
  • In order to deprive bacteria of iron, the host also secretes iron-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Positively-charged magnesium ions-which bind to the negatively-charged LPS-normally stabilize the cell membrane of these types of bacteria. (creation.com)
  • In this case, the mutated cell wastes resources when the system is not needed, so the bacteria survive less well in the absence of the antibiotic. (creation.com)
  • An example is fosfomycin, which kills bacteria by blocking them from making a crucial component of the cell wall. (creation.com)
  • This ability to import ATP directly allows bacteria that posses this enzyme to act as "energy parasites" and uptake ATP produced by their hosts. (usda.gov)
  • These transport proteins appear to be unique to mitochondria, plant plastids, and obligate-intracellular bacteria. (usda.gov)
  • MVs are released from the outer membrane of bacterial cells, such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria, and from the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, such as MVs from Gram-positive bacteria. (nature.com)
  • Recently, some specific Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum , were found to possess a novel cell wall structure consisting of an arabinogalactan layer covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer, and a special outer membrane consisting of mycolic acids (mycomembrane) [ 19 ]. (nature.com)
  • The term transformation often is preferred to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells such as fungi , algae , and plants . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • It also was used in the sense of "infection by transformation," in other words, introduction of DNA (or RNA) from an eukaryote virus or bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) into cells, resulting in an infection. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • However, transformation also is used in other senses as well, including to the non-viral nucleic acid uptake specifically in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells such as fungi , algae , and plants . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Methicillin is of a class of antibiotics known as β-lactams which bind to the penicillin binding protein (PBP) of the bacteria. (randox.com)
  • This is referred to as NOS 3'' and is derived from nopaline synthase gene in bacteria but can function in plants. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The issues that arise from the discovery and production of the GM roundup ready soy are mostly relevant to the potential transfer of the gene that confers antibiotic resistance from the GM soy foods to the gut of the bacteria. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The genetically engineered soy is similar in structure as well as function to the naturally occurring soy plants while the EPSPS gene in plants and bacteria are also similar regarding the roles they play. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Bacteria can respond to their environment using signal transduction pathways that lead to the regulation of sets of genes by transcription factors, Fisher says. (lehigh.edu)
  • It has been suggested that many such proteins from bacteria might be possible new drug targets, but at a molecular level many of them still remain mysterious. (lehigh.edu)
  • They can be found very early in Earth's fossil records (about 3.25 billion years ago) as both Archaea and Bacteria, and commonly protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm. (wikipedia.org)
  • These problems are being investigated in systems that range from bacteria and bacteriophage to yeast to human cells and their viruses. (berkeley.edu)
  • All current GM crops use protein coding genes from bacteria that have been altered by introducing synonymous codons, replacing plant-preferred codons for the bacterial codons in order to enhance the production of protein from the transgenes. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Instead the original proteins produced in bacteria were used as surrogates in feeding trials. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • so for example, genes from bacteria are poorly read in higher plants and vice versa . (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The findings, reported in the current issue of the journal Cell , suggest that bacteria rely on a key protein in order to properly regulate gene expression -- a process fundamental to cell survival. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • In recent work, Artsimovitch and her colleagues discovered that ppGpp regulates gene expression by controlling amino acid production in bacteria. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Using ppGpp-based compounds to shut down gene expression in harmful bacteria could help curb the spread of infections. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Inside the bacteria, a set of uniquely tailored enzymes (protein machines) facilitates each chemical reaction in a chain of essential metabolic events. (icr.org)
  • The enzyme flavohemoglobin, coded by the hmp gene, is involved in protecting bacterial cells from the toxic effects of NO and represents a potentially interesting target for development of novel treatment concepts against resistant uropathogenic bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To protect against the damage caused by nitrosative stress, bacteria possess multiple defence mechanisms involving scavengers, detoxifying enzymes and evasion strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We study the functional interplay of pausing, termination and continued transcription, which constitutes a pervasive gene regulatory principle in bacteria. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Is this resistance the result of bacteria evolving new genes in response to the presence of antibiotics, or are antibiotic-resistant bacteria selected for in the environment by possessing antibiotic resistance genes beforehand? (icr.org)
  • To answer these questions a discussion of several factors involved in antibiotic resistance will show that resistance is a designed feature of pre-existing genes enabling bacteria to compete with the antibiotic producers in their environment. (icr.org)
  • 7] Penicillin is an effective antibiotic for human diseases because it interferes with a biological component in bacteria (cell wall) not found in human cells. (icr.org)
  • Efflux pumps, located in the cell membrane, are one method of protection that many bacteria use against the influx of antibiotics. (icr.org)
  • human insulin, for example, is now produced by bacteria containing the cloned insulin gene. (encyclopedia.com)
  • This report summarizes T. forsythia 's strategies to survive in the oral habitat by means of PGN salvage pathways, including recovery of exogenous MurNAc and PGN-derived fragments but also polymeric PGN, which are all derived from cohabiting bacteria either via cell wall turnover or decay of cells. (karger.com)
  • Geobacter sulfurreducens is the bacteria of choice due to its ability to efficiently export electrons outside of the cell. (igem.org)
  • E. coli is our desired "skeleton" bacteria for our project due to the bacteria's genome already containing many key proteins in the desired pathway. (igem.org)
  • A third, more recent research focus has been on endosymbiotic bacteria that manipulate their eukaryotic hosts by secreting enzymes, including ubiquitin-specific proteases, into the host cell cytoplasm. (yale.edu)
  • The expression of central genes of the oxidative stress response protects the bacteria from anticipated ROS stress derived from PSMs or exogenous sources. (nih.gov)
  • This process allows a variety of important applications, including the study of gene regulation, the analysis of the expression of proteins within eukarotic cells such as those of mammals, the production of transgenic organisms , and the methods of gene therapy. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • However, the role of TLR4 and TIRAP in LPS-mediated regulation of hepatic DME gene expression is not known. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Portions of this work were in Regulation of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Inflammation: Role of the Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway (R. Ghose, D. White, J. Vallejo, and S. J. Karpen), which was presented at Experimental Biology 2007 in Washington, DC, April 28-May 2, 2007. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Research opportunities in the department are in the areas of protein structure and function, enzyme reaction mechanisms, regulation of gene expression, mechanism of hormone action and cell signaling, enzymology and mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, cell cycle regulation, control of cell growth, molecular biology of the cancer process, molecular neurobiology, and the genetics and biochemistry of bacterial and viral pathogens. (nymc.edu)
  • A common theme of the research programs is the application of modern recombinant DNA technology to the study of gene regulation and protein structure-function relationships. (nymc.edu)
  • These regulatory sequences do not code for any protein but rather plays a central role in the regulation of gene activity in the soy plant by either switching the genes on or switching them off. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The figure above demonstrates the manner in which gene regulation takes place in the roundup soy. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • and, regulation of biological processes such as chromosomal folding, protein secretion and intracellular signaling. (berkeley.edu)
  • The synonymous codons were assumed to be neutral and to have no effect on the transgenic proteins, and presumed to be safe [2] ( Bt Toxins in Genetically Modified Crops: Regulation by Deceit , SiS 22). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • University of Illinois Engineering News wrote, 'Researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have, for the first time, uncovered the complex interdependence and orchestration of metabolic reactions, gene regulation, and environmental cues of clostridial metabolism. (icr.org)
  • This is when gene regulation comes into play. (icr.org)
  • For example, in describing one aspect of building their digital version of the bacteria's gene regulation module, the researchers wrote, 'Here, the concentrations of the four key molecules (Spo0A, Spo0A∼P, σF, and σK) were adopted as the main model variables, and their kinetics were described using differential equations. (icr.org)
  • Numerous fundamental cellular processes, including virtually every aspect of gene expression and regulation, depend on the cooperation of RNAs and proteins. (fu-berlin.de)
  • RNAs and proteins can also engage in more transient interactions, for example during co-transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerases or during post-transcriptional regulation of (pre-)mRNA life cycles. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We also study selected RNP-remodeling enzymes as drivers of molecular RNP machineries and as mediators of co- and post-transcriptional gene regulation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Analyses of the ftnA, dps and psm genes in different regulatory mutants revealed that their (pp)pGpp-dependent regulation can occur independent of the regulators PerR, Fur, SarA or CodY. (nih.gov)
  • Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
  • INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • Here, the function of regulation is quite clear: expressing energy and carbon, that a number around 0.2% would be the right genes at the right time will enable the cell to make the expected, and that the difference is more or less specific to the lac most of the resources within its reach, by maximizing the uptake operon [7]. (lu.se)
  • A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)
  • This protein is an aminopeptidase, which is an enzyme that cuts (cleaves) other proteins into smaller fragments called peptides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Second, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 cleaves many types of proteins into small peptides that can be recognized by the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These peptides are exported to the cell surface, where they attach to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • MHC class I proteins display the peptides to the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If the immune system recognizes the peptides as foreign (such as viral or bacterial peptides), it responds by triggering the infected cell to self-destruct. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The nucleotide sequence predicts a large prepro-peptide with homology to pro-peptides of other chymotrypsin-like enzymes. (genome.jp)
  • Chymotrypsin -- An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis (the breakdown) of proteins into peptides or amino acids in the small intestine. (nih.gov)
  • The proteasome is a molecular machine that fragments proteins into short peptides. (yale.edu)
  • Quinolones inhibit two enzymes that are required for bacterial DNA synthesis, i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding irreversibly to the bacterial 16S ribosomal subunit, which thereby leads to cell death. (cdc.gov)
  • Uses construction techniques including recombination, gene synthesis, and gene extraction. (washington.edu)
  • Facilities include those for protein-sequence analysis, peptide and oligonucleotide synthesis, access to the synchrotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab for X-ray crystallography, and NMR spectrometry. (berkeley.edu)
  • RNP-based processive anti-termination underlies the switching from immediate-early to delayed-early gene expression in other lambdoid phages as well as ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli . (fu-berlin.de)
  • Ribosomes, the structures where protein synthesis is catalyzed, are the targets of many other Streptomyces antibiotics such as spectinomycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. (icr.org)
  • V-type ATPases may pump 2-3 H + per ATP hydrolyzed, and these enzymes cannot catalyze pmf-driven ATP synthesis. (tcdb.org)
  • Cell-free system -- A mixture of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear components from cells used for in vitro protein synthesis, transcription, DNA replication, or other purposes. (nih.gov)
  • however, as evidenced by genome sequence analysis, the organism lacks common enzymes required for the de novo synthesis of precursors of PGN, which rationalizes its MurNAc auxotrophy. (karger.com)
  • Only recently insights were obtained into how T. forsythia gains access to MurNAc in its oral habitat, enabling synthesis of the own PGN cell wall. (karger.com)
  • Methicillin resistance is due to the acquisition of the mecA gene, that encodes a new protein designated PBP2a, belonging to a family of enzymes necessary in building the bacterial cell wall. (frontiersin.org)
  • It encodes an enzyme with alpha(1,3)-fucosyltransferase and alpha(1,4)-fucosyltransferase activities. (thermofisher.com)
  • The F-plasmid encodes genes that regulate replication and control copy number (1-2 molecules per cell). (genomequebecplatforms.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. (cancerindex.org)
  • The SLC30A2 gene encodes a zinc transporter, ZnT2. (medscape.com)
  • Due to an inability to genetically manipulate Las at the present time, the translocase (tlc) open reading frame was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to determine if this putative gene was in fact functional. (usda.gov)
  • The Las gene encoding the translocase (tlc) was subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to enable E.coli to uptake ATP directly into the cell. (usda.gov)
  • With the exceptions of armA and rmtB in porcine Escherichia coli from Spain and the People's Republic of China, respectively ( 4 , 5 ), all methyltransferase genes described have been identified in human clinical samples, for which a possible role for food in transmission of these determinants remains largely unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Recombinant COMT was produced in Escherichia coli up to 10% of total bacterial protein after the induction of the T7 RNA polymerase gene with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. (lu.se)
  • The aims of this research work were to determine the patterns of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the meat of wild or domestically reared pigeons from Spain, to detect the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and to carry out a phylogenetic classification of the isolates. (mdpi.com)
  • Further investigation into how the common organism Escherichia coli regulates gene expression has given scientists new ideas for designing antibiotics that might drastically reduce a bacterium's ability to resist drugs. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • To achieve enzyme-activatable cMOs, we focused on the Escherichia coli nitroreductase NfsB as the triggering catalyst. (cdc.gov)
  • The targets of quinolone activity are the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication and transcription. (cdc.gov)
  • The vectors of this series contain genes of the moderate bacteriophage P1, which ensure replication of the phage chromosome in infected bacterial cells. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
  • Synonymous mutations in the HIV gene Rev enhance HIV-1 replication, providing resistance to the drug enfuvirtide [6]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Streptomyces-produced quinolone and coumarin antibiotics, such as novobiocin, interfere with a protein called gyrase that assists in the normal separation of double-stranded DNA during replication of DNA or transcription of messenger RNA. (icr.org)
  • This is necessary because most host iron is bound to intracellular and extracellular proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Although the bacterial translocase has been characterized in other intercellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Rickettsia prowazeki, this is the first characterization of an ATP/ADP translocases in an obligate-intracellular plant pathogen and, given the conservation of the ATP uptake mechanism, may represent an evolutionary link between plant and animal pathogens. (usda.gov)
  • Resistance to these antimicrobial agents usually results from production of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (such as acetyltransferases, phosphorylases, and adenyltransferases), reduced intracellular antimicrobial drug accumulation, or mutation of ribosomal proteins or rRNA. (cdc.gov)
  • Ubiquitin and an array of related molecules (ubiquitin-like proteins or Ubls) such as SUMO are small, highly conserved proteins that are covalently attached to other intracellular proteins, resulting in various functional alterations of these targets. (yale.edu)
  • It is an integral part of numerous metallo-enzymes and transcription factors and is an important intracellular mediator, similar to calcium. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Protein hZIP4 transports zinc ions from the cell exterior or lumen of intracellular organelles into the cytoplasm, where it is available to other newly synthesized proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Both classic-pathway and alternate-pathway complement activation have been described, but the latter, which does not require the presence of immunoglobulins directed against bacterial antigens, appears to be the more active pathway in K pneumoniae infections. (medscape.com)
  • Many bacterial infections (for example, tuberculosis and wound infections) that often killed people became treatable, saving millions of lives. (creation.com)
  • Scientists from the University of California, Riverside have identified one of the key enzymes that trigger programmed cell death, an important process plants undergo in fighting off bacterial, fungal or viral infections. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Garlic ( Allium sativum ), a popular food spice and flavoring agent, has also been used traditionally to treat various ailments especially bacterial infections for centuries in various cultures around the world. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Gram-positive pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal bacterial infections, preterm birth, and stillbirth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nitric oxide (NO) is produced as part of the host immune response to bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These subtypes are clinically indistinguishable from one another, except for the fact that patients with GSD type Ib have altered neutrophil functions predisposing them to gram-positive bacterial infections. (medscape.com)
  • In clinical practice, combination therapy with a cell wall-active agent and a synergistic aminoglycoside should be considered for treating serious enterococcal infections in critically ill patients and in those with evidence of sepsis , as well as in patients with endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, or joint infections. (medscape.com)
  • There began also the sharing of bacterial species between animals and humans, and co-evolution of pathogens with their hosts. (frontiersin.org)
  • This often involves insertion of a gene of interest into living organisms depending on the species that you are working on. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • All of the proteins and pathways that we're studying are used by this species, even though versions of them are also employed by many other bacterial species as well. (lehigh.edu)
  • NO inhibits growth of a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations that result in alterations of the outer membrane porin proteins of Gram-negative organisms lead to decreased permeability of the drug through the outer membrane so less drug reaches the target enzyme. (cdc.gov)
  • Organisms may have alterations in more than one enzyme target site and, in Gram-negative organisms, may contain more than one porin change. (cdc.gov)
  • Many resistant organisms have multiple enzyme target site, porin, and efflux mutations, producing high-level resistance to quinolones. (cdc.gov)
  • Programmed cell death (PCD), which occurs naturally in all multi-cellular organisms, is the regulated elimination of cells that happens during the course of development, as well as in response to bacterial, fungal and viral infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Programmed cell death is a universal process that all multicellular organisms must control throughout growth and development," explained Raikhel. (sciencedaily.com)
  • CSE 488: Laboratory Methods In Synthetic Biology Designs and builds transgenic bacterial using promoters and genes taken from a variety of organisms. (washington.edu)
  • They imply, at the very least, the need for strong measures to prevent contamination by stray DNA, along with thorough scrutiny of gene-edited cells and gene-edited organisms. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Artificial bacterial chromosomes are often used to sequence the genomes of organisms in various projects, such as the Human Genome project. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
  • This new grant will fund Fisher's lab to pursue two primary research directions to shed light on bacterial biochemistry: investigating how these organisms regulate uptake of the essential trace element copper and how different members of a family of bacterial enzymes each catalyze distinct chemical reactions. (lehigh.edu)
  • The increase in resistance among these organisms clearly indicates a change in the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes. (icr.org)
  • Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to interrogate gene function in whole organisms, and light-activatable derivatives can reveal spatial and temporal differences in gene activity. (cdc.gov)
  • In combination with transgenic organisms, such enzyme-actuated antisense tools will enable gene silencing in specific cell types, including tissues that are not amenable to optical targeting. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the toxicity of the transgenic proteins in animals and humans was not studied. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • 16 , 17 In particular, transgenic zebrafish lines that express nfsB in β cells, cardiomyocytes, or other cell types have been established, and their exposure to the metronidazole leads to the targeted loss of these cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The DNA containing the target gene(s) is split into fragments using restriction enzymes . (encyclopedia.com)
  • These fragments are then inserted into cloning vectors , such as bacterial plasmids or bacteriophages, which transfer the recombinant DNA to suitable host cells, such as the bacterium E. coli. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Natasha Raikhel, Director of the UCR Center for Plant Cell Biology, and her former postdoctoral researcher, Enrique Rojo, have now shown that this key plant protein contributes to defense against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens in plants by activating programmed cell death pathways. (sciencedaily.com)
  • and metabolic flux analysis, and protein signaling pathways and engineering. (washington.edu)
  • The second main research area supported by the NIH funding will focus on enzymes involved in bacterial signal transduction pathways. (lehigh.edu)
  • These pathways are comprised of many different enzymes that collaborate to deliver signals from the environment into the cell. (lehigh.edu)
  • Fisher and her team plan to investigate how some of these enzymes recognize their interaction partners and to explore mechanisms by which such pathways could be inhibited. (lehigh.edu)
  • Synonymous mutations may lead to ribosome stalling, thereby changing protein folding pathways affecting enzyme activity or antigenicity [5]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Any way you look at it, the mutations involved are breaking an existing function rather than creating a new mechanism involving new enzymes or proteins. (creation.com)
  • Mutations in the genes that specify how the cell makes the transporters, or in regulator genes that stimulate their production, can result in no transporters, or less effective transporters. (creation.com)
  • Resistance to quinolones occurs through chromosomal mutations in the genes encoding these enzymes and by porin and efflux mutations. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutations that enhance the organism's efflux capability increase the amount of drug pumped out of the cell. (cdc.gov)
  • The enzyme target site, porin, and efflux mutations may result from the selective pressure of exposure of the organism to antimicrobial agents during therapy and may cause treatment failure. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutations in this gene are responsible for the majority of Lewis antigen-negative phenotypes. (thermofisher.com)
  • Until the current decade, synonymous mutations were assumed to be neutral, with no effect on the protein or any other functions of the organism. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Synonymous mutations may lead to changes in protein folding related to translation pausing, RNA splicing, and alterations in enzyme specificity [1]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • A single synonymous mutation was sufficient to alter the substrate specificity of a multidrug resistance phenotype in mammalian cells [8].Synonymous mutations affect the stability of mRNA secondary structure in mammals [9]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • It is now clear that synonymous mutations are not neutral but instead frequently adversely affect the proteins encoded. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • It is reasonable to assume that the synonymous mutations may have created proteins with adverse phenotypes and contributed to the deterioration in public health, and this must now be thoroughly investigated together with mandatory labelling of GM products. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • For practical purposes, depending on the enzyme activity and the presence of mutations in the G6Pase and T genes, respectively, GSD type I may be subdivided into 2 major forms. (medscape.com)
  • It is an autosomal recessive disorder in which there is an AGL gene mutations which causes deficiency in glycogen debranchinging enzyme and limited storage of dextrin. (medscape.com)
  • All isolates were clonally related and bore the rmtC gene on the bacterial chromosome. (cdc.gov)
  • However, unlike the bacteriophage, which, during a latent (lysogenic) state, integrates its chromosome into the chromosome of the host bacteriophage, the P1 phage maintains the chromosome in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells in the form of a circular covalently closed molecule resembling a plasmid, the size of which is 100 kbp. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
  • A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a vector system based on the E. coli F-plasmid, cos sites of the lambda phage and loxP of the P1 phage, used for cloning long (150-350 kbp) DNA sequences. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
  • A similar vector system called PAC (p1-derived artificial chromosome) was made on the basis of a bacterial P1 plasmid from the DNA of the P1 phage. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
  • Mapping, gene -- Determination of the relative positions of genes on a chromosome (or other DNA molecule) and of the distance, in linkage units or physical units, between them. (nih.gov)
  • Factor-In cell physiology and biochemistry -- Any of several substances that are necessary to produce a result, e.g., a growth factor. (nih.gov)
  • Fisher theorizes that copper uptake is regulated by copper-dependent transcriptional repressors and the proteins under their control. (lehigh.edu)
  • New CodY independent transcriptional changes were detected including genes involved in the SOS response, iron storage (e.g. ftnA, dps), oxidative stress response (e.g., perR, katA, sodA) and the psmα1-4 and psmß1-2 operons coding for cytotoxic, phenol soluble modulins (PSMs). (nih.gov)
  • Each of Recombinetics' calves possessed two antibiotic resistance genes, along with other segments of superfluous bacterial DNA. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • This reduction in peptidoglycans results in the loss of the integrity of the bacterial cell wall and ultimately culminates in cell damage caused by high internal osmotic pressure. (randox.com)
  • The reactive organosulfur compounds form disulfide bonds with free sulfhydryl groups of enzymes and compromise the integrity of the bacterial membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • This capsule encases the entire cell surface, accounts for the large appearance of the organism on gram stain, and provides resistance against many host defense mechanisms. (medscape.com)
  • The fluoroquinolone susceptibility profile for each clinical isolate is determined by the number and location of mutational changes in specific enzyme target sites, porin proteins, and efflux mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
  • We investigate the molecular mechanisms, by which RNAs and proteins cooperate to bring about the biological functions of selected RNPs involved in transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Electron cryoEM structures of mitochondrial, chloroplast, and bacterial ATP synthases have revealed the architecture of the FO region, helping to explain the mechanisms of proton translocation, dimerization of the enzyme in mitochondria, and cristae formation. (tcdb.org)
  • Such turnover occurs primarily through the ubiquitin-proteasome system and is central to a variety of cell regulatory mechanisms, many of medical relevance including many cancers. (yale.edu)
  • But they are of great consequence from a biosafety perspective and therefore for the commercial and regulatory landscape of gene-editing. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The new plant cell controls the activity of all the genes through the use of regulatory sequences. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • However, in the case of the roundup soy, plant cells often do not recognize the regulatory genes derived from bacterial cells. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • At the front of the bacterial EPSPS gene in the roundup, soy is the regulatory sequence that directs the plant to switch genes on or off. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • At the end of the EPSPS gene is another regulatory gene that directs the gene of interest to end. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Another regulatory sequence that is introduced into the soy plant is the chloroplast transit peptide gene that is derived from a petunia. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • In these processes, transcript-borne regulatory RNAs alone or in conjunction with protein factors assemble on the surface of RNAP and accompany the enzyme during further transcription by an RNA looping mechanism, rendering the elongation complex resistant to pause and/or termination signals downstream of the original modification site. (fu-berlin.de)
  • LTA and LPS Work In a different way for the Hepcidin Secretion and Iron Content material from the SH-SY5Y Cells Following, we determined the creation from the main iron regulatory hormone hepcidin of LTA and LPS treated SH-SY5Y cells. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • Our lab has as its general focus one of the fundamental regulatory systems of eukaryotic cells - the ubiquitin system. (yale.edu)
  • The ubiquitin system has only recently come under close scrutiny, and an extraordinary array of cell regulatory functions is gradually being uncovered. (yale.edu)
  • This ligase attaches ubiquitin to both nuclear regulatory proteins and to misfolded membrane proteins degraded at the ER (ER-associated degradation or ERAD). (yale.edu)
  • We envisioned that enzyme-activatable cMOs could overcome these limitations, as the triggering enzymes could be expressed in individual cell populations using cis regulatory elements. (cdc.gov)
  • Fungal enzymes play an important role in the breakdown of plant cell walls during plant degradation. (lu.se)
  • An international collaboration of researchers explored the auxiliary activities 7 (AA7) enzyme family, characterizing four fungal enzymes and uncovering a novel class of flavo-enzymes, exemplified by oligosaccharide dehydrogenase. (lu.se)
  • Researchers in medicine and agriculture have rapidly adopted it as a technique for discovering cell and organism functions. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are physiologically distinct from planktonic cells of the same organism, which, by contrast, are single cells that may float or swim in a liquid medium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Much of our work is conducted in baker's yeast, a model organism ideal for genetic and biochemical analysis, but we also use human tissue culture cells and Drosophila in certain studies. (yale.edu)
  • Conventional MOs are typically used to constitutively disrupt targeted genes in an organism-wide manner. (cdc.gov)
  • 11 , 12 Light-dependent gene silencing can be achieved through whole-organism irradiation or the targeted illumination of specific cell populations. (cdc.gov)
  • This is because they invariably consist of multi-gene loci which encode several enzymes that synthesise complex glycan structures. (ukri.org)
  • Many possess genes that encode proteins to neutralize the affects of antibiotics and prevent attacks on their cell machinery. (icr.org)
  • More recently, the gene SLC39A4 was found to encode a solute carrier protein called human zinc/iron-regulated transporterlike protein (hZIP4). (medscape.com)
  • Neutrophil myeloperoxidase is thought to mediate oxidative inactivation of elastase, an enzyme implicated in the pathogenesis of various tissue-destroying diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of virulence related gene expression and computational simulations of pivotal proteins involved in pathogenesis demonstrate that myricetin downregulates the saeR global regulator and interacts with sortase A and α-hemolysin. (nature.com)
  • This is an important discovery because it demonstrates a previously unknown mechanism through which plants control cell death. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In practice, this DNA repair is usually inaccurate because the natural repair mechanism in most cells is somewhat random. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] [3] These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] [3] The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular polysaccharides , proteins , lipids and DNA . (wikipedia.org)
  • Extracellular pilin, MacA, and many other cytochromes that E. coli does not have will be isolated from Geobacter sulfurreducens and introduced into E. coli to create the most optimal pathway for generating electronmotive force in a microbial fuel cell apparatus. (igem.org)
  • The imidazole antibiotic miconazole, that has been shown to inhibit bacterial flavohemoglobin activity, prolonged the DETA/NO-evoked growth inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During embryogenesis, most structures in the face in fact come from one cell type, called neural crest cells," says graduate student Juhee Jeong, first author of the paper in the April 15 Genes & Development . (harvard.edu)
  • CSE 427: Computational Biology Algorithmic and analytic techniques underlying analysis of large-scale biological data sets such as DNA, RNA, and protein sequences or structures, expression and proteomic profiling. (washington.edu)
  • Bacterial glycans are key sugar-like structures frequently found on cell surfaces that come in infinite varieties. (ukri.org)
  • She and her team are honing in on studying the structures of some of these proteins and how they interact with copper ions to learn more about how they function within bacterial cells. (lehigh.edu)
  • Uptake studies using radiolabeled ATP demonstrated that the translocase could indeed transport exogenous ATP into the cell. (usda.gov)
  • Transfection of animal cells typically involves opening transient pores or "holes" in the cell plasma membrane , to allow the uptake of material. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In molecular biology, the term transformation has been used in the related sense to refer to the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, genomic incorporation, and expression of foreign genetic material ( DNA ). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • that LTA and LPS activated specific reactions in SH-SY5Y cells by in a different way changing the expressions of iron uptake, BMS-777607 biological activity aswell as cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage space proteins. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • The current presence of BV-2 microglial cells affected the reactions of SH-SY5Y cells on both LPS and LTA remedies: iron uptake and iron storage space, aswell as the neuronal cytokine creation have already been modulated. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • The mRNA evaluation proven that iron uptake genes (DMT-1 and TfR1) demonstrated different manifestation amounts in SH-SY5Y cells in the current presence of LPS and LTA. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • These outcomes may claim that BMS-777607 biological activity SH-SY5Y cells respond to LPS treatment BMS-777607 biological activity because of its different actions later on, and both TfR1 and DMT-1 donate to LPS-mediated iron uptake. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • Open up in another window Shape 2 Ramifications of LPS and LTA remedies for the mRNA expressions of iron uptake and iron storage space genes in SH-SY5Y cells. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • This protein controls zinc uptake across the plasma membrane of various cell types, including the intestine. (medscape.com)
  • We are trying to understand the functional consequences of SUMO-protein modification, particularly in the cell cycle and chromatin-mediate gene transcription, and to determine the basis of specificity for the SUMO-cleaving proteases. (yale.edu)
  • NfsB is a dimeric flavoprotein enzyme that has broad electron acceptor specificity 15 and has been used in conjunction with prodrugs to selectively ablate cells in vertebrates. (cdc.gov)
  • Caspases are a family of proteases, or enzymes that degrade proteins, which play an essential role in initiating and carrying out programmed cell death in animals. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Priaary structure of alpha-lytic protease: a bacterial homologue of the pancreatic serine proteases. (genome.jp)
  • One is that prions are infectious protein particles, not having associated DNA/RNA (evidence is sensitivity to proteases, insensitivity to nucleases), the other is prions are a name for something no-one has a clue about. (bio.net)
  • Commonly, the term transfection is used in the sense of non-viral introductions of nucleic acid specifically into eukaryotic cells, or even more specifically into animal cells. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • It now includes any means of artificial introduction of foreign DNA into cells, or more specifically cultured eukaryotic cells. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Transformation of eukaryotic cells in tissue culture is usually called transfection. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Bacterial cells (prokaryotes, i.e. cells without a nucleus) have fewer ways to control which codes they express than do the eukaryotic cells of plants and animals. (umsl.edu)
  • First, we wish to understand, at a mechanistic and molecular level, how specific proteins are rapidly degraded within eukaryotic cells while most proteins are spared. (yale.edu)
  • BACKGROUND: Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an encapsulated gram-positive bacterial pathobiont that commonly colonizes the lower gastrointestinal tract and reproductive tract of human hosts. (bvsalud.org)
  • So far, Jeong and her colleagues have identified up to nine different combinations of Fox transcription factors in the developing face that potentially cue neural crest cells to grow into distinct tissues in the proper positions, such as tongue, middle ear cartilage, or incisors. (harvard.edu)
  • From there, Jeong traced the sonic hedgehog signal to the Fox genes, a family of transcription factors that turn on other genes. (harvard.edu)
  • The α 2 ββ'ω core enzyme cooperates with transcription factors and responds to signals on DNA templates and nascent RNAs to achieve full functionality in vivo . (fu-berlin.de)
  • Published September 5, 2007 transcription factors and replicating extra DNA, rather than going directly into growth of the cell. (lu.se)
  • In the new mutant mice, a planted bacterial phage enzyme turns on with Wnt1, which excises a gene necessary for cells to respond to the hedgehog signal. (harvard.edu)
  • At the loxP site, plasmid DNA can be cleaved by the Cre protein of the P1 phage, at the cos site by the corresponding enzyme of the lambda phage. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
  • How does the cell know what its environment contains and what turns on this second metabolic gear? (icr.org)
  • Alcohol oxidase (AO) appears to be the first and major enzyme produced in the methanol metabolic pathway of P. pastoris . (igem.org)
  • Host defense against bacterial invasion depends on phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes and the bactericidal effect of serum, mediated in large part by complement proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Evaluates designs using sequencing, fluorescence assays, enzyme activity assays, and single cell studies using time-lapse microscopy. (washington.edu)
  • Using in vitro biofilm, adherence and invasion assays with immortalized human vaginal epithelial VK2 cells, and a mouse model of GBS vaginal colonization, we tested the contribution of CAMP factor using GBS strain COH1 and its isogenic CAMP-deficient mutant (Δcfb). (bvsalud.org)
  • Within the past 2 years, investigational peptide- and recombinant protein-based serologic assays that can more easily differentiate the antibodies to HTLV-I and HTLV-II have been developed (8,9). (cdc.gov)
  • Of the bacterial ATP/ADP translocases characterized thus far, all have been found in endosymbionts of protozoa or pathogens of higher order animals including humans. (usda.gov)
  • The findings, outlined in a paper titled "VPEg Exhibits a Caspase-like Activity that Contributes to Defense Against Pathogens" were reported in the Sept. 23, online issue of Current Biology, and involve research on the key plant protein, vacuolar processing enzyme or VPEg, in Arabidopsis thaliana, or thale cress, that is required for this process. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They have discovered that mutants lacking this protein have an increased susceptibility to these pathogens. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The prototypical example of a protein that is covalently attached to other proteins is ubiquitin, but in recent years, evidence for at least a dozen such systems has come to light. (yale.edu)
  • A single translocase encoding gene was identified through an in silico analysis of the recently completed Las genome. (usda.gov)
  • Since the DNA introduced in the transfection process is usually not inserted into the nuclear genome, the foreign DNA is lost at the later stage when the cells undergo mitosis . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • If it is desired that the transfected gene actually remains in the genome of the cell and its daughter cells, a stable transfection must occur. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • But FDA's findings are potentially trivial besides another recent discovery about gene-editing: that foreign DNA from surprising sources can routinely find its way into the genome of edited animals. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Ultimately, all DNA 'editing' is really the cutting of DNA by enzymes, called nucleases, that are supposed to act only at chosen sites in the genome of a living cell. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • With this GMO soy plant, standard molecular biotechnological methods were employed in demonstrating that a single complete copy of the bacterial EPSPS gene was present and flanked by two DNA sequences found in the genome of the roundup ready soy plant. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • This indicated that the new gene of interest was stable and had integrated itself well into the Soy genome. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • There is also no evidence that points at the ability of the new gene in GM soy having a potential to integrate into the DNA genome of humans and thus poses no known health hazard. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Both enzymes were purified from E. coli cells and partially characterized by determining their specific activity, apparent molecular weight and pI. (lu.se)
  • For example, MVs from E. coli under envelope stress contain multiple misfolded proteins, whose release enhances bacterial survival [ 9 ]. (nature.com)
  • Central to exploitation is the ability to clone and express glycans in host cells such as E. coli, the workhorse of biotechnology. (ukri.org)
  • The lac operon of E. coli is but one example of how enzyme and transporter production can be made conditional on the presence of a nutrient to catabolize. (lu.se)
  • In the case of the lac operon of E. coli, a well-studied system for whether a gene is regulated. (lu.se)
  • Nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons confirmed an rmtC gene with 100% identity with those originally identified in Proteus mirabilis strain ARS68 isolated from an inpatient in Japan ( 6 ) and P. mirabilis strain JIE273 from Australia ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To produce sufficient amounts of recombinant catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) for structural and functional studies the coding regions of the rat liver and human placental COMT genes have been introduced into a bacterial expression vector pKEX14. (lu.se)
  • A bacterial host transformed by a plasmid harboring a triclosan-resistant mutant FabI gene (mFabI) as a selectable marker can grow in presence of high dose of triclosan in growth media. (wikipedia.org)
  • Understanding the presence of plasmid vectors requires an appreciation of the basics of gene-editing, which, confusingly, are considerably distinct from what the word 'editing' means in ordinary English. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Once the EPSPS enzyme is in the chloroplast, the chloroplast transit peptide is eliminated for the gene of interest to function. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins, or function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Two recently identified exo-lytic N -acetylmuramidases (Tf_NamZ1 and Tf_NamZ2) specifically cleave the peptide-free, exogenous (nutrition source) PGN in the periplasm and release the MurNAc and disaccharide substrates for the transporters Tf_MurT and Tf_AmpG, respectively, whereas the peptide-containing, endogenous (the self-cell wall) PGN stays unattached. (karger.com)
  • LPS binds to the cell-surface receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which initiates a signal transduction cascade, including recruitment of the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP). (aspetjournals.org)
  • DksA squeezes through this narrow tunnel toward the site where ppGpp binds to the enzyme. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Microbes form a biofilm in response to a number of different factors, [9] which may include cellular recognition of specific or non-specific attachment sites on a surface, nutritional cues, or in some cases, by exposure of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics . (wikipedia.org)
  • It leads straight to the active site, and presents a confined area where many proteins and antibiotics that control transcription may bind to carry out their business. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The slight differences between human ribosomes which are not bound by these antibiotics and bacterial ribosomes make this type of antibiotic ideal for treating many illnesses. (icr.org)
  • Other antibiotics, such as penicillin, block the assembly of the bacterial cell wall causing it to weaken and burst. (icr.org)
  • Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein facilitates transfer of bacterial cell wall components to inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
  • Using the amino acid sequence from the Las encoded translocase, a homologous protein was identified in Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso), the bacterium associated with zebra chip disease. (usda.gov)
  • Each of the ERAP1 gene variants changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When found in gene protein coding regions, SNPs can be synonymous, i.e., causing no change in the amino acid encoded, or non-synonymous, when the amino acid is altered. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • A cell makes ppGpp when amino acid levels are low, and ppGpp tells a cell to go dormant until amino acid levels return to normal. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Amino acid -- The basic building block of proteins and polypeptides. (nih.gov)
  • In Staphylococcus aureus, (pp)pGpp can be synthesized via the RelA-SpoT-homolog, RelSau upon amino acid limitation or via one of the two small (pp)pGpp synthetases RelP or RelQ upon cell wall stress. (nih.gov)
  • Far from being a 'new improved model', resistant cells also cannot take up the amounts of food substances that would normally enter via transporters that are now damaged or absent. (creation.com)
  • Enzyme -- A protein molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered by the reactions. (nih.gov)
  • Broadly defined, transfection is the process of artificially introducing nucleic acids ( DNA or RNA ) into cells , utilizing means other than viral infection. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Because the term transformation had another sense in animal cell biology (a genetic change allowing long-term propagation in culture, or acquisition of properties typical of cancer cells), the term transfection acquired, for animal cells, its present meaning of a change in cell properties caused by introduction of nucleic acids by non-viral methods. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The transfection process is different from "infection," which is the term used for a viral method of introducing nucleic acids into cells (Promega). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Sounds simple from a birds-eye view, but when top scientific minds try to make such a system, they discover that bacterial metabolism is far from simple. (icr.org)
  • Our outcomes demonstrate that BV-2 cells alter the iron rate of metabolism of SH-SY5Y cells, they donate to the iron build up of SH-SY5Y cells by manipulating the consequences of LTA and LPS showing that microglia are essential regulators of neuronal iron rate of metabolism at neuroinflammation. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • pp)pGpp induction resulted in the downregulation of many genes involved in protein and RNA/DNA metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Neural crest cells eventually form many parts of the head, pigment cells in the skin, and neurons in the peripheral nervous system. (harvard.edu)
  • The results also demonstrate that a famous signaling molecule, sonic hedgehog, is essential for neural crest cells to grow and form normal faces. (harvard.edu)
  • G ene "expression" translates molecule strings (replicable nucleic acid codes) into the proteins and enzymes needed to run a cell. (umsl.edu)
  • The current study suggests that DksA is the glue that holds together two key components of bacterial gene expression -- a molecule called ppGpp and an enzyme called RNA polymerase. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • DksA uses something scientists call the 'back door of gene expression,' a cavity on the RNA polymerase molecule called the secondary channel. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The cell has control systems that regulate this masking, only turning it on when necessary. (creation.com)
  • The results extend the findings from other researchers that sonic hedgehog regulates the proliferation and cell survival necessary for forming a face in chick embryos. (harvard.edu)
  • They are able to activate complement, which causes selective deposition of C3b onto LPS molecules at sites distant from the bacterial cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Antibody -- Any of the protein molecules produced by specialized immune system cells (B cells) that can recognize and bind to a particular foreign antigen. (nih.gov)
  • Cleaving these receptors reduces their ability to transmit chemical signals into the cell, which affects the process of inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Unlike antibacterials that aim to inhibit cell growth, antivirulence therapies are based on the inhibition of bacterial virulence. (nature.com)
  • This is an indication that the right size and correct sequence of the gene of interest were genetically engineered into the soy plant to confer resistance to herbicides. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Additionally, there is no sequence similarity to the gene to allergens and thus has no ability to cause allergenic reactions. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • gene cloning ( DNA cloning ) The production of exact copies ( clones ) of a particular gene or DNA sequence using genetic engineering techniques. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Fusing the AOXI gene promoter with the DNA sequence encoding a fluorescent protein will allow the expression of the AOXI gene to be detected. (igem.org)
  • Although many efflux pumps may be specific for the substrate they pump out of the cell, they are not uncommon. (icr.org)
  • Each enzyme works only on one specific substance (called the substrate). (nih.gov)
  • The cargo of MVs is reflective of the composition of the producing cell, and changes in the cargo can alter the function of the MVs [ 8 ]. (nature.com)
  • Sometimes, it is necessary to substitute one or more of the amino acids (non-synonomously) so that the final cry toxin can function in the plant cell environment [4]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • 5,6] Without proteins, which are necessary for normal cell function, the cell dies. (icr.org)
  • vis1 is regulated by fruit ripening and high temperature and exhibits a typical heat shock protein chaperone function when expressed in bacterial cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In our second major area of research, we are analyzing the function and dynamics of protein modification by other Ubls. (yale.edu)
  • We and others have synthesized light-activatable cMOs that allow spatiotemporal control of RNA splicing or translation, complementing the use of conditional knockouts to study stage- and tissue-specific differences in gene function. (cdc.gov)
  • 18 , 19 We surmised that cyclic cMOs containing an NfsB-cleavable linker could be used with analogous lines to knock down gene function in a tissue-specific manner (Figure 1 a). (cdc.gov)
  • For researchers in a developmental genetics laboratory, eliminating a gene has been an important step in learning what it does. (harvard.edu)