Cell autoimmune aquaporin 4 aquaporin 4. Medical search. Frequent questions

Abstract Neuromyelitis optica is an autoimmune disorder characterized by optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and aquaporin-4 autoantibodies. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
Background Autoantibodies to glial, myelin and neuronal antigens have been reported in a range of central demyelination syndromes and autoimmune encephalopathies in children, but there has not been a systematic evaluation across the range of central nervous system (CNS) autoantibodies in childhood-acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS). (bmj.com)
NMO's etiology is unknown but NMO is believed to be an autoimmune disease associated with autoantibodies to aquaporin-4. (collinsquest.org)
Currently there are no serological tests for rapidly detecting autoantibodies associated with autoimmune diseases that also satisfy the growing demand for high analytical sensitivity and reproducibility. (biomedcentral.com)
SjS is often associated with polyclonal B cell activation resulting in the presence of multiple autoantibodies including the well-known SSA and SSB antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
Advances in defining clinical criteria and immunologic biomarkers of autoimmune diseases such as MS or autoimmune encephalitides coupled with conventional MRI studies and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have revealed overlapping diseases characterized by autoantibodies against neuronal or glial surface proteins (NMDA receptor, aquaporin 4, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) 1 , 2 and may disclose in the future unclassified autoimmune disorders with yet unknown mechanisms. (neurology.org)
The International Consensus Group on MOG autoantibody-associated disease (MOGAD) has proposed that the diagnostic criteria for MOGAD should include the presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies detected using cell-based assays. (encyclopedia.pub)
MOGAD is typically associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), and transverse myelitis (TM) and is less commonly associated with cerebral cortical encephalitis, brainstem or cerebellar symptoms, and clinical presentations including the combination of several phenotypes and sometimes accompanies other autoantibodies such as anti- N -methy-D aspartate receptor (NMDAR) autoantibodies with symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis. (encyclopedia.pub)
In fact, MOG was initially identified as an immunodominant target for demyelinating autoantibodies in a guinea pig model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Over the years, extensive studies conducted in patients with MS have investigated the presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays targeting recombinant mouse MOG, without clear relation and specificity with MS [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
developed transgenic mice bearing MOG peptide-specific T cell receptors, resulting in spontaneous relapsing-remitting EAE along with the expansion of autoreactive B cells that produce autoantibodies binding to a conformational epitope on the native MOG protein [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In recent years, the presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies has been extensively tested in patients with CNS inflammatory diseases using a cell-based assay that preserves the conformational structure of the full-length human MOG [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
therefore, detecting anti-MOG autoantibodies using cell-based assays is essential for diagnostic accuracy. (encyclopedia.pub)
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are an inflammation of the central nervous system associated with autoantibodies to aquaporin-4. (ox.ac.uk)
Anti-AQP4 autoantibodies are produced by plasmablasts and some plasma cells. (minstercommunitypost.com)

There are adaptive T-cell and antibody autoimmune responses to myelin-derived peptides in multiple sclerosis (MS) and to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
The discovery of potential drugs that regulate NET release has helped to enhance our understanding of the role of NETs in immunological protection, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disorders. (bvsalud.org)
Autoimmune Disorders An autoimmune disorder is a malfunction of the body's immune system that causes the body to attack its own tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's own tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
Distinctions in phenotype may also be emerging: sufferers with MOG-IgG will have got a milder or much less disabling scientific course weighed against TAPI-2 sufferers with AQP4-IgG and less inclined to be feminine, and association with various other autoimmune disorders is certainly less common. (thinkbeforeyouclickca.org)
Findings published in PNAS from a study including individuals with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) suggest that germinal center activity may play a targetable and modifiable role in autoimmune disorders. (neurologylive.com)

Genetic defects involving aquaporin genes have been associated with several human diseases including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and neuromyelitis optica. (wikipedia.org)
Autoimmune neurologic diseases represent a broad category of conditions characterized by immune dysregulation. (arupconsult.com)
Autoimmune neurologic diseases may localize to the peripheral nervous system or central nervous system (CNS). (arupconsult.com)
For more information about laboratory testing for autoimmune neurologic diseases, including detailed information about panel test selection, refer to the ARUP Consult Autoimmune Neurologic Diseases - Antineural Antibody Testing topic. (arupconsult.com)
Autoimmune diseases are the molecular equivalent of "friendly fire": The body attacks itself instead of harmful invaders. (medicalxpress.com)
Current systemic therapies are rarely curative for patients with severe life-threatening forms of autoimmune diseases (ADs). (thestemcellfoundation.com)
2 3 4 5 6 ] However, a more recent population-based survey conducted in urban Mangalore has shown a prevalence of 8.3/100,000 for MS and 2.6/100,000 for neuromyelitis optic spectrum diseases (NMOSD). (lww.com)
There is an increasing need for simple, sensitive and rapid technologies for the diagnosis of SjS and other autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
One major approach involves using antibody-based tests to diagnose and even predict the onset of various diseases [ 1 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Identifying these changes can help us understand how diseases such as epilepsy affect these cells and may represent viable therapeutic targets. (dcu.ie)
This extensive immune cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and different antigen groups may play a role in the multi-system disease process of COVID-19, influence the severity of the disease, precipitate the onset of autoimmunity in susceptible subgroups, and potentially exacerbate autoimmunity in subjects that have pre-existing autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
In the accompanying editorial comment, Dr. Finke 4 discusses the type of disease that these patients may have and indicates similar clinical-radiologic dissociations noted in other diseases. (neurology.org)
demonstrated the persistent presence of MOG-reactive B cells in the peripheral immune system and suggesting their potential roles as modifiers in inflammatory CNS diseases using transgenic mice producing MOG-specific immunoglobulins [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Yet these proteins, which represent nearly 40 percent of all known proteins, including receptors, channels, and signaling molecules, are essential for cell communication and their malfunctions are implicated in many diseases. (the-scientist.com)
They may explain rituximab's clinical efficacy in several autoantibody-mediated diseases and highlight the potential value of direct [germinal center] measurements across autoimmune conditions," Irani et al wrote. (neurologylive.com)
This review focuses on an emerging topic, the functional involvement of AQPs in ROS membrane transport, with specific regard to the movement of hydrogen peroxide and NO into and out of cells, in both health and oxidative stress-induced diseases. (hindawi.com)
There are many peer-reviewed papers covering the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, and it is frequently difficult for healthcare professionals to keep up with the literature. (clinlabint.com)

Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, hallmarked by pathogenic anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies. (thestemcellfoundation.com)
Only a few biomarkers are available in MS clinical practice, such as cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands and immunoglobulin index, serum anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies, and serum anti-John Cunningham virus antibodies. (clinlabint.com)

We tested this approach in 12 patients, 8 with MS and 4 with NMOSD. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
Elicitation of specific IL-10 production by peptide-specific T cells in MS and NMOSD patients indicates that a key element in antigen specific tolerance is activated with this approach. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
Background The presence of antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been identified as a key characteristic of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disorder. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
We evaluated the performance of a cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (CIIFA) for detecting AQP4 antibodies using antigen prepared with a recombinant AQP4 peptide transfection technique and assessed the usefulness of CIIFA for diagnosis of NMOSD in routine clinical practice. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a disabling autoimmune neurologic disease. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, we examined the long-term effects of the anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody tocilizumab (TCZ) on immune cell profiles in patients with NMOSD. (bvsalud.org)
RESULTS: Patients with NMOSD had reduced numbers of lymphocyte subsets with regulatory functions, including transitional B cells, CD56high NK cells, and CD45RA-FoxP3high regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
Primarily, MOG-IgG was associated with childhood-onset multiple sclerosis, but recently it's been within a percentage of sufferers who meet up with the scientific requirements for neuromyelitis optica range disorder (NMOSD) but who absence antibodies against aquaporin 4 IgG (AQP4-IgG). (thinkbeforeyouclickca.org)
All told, investigator Sarosh R. Irani, DPhil, FRCP, FEAN, Head, Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, University of Oxford, and colleagues, assessed samples of deep cervical lymph node (dCLN) aspirates (n = 36) and blood (n = 406) from 63 patients with NMOSD. (neurologylive.com)
Concomitant autoimmune issues had been noticed in six NMOSD sufferers and two OSMS sufferers. (joopm.com)
Elevations of CSF, white cell count and protein were more common in NMOSD. (ox.ac.uk)
In fact, results of a phase 1b study of the effects of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells loaded with myelin and AQP-4 peptides, showed successful elicitation of antigen-specific IL-10 production by T regulatory cells in patients with NMOSD or MS. (openhealthgroup.com)
UPLIZNA is the first and only anti-CD19 B-cell-depleting humanized monoclonal antibody approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Commission (EC) for the treatment of adult patients with anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive NMOSD. (minstercommunitypost.com)
These B-cell populations are central to NMOSD disease pathogenesis, and a large proportion of these cells express CD19. (minstercommunitypost.com)
UPLIZNA is indicated for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in adult patients who are anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive. (minstercommunitypost.com)

Recently, autoimmune pathogenetic mechanisms related to neuromyelitis optica have been considered, based on the occurrence of specific NMO IgG antibodies against aquaporin 4. (csnn.eu)

5 Further studies are needed to characterize this category of MRI-negative autoimmune encephalitis, which perhaps in the future may be defined by yet unknown immunologic biomarkers. (neurology.org)
Post herpes simplex virus (HSV) autoimmune encephalitis has been reported mainly in association with NMDA receptor antibodies, however, never with Caspr2 antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)

Aquaporins, also called water channels, are channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells. (wikipedia.org)
It was present in structures such as kidney tubules and red blood cells, and related to proteins of diverse origins, such as in fruit fly brain, bacteria, the lens of the eye, and plant tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Also known as water channels, aquaporins are integral membrane pore proteins. (wikipedia.org)
In this mechanism, antibodies formed against SARS-CoV-2 would also bind to human tissue proteins leading to autoimmune reactivity. (frontiersin.org)
We believe the answer is probable, since some of the systemic disease clinical manifestations of COVID-19 cannot be explained solely by the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with cell membranes of tissues that exhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). (frontiersin.org)
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a membrane proteins portrayed on oligodendrocyte cell areas and on the outermost surface area of myelin sheaths, may be the target for just one such antibody, MOG-IgG. (thinkbeforeyouclickca.org)
The volume and quality of proteins produced depends on the organism, cell type, promoter, and vector used to generate them. (the-scientist.com)
This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)
This notion has been challenged by the discovery of new membrane transport functions, especially those exerted by aquaporins (AQPs), a family of membrane channel proteins widespread in nature [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: This protein is present in the cells that form a coating around nerve cell axons in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. (msdmanuals.com)

Progression to wheelchair dependence was faster among patients with Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 1 (PCA-1) seropositivity and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa autoantibody (GAD65) seronegativity. (jamanetwork.com)
McKeon A, Tracy JA, Pittock SJ, Parisi JE, Klein CJ, Lennon VA. Purkinje cell cytoplasmic autoantibody type 1 accompaniments: the cerebellum and beyond. (jamanetwork.com)
Interleukin 6 signalling promotes anti‐aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. (roche.lt)

A B-cell-mediated encephalopathy with normal MRI? (neurology.org)
Other tests, like CSF metagenomic next-generation sequencing, rheumatologic testing, and autoimmune testing with autoimmune encephalopathy panel and aquaporin-4 antibodies, didn't show anything. (discovermednews.com)

To compare these panels and the antibodies included, refer to ARUP Autoimmune Neurology Panel Components . (arupconsult.com)
In a study published this month in Annals of Neurology , researchers from Osaka University have revealed that treatment with an antibody to a protein called repulsive guidance molecule-a (RGMa) dramatically improves symptoms of neuromyelitis optica , a devastating autoimmune disorder, in an experimental rat model. (medicalxpress.com)
This is a very interesting phenomenon and quite unusual in the field of autoimmune neurology. (mayocliniclabs.com)
The 71st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) was held May 4-10, 2019 in Philadelphia, PA, drawing over 15,000 participants from around the globe. (openhealthgroup.com)

ARUP's serum or CSF Autoimmune Neurologic Disease With Reflex panels can be used for the evaluation of patients with subacute onset of neurologic symptoms with possible autoimmune etiology. (arupconsult.com)

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (A-GFAP-A) is a newly discovered autoimmune nervous system disease involving the brain, spinal cord, meninges and optic nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy is a form of monophasic or relapsing steroid-responsive meningoencephalomyelitis often accompanied by a hallmark radial periventricular brain MRI enhancement pattern and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid with lymphocytic pleocytosis. (medlink.com)

In most cases, NMO is caused by antibodies that the body develops to a protein called aquaporin-4 (AQP4). (medicalxpress.com)
A protein called aquaporin 4: This protein is present on the surface of support cells in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
it targeted a protein called aquaporin-4, a water channel protein on the surface of a supporting cell in the central nervous system called and astrocyte. (sumairafoundation.org)

However, recent successful preclinical and clinical trials have advocated for the significance of B cell-dependent immunopathogenic responses and has led to the development of novel biologicals that target specific B cell phenotypes. (medsci.org)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. (clinlabint.com)

In the disease process of NMO, for reasons that aren't yet clear, immune system cells and antibodies attack and destroy myelin cells in the optic nerves and the spinal cord. (collinsquest.org)
With little evidence base to the therapeutic modalities, a logical approach to the treatment of cerebral lupus is to build a treatment strategy around the various possible pathogeneses: (1) ischemia due to thromboses secondary to the antiphospholipid syndrome, (2) small-vessel noninflammatory proliferative vasculopathy due to cell-mediated immune mechanisms, and (3) antibody-mediated damage to spinal cord and optic nerve-akin to Devic disease. (medscape.com)
In MS, the immune system cells that normally protect us from viruses, bacteria, and unhealthy cells mistakenly attack myelin in the central nervous system (brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord). (nih.gov)
MS also damages the nerve cell bodies, which are found in the brain's gray matter, as well as the axons themselves in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves that transmit visual information from the eye to the brain. (nih.gov)

Over time, some of the low- to moderate-affinity AQP4-specific B cells from GCs may acquire bone marrow niches as [long-lived plasma cells]," they wrote, adding that these cells account for most circulating AQP4-IgG. (neurologylive.com)

A 2-year-old child with a history of infantile pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was admitted to hospital with nausea and vomiting after 3 weeks of upper respiratory tract symptoms. (cdc.gov)
Numerous clinical trials conducted in participants living with relapsing MS and PPMS have contributed to the understanding of MS pathogenesis allowing for development and management of this heterogeneous disease through targeted disease modifying therapies (DMTs) as the stochastic nature of symptoms evolve [ 4 ]. (medsci.org)
This neutrophil build-up is associated with the death of cells called astrocytes, which ultimately causes NMO symptoms. (medicalxpress.com)

between January 2013 and Dec 2016 the NMO program, january 4 and evaluation was finished, 2017. (thinkbeforeyouclickca.org)

Now, researchers from Japan have found that interrupting the complex interplay between different immune cell types can help prevent the damage that this friendly fire causes in one type of autoimmune disease. (medicalxpress.com)
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a relatively common autoimmune disease characterized by oral and ocular dryness. (biomedcentral.com)
However, under the "wrong" environmental circumstances, polyfunctional T-cells(poly-T) can drive autoimmune-disease pathogenesis. (dcu.ie)
I have recently shown that synovial tissue poly-T-cells can predict RA-patient stratification, correlate with disease progression in RA and PsA and importantly, are present at the joints of at risk-individuals prior to development of clinical-inflammation. (dcu.ie)
His research focuses on what provokes relapses and remissions in multiple sclerosis (MS), and on the quest for antigen specific therapy in autoimmune disease. (neuroimmune.org)
The authors suggest that assessment of B-cell architecture, including ultrastructure and function, together with interferon signature genes can be useful tools to stratify patients with DM and develop therapies targeting these disease subsets individually (e.g. (neurology.org)
By excising flexible regions of human aquaporin 4, a water channel implicated in the ALS-like autoimmune disease neuromyelitis optica, we obtained a high-resolution structure. (the-scientist.com)
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin disease, characterized by the formation of erythematous scaly plaques on the skin and joints. (clinlabint.com)
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory and multisystemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. (clinlabint.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which provides inaccessible disease-relevant cell types, opens a new era for disease treatment. (clinlabint.com)
4,6 Loss of vision, paralysis, loss of sensation, bladder and bowel dysfunction, nerve pain and respiratory failure can all be manifestations of the disease. (minstercommunitypost.com)

Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy manifests as a meningoencephalomyelitis (or limited form thereof) with dramatic steroid-responsiveness. (medlink.com)
Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy presentation is subacute (over days to a few weeks). (medlink.com)

These findings and the presence of frequent plasmablasts in the peripheral blood suggested that the underlying pathogenesis was likely mediated by B-cell mechanisms. (neurology.org)

Over the past two decades, the development of targeted immunotherapeutics for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis has been successfully orchestrated through the efficacious modulation of neuroinflammatory outcomes demonstrated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. (medsci.org)
Yi W, Schlüter D, Wang X. Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Star-shaped cells illuminating the darkness of CNS autoimmunity. (roche.lt)

However, because water is a polar molecule this process of simple diffusion is relatively slow, and in tissues with high water permeability the majority of water passes through aquaporin. (wikipedia.org)
Water moves through cells in an organized way, most rapidly in tissues that have aquaporin water channels. (wikipedia.org)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that exist in many tissues and are capable of differentiating into several different cell types. (thestemcellfoundation.com)

Modulation of the immune system via B-cell depletion is entering clinical practice. (medscape.com)
This antibody facilitated rapid and early diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, and identified a series of other clinical syndromes, including sev ere vomiting and hiccups, to name but one, that was a syndrome of neuromyelitis optica previously unrecognized before discovery of the aquaporin-4 antibody. (sumairafoundation.org)

Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a common autoimmune disorder associated with epithelial inflammation and exocrine gland dysfunction [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore poly-T cells are significant initiators and propagators of synovial inflammation. (dcu.ie)
And there were a lot of drugs that came out from that research looking at the early inflammation and looking at the targets and those targets were, they basically the mono-clonal antibodies, the b-cells and the and some of their products and also some of the adhesion molecules how the immune cells went into the brain across the blood-brain barrier and caused some damage. (reachmd.com)
5 Depletion of these CD19+ B-cells is thought to remove an important contributor to inflammation, lesion formation and astrocyte damage. (minstercommunitypost.com)

We observed a significant increase in the production of IL-10 levels in PBMCs stimulated with the peptides as well as an increase in the frequency of a regulatory T cell, known as Tr1, by week 12 of follow-up. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
The human MHC class II molecules bind intracellularly processed peptides, present them to T-helper cells, and have a critical role in the initiation of the immune response. (thermofisher.com)

It was not until 1992 that the first aquaporin, 'aquaporin-1' (originally known as CHIP 28), was reported by Peter Agre, of Johns Hopkins University. (wikipedia.org)

Aquaporins have six membrane-spanning alpha helical domains with both carboxylic and amino terminals on the cytoplasmic side. (wikipedia.org)
Because aquaporins are usually always open and are prevalent in just about every cell type, this leads to a misconception that water readily passes through the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. (wikipedia.org)
Water can pass through the cell membrane through simple diffusion because it is a small molecule, and through osmosis, in cases where the concentration of water outside of the cell is greater than that of the inside. (wikipedia.org)
Solomon and his co-workers performed pioneering work on water permeability across the cell membrane in the late 1950s. (wikipedia.org)
For many years, scientists assumed that water leaked through the cell membrane, and some water does. (wikipedia.org)
Original Article Neuromyelitis optica IgG does not alter aquaporin-4 water permeability, plasma membrane M1/M23 isoform content, or supramolecular assembly Andrea Rossi1,2, Julien Ratelade1,2, Marios C. Papadopoulos3, Jeffrey L. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
Progression to wheelchair dependence was faster among patients with paraneoplastic compared with nonparaneoplastic autoimmune ataxia and among those with positivity for neuronal nuclear and cytoplasmic antibodies (NNC Abs + ) only (vs positivity for plasma membrane protein Abs [PMP Abs + ] only). (jamanetwork.com)
Throughout the years, ROS and NO have been widely considered to enter cells by freely diffusing through the cell membrane lipid bilayer and not via specific transporters or channels. (hindawi.com)

Until recently, T-cells were divided into well-defined subsets, identified by the expression of a key cytokine. (dcu.ie)

The authors named this disorder "normal-appearing imaging-associated, neuroimmunologically justified, autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (neurology.org)

Due to the relatively high water permeability of some epithelial cells, it was long suspected that some additional mechanism for water transport across membranes must exist. (wikipedia.org)
HLA-DR is expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells such as B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, thymic epithelial cells and activated T lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)

The role of B cells and antibodies in central nervous system (CNS) demyelination is increasingly recognised. (bmj.com)

A significant upregulation of numerous genes implicated in different aspects of the interferon signature was found in the B-cell-rich and follicle-like aDM. (neurology.org)

One approach involves induction of tolerance with engineered dendritic cells (tolDCs) loaded with specific antigens. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)

Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells in a phase 1b trial. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)

Vernino S, Lennon VA. New Purkinje cell antibody (PCA-2): marker of lung cancer-related neurological autoimmunity. (jamanetwork.com)

Among various mechanisms, the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in vascular cells has also widely been reported to be involved in ROS generation. (hindawi.com)

There is growing appreciation that T-cells exhibit polyfunctionality by producing multiple cytokines simultaneously. (dcu.ie)
This overall treatment approach should be familiar to neurologists who are accustomed to the evaluation and treatment of other autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, or polymyositis. (medscape.com)

The cell membranes of a variety of different bacteria, fungi, animal and plant cells contain aquaporins through which water can flow more rapidly into and out of the cell than by diffusing through the phospholipid bilayer. (wikipedia.org)
In most cells, water moves in and out by osmosis through the lipid component of cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
However, this did not explain how water could move so quickly through some cells. (wikipedia.org)
Aquaporins selectively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes. (wikipedia.org)
Of particular interest is the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) which mislocalises in epilepsy. (dcu.ie)
Because it was first described, new details about the pathophysiology gained momentum with the invention of an antibody towards Aquaporin-4, a water channel protein that's predominantly discovered within the astrocytes. (joopm.com)

In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
Also presented were positive 48-week data from a phase 2 study in relapsing MS of evobrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which also mediates B-cell receptor signaling. (openhealthgroup.com)

the study designs varied with regard to inclusion criteria (eg, aquaporin-4 [AQP-4] status, background immunomodulatory therapy). (openhealthgroup.com)

Cells within the body release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can contain genetic material and signalling molecules. (dcu.ie)

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