Cell chromosome positioning. Medical search. Frequent questions

Our findings suggest that kinesin-8 family members have developed biochemically distinct activities throughout evolution and have implications for how Kif18A affects kinetochore-microtubule plus-end dynamics during mitosis in animal cells. (nih.gov)
In addition cells have evolved a damage-sensing checkpoint system whereby the cells delay entry into mitosis until the break has been repaired. (brandeis.edu)
While a postdoctoral student at MIT, Tomomi Kiyomitsu discovered how dynein has a role as a motor protein in aligning the chromosomes in the middle of the cell during the metaphase of mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
It does this repeatedly so the chromosomes end up in the center of the cell, which is necessary in mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
The highly-conserved SMC complex condensin drives the abrupt and complete reorganization of chromosomes that occurs in early mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
It is still unclear however whether or not such a localized accumulation of condensin at discrete loci has an impact on the condensin-driven reorganization of chromosomes in mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
During the division of somatic cells (mitosis) newly duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate and segregate to opposite daughter cells. (scienceblog.com)
During mitosis, cells undergo symmetrical cell division, while oocyte meiotic maturation undergoes two consecutive, asymmetric divisions that generate a totipotent haploid oocyte and two small polar bodies not involved in DNA replication. (bioone.org)

In this cell division called meiosis, the two complete sets of chromosomes (maternal and paternal ones) in each body cell are reduced to a single one. (scienceblog.com)
Mitotic chromosome segregation requires the coordination of both regulatory and mechanical molecular machines and culminates in the delivery of two complete sets of chromosomes to two daughter cells. (rupress.org)

Postdoctoral position to study how lipid metabolism affects chromatin structure and chromosome segregation is available at the Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University. (cuni.cz)
This linkage ensures their correct segregation to the daughter cells later on. (scienceblog.com)
We have combined the proteomic analysis of Xenopus laevis in vitro-assembled chromosomes with RNA interference and live cell imaging in HeLa cells to identify novel factors required for proper chromosome segregation. (rupress.org)
Nuclear positioning, germinal vesicle breakdown, spindle migration, spindle rotation, chromosome segregation, and polar body extrusion are the most critical cellular processes during oocyte meiosis I and II, and a growing number of studies primarily using the mouse oocyte model revealed that actin filaments were critical for these processes, especially for spindle migration. (bioone.org)
Actin filaments widely involve into multiple cellular processes such as nuclear positioning, germinal vesicle breakdown, spindle migration, chromosome segregation, spindle rotation and polar body extrusion in oocyte mammalian meiosis. (bioone.org)
Such dimeric molecules might create difficulties in segregation at cell division, or in packaging when the circles are viral. (gla.ac.uk)
The replication terminus region of the E. coli chromosome encodes a locus, dif, that is required for normal chromosome segregation at cell division, dif is a substrate for site-specific recombination catalysed by the related chromosomally encoded recombinases XerC and XerD. (gla.ac.uk)
It is shown that the only DNA sequences required for wild-type dif function in the terminus region of the chromosome are contained within 33 bp known to bind XerC and XerD, and that certain active site residues of the Xer proteins known to be involved in the catalysis of recombination are required for normal chromosome segregation. (gla.ac.uk)
Since neither the dif/Xer, nor the loxP/Cie system caused this suppression when located in other positions on the chromosome, close to oriC or within lacZ, this reinforces the idea that site-specific recombination must occur in the terminus region in order to allow normal chromosome segregation. (gla.ac.uk)

This means that gene mutations and chromosome abnormalities in cells occur sporadically (by chance) and are not inherited from a parent. (texaschildrens.org)
Chromosome abnormalities (extra chromosomes and structural changes in the chromosome material) are present in the majority of ALL patients. (texaschildrens.org)
Such abnormalities may be caused by an irregular activity of the APC/C. To verify this idea, Ms. Penkner conducted clever experiments in which she inactivated the APC/C in yeast cells in addition to Mnd2. (scienceblog.com)
Lyon hypothesis (X-inactivation) Sex chromosome abnormalities may involve aneuploidy, partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes, or mosaicism. (msdmanuals.com)
Sex chromosome abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) for fetal chromosome abnormalities in a general-risk population: An evidence-based clinical guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). (cdc.gov)

Centromeres and flanking pericentromeric repeat regions of different chromosomes aggregate and form microscopically visible chromocenters in interphase nuclei [ 26 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Similarly, the large ribosomal RNA gene clusters that reside on different chromosomes manage to find each other in almost every cell nucleus to form another easily discernable nuclear entity, the nucleolus [ 27 - 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

Any number of homologous recombination events between linear homologous chromosomes generates linear products that have the same overall structure as their parents. (gla.ac.uk)
In meiosis, the genetic information inherited from a person's mother and father is recombined through crossing over (exchange between homologous chromosomes). (msdmanuals.com)
Each gene has a specific location (locus), which is typically the same on each of the 2 homologous chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

This region of the chromosome is without thymonucleic acid (Sine Acedo Thymonucleirico) and is called the SAT-Chromosome . (preservearticles.com)

At kinetochore-microtubule plus ends, the kinesin-8 family member Kif18A is essential to align mitotic chromosomes at the spindle equator during cell division, but how it accomplishes this function is unclear. (nih.gov)
Cytoplasmic dynein positions the spindle at the site of cytokinesis by anchoring to the cell cortex and pulling on astral microtubules emanating from centrosome . (wikipedia.org)
At the cellular level, this receptor exerts traction on the system that allows chromosomes to separate to opposite poles, the mitotic spindle, to position it along the plane of division. (unige.ch)
This orientation is provided by the position of the mitotic spindle in the cell that is about to divide. (unige.ch)
This temporary assembly of microtubules forms an actual spindle between opposite poles of the cell in order to guide the migration of each set of chromosomes. (unige.ch)
We knew that an external signal, a protein called Wnt, was necessary to properly position the mitotic spindle, but knew nothing of the intracellular messengers involved," explains Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan, Professor in the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Geneva. (unige.ch)
Motor proteins probably act by travelling back up along the cap's filaments, allowing the alignment of the spindle with the plane of cell division. (unige.ch)
4) Persistent telophase spindle/phragmoplast with cell plate formation (e.g. (sciforums.com)
The centromere or kine-tochore is the con-stricted region present on the chromosome re-sponsible for mitotic spindle attachment during cell division. (preservearticles.com)

In initial experiments, Ms. Penkner observed defects in meiotic chromosome structure, DNA breaks and premature separation of sister chromatides in cells lacking Mnd2. (scienceblog.com)

Despite highly aberrant nuclear distributions of A-type lamins and emerin in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients with emerin or lamin A mutations, little or no change in chromosome location was detected. (portlandpress.com)
More specifically, it is caused by mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene ( FGFR2 ), located on chromosome 10. (brighthub.com)
She observed that chromosomes could break when they were hit by X-rays or when cells divide, and that cells were able to rejoin broken chromosome ends - sometimes leading to changes in the genetic code known as mutations. (embl.org)
Familial Alzheimer disease is caused by any one of a number of different single-gene mutations, such as mutations on chromosome 21, which cause the formation of abnormal amyloid precursor protein (APP). (medscape.com)

1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8240, USA. (nih.gov)
Geert Kops is Professor of Molecular Tumour Cell Biology at the Hubrecht Institute, and a specialist in eukaryotic cell division. (uu.nl)
I am a senior lecturer in Cell Bilogy and a member of the plant biology group. (brookes.ac.uk)
Previous to this I completed my BSc in Cell and Human Biology here at Oxford Brookes University. (brookes.ac.uk)
I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
For a century, the nucleus has been the focus of extensive investigations in cell biology. (brookes.ac.uk)
I returned to the field of parasitology in 2000 to join the research group of Debbie Smith at Imperial College London and from 2004 at the University of York, studying the cell biology of the protozoan parasites Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei . (keele.ac.uk)
These results are presented in the journal Nature Cell Biology . (unige.ch)
Prof. Franz Klein and his colleague, Ph.D. student Alexandra Penkner from the Department of Chromosome Biology of the Max Perutz Laboratories at the Campus Vienna Biocenter, have now published results on an important regulation of this process in the journal CELL. (scienceblog.com)

The maintenance phase often involves a plethora of non-DNA sequence specific chromatin cofactors that set up and maintain chromatin states through cell division and for extended periods of time-sometimes in the absence of the initial transcription factors 3 . (nature.com)
Chromosomes are the condensed chromatin fibres formed during cell division. (preservearticles.com)
Chromosomes are structured such that domains with a similar chromatin signature cluster spatially, a phenomenon first appreciated by traditional microscopy studies. (biomedcentral.com)

Dynein is involved in the movement of chromosomes and positioning the mitotic spindles for cell division. (wikipedia.org)
Small interfering RNA depletion of Bod1 in HeLa cells produces elongated mitotic spindles with severe biorientation defects. (rupress.org)

This could explain the overwhelming success of all cells with a cell nucleus, according to researchers at Utrecht University and the Hubrecht Institute. (uu.nl)
In contrast to the prokaryotic bacterial cells, the eukaryotic cells of fungi, plants, and animals all have a nucleus that stores the DNA. (uu.nl)
Cell division in cells with a nucleus: microtubules (red) are pulling the chromosomes (blue) towards both sides of the nucleus. (uu.nl)
This kinetochore ensures that all of the chromosomes form an orderly line in the middle of the nucleus. (uu.nl)
At first, there's one last chromosome that isn't in position in the middle of the nucleus. (uu.nl)
Researchers, using novel large-scale imaging technology, have mapped the spatial location of individual genes in the nucleus of human cells and identified 50 cellular factors required for the proper three-dimensional (3D) positioning of genes. (nih.gov)
One of the fundamental properties of the genomes of higher organisms is the non-random arrangement of DNA in the cell nucleus. (nih.gov)
Researchers have long known that most genes occupy preferred 3D positions in the nucleus and that the location of genes matters for their function, but it has been difficult to determine the molecular players and mechanisms that determine the positions. (nih.gov)
In the study, NCI researchers, led by Tom Misteli, Ph.D., associate director, NCI Center for Cancer Research, used HIPMap and a method known as RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown to screen nearly 700 proteins in the nucleus to identify those that are involved in the 3D positioning of several human genes. (nih.gov)
By collecting data continuously from automated microscopes for 27 days and then analyzing more than three million data points, the scientists were able to identify 50 cellular factors that determine the location of genes in the cell nucleus. (nih.gov)
One thing to keep in mind is that Prokaryotes, like bacteria have their DNA just floating around in the cell, unlike Eukaryotes (like us) who have their DNA in a nucleus. (metafilter.com)
The nuclear lamina, which coats the inner nuclear cell membrane, represents a major repressive environment in the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
All of it fits into the cell nucleus. (creation.com)
Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

In my first research position, I studied novel genes involved in chromosome translocations in B-cell malignancies at the Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey. (keele.ac.uk)
During translocations, chromosomes break and reattach, which can cause the fusion of otherwise unconnected genes, resulting in hybrid genes whose protein products may contribute to the development of cancer. (nih.gov)

What researchers are trying to do is unravel the mystery of the adult germ stem cells in male testicles, which are capable of producing an average of 1,500 sperm during every human heartbeat - or an average of 130 million sperm a day. (sciencedaily.com)
In the adult testicles, the germ stem cells can produce more germ stem cells, but can also produce daughter cells that go on to become sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
But researchers do not know how the germ stem cells "decide" whether to create other germ stem cells or commit to becoming sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
Buaas and Braun agreed that it sounded as if the mice were born with germ stem cells, the cells that produce sperm, but then lost their germ line early in puberty. (sciencedaily.com)
After a series of tests, the researchers concluded that because of the mutation, the cells were more likely to convert from germ stem cells into sperm, than to produce more germ stem cells to keep the process going. (sciencedaily.com)
Using a fluorescent antibody against the PLZF protein, the researchers were able to show directly that PLZF is expressed in the adult germ stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers went on to show that another protein, OCT4, which functions to maintain the stem cells in the early embryo and in cultured embryonic stem cells, is also present in the adult germ stem cell. (sciencedaily.com)
This important finding confirms earlier published studies suggesting that the adult germ stem cells are not far removed from embryonic stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The fusion of two germ cells, one of which carried two copies of chromosomes 21, gave rise to body cells carrying three chromosomes 21. (scienceblog.com)
Germ cells (egg and sperm) divide through meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes to 23-half the number in somatic cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Here a DSB at the MAT locus is created by a site specific HO endonuclease, which we can induce synchronously in a large population of cells. (brandeis.edu)
We have been fascinated by the process of yeast mating-type gene switching, in which cells replace about 700 bp of Ya or Y-specific DNA sequences at the MAT locus by recombining with one of two donor loci, called HMLDescription: image3 and HMRa. (brandeis.edu)
We find that the DDX5 locus is frequently amplified in breast cancer and that breast cancer-derived cells with amplification of DDX5 are much more sensitive to its depletion than breast cancer cells and a breast epithelial cell line that lacks DDX5 amplification. (aacrjournals.org)
DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)

Each metaphase chromosome constitutes two symmetri-cal strands called chromatids but anaphase chromosome has got only one. (preservearticles.com)

Dyneins are a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells . (wikipedia.org)
Axonemal dynein causes sliding of microtubules in the axonemes of cilia and flagella and is found only in cells that have those structures. (wikipedia.org)
Dynein pulls the microtubules and chromosomes to one end of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
When the end of the microtubules become close to the cell membrane, they release a chemical signal that punts the dynein to the other side of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The microtubules and actin filaments within the phragmoplast serve to guide vesicles with cell wall material to the growing cell plate. (sciforums.com)

In humans, somatic (nongerm) cell nuclei normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. (msdmanuals.com)

Noninvasive prenatal screening for fetal aneuploidy, 2016 update: a position statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. (cdc.gov)
Committee Opinion No. 640: Cell-free DNA Screening for Fetal Aneuploidy. (cdc.gov)

Biologists have long sought to understand how a fertilized egg can form an organism composed of hundreds of specialized cell types, each expressing a defined set of genes. (nature.com)
In the early embryo, embryonic stem cells give rise to all of the cell types in the organism, including adult stem cells, which continually replace cells in the adult tissues that die or differentiate into more mature cells like red blood cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The number of chromosomes vary from organism to organism. (preservearticles.com)

Although both types of cells can replicate their DNA and then divide it among two new daughter cells, the systems by which prokaryotes and eukaryotes distribute the DNA among the daughter cells are completely different. (uu.nl)
Linear chromosomes, for example those of eukaryotes, have evolved mechanisms to ensure that chromosome ends are protected from exonucleolytic attack and can be replicated completely. (gla.ac.uk)

During cell division, both chromatids - the two copies of a chromosome - contain a protein complex that resembles a fairground grappling hook. (uu.nl)
And then, once that last chromosome has joined the rest, all of a sudden all of the chromatids let go and move to their own half. (uu.nl)

There are a number of inner nuclear envelope proteins that may have roles in chromosome location and anchorage, e.g. emerin and A-type lamins. (portlandpress.com)
Epigenetic components (for example, Polycomb PRC1/2 and Trithorax group proteins) maintain the 'off' states of certain genes and the 'on' states of others, in a cell-type- and time-specific manner (the bottom panels show three genes, depicted schematically as chromatinized templates, in which transcription is triggered by specific transcription factors and silent or active states are maintained by PRC1/2 or Trithorax proteins, respectively). (nature.com)
The protein complex that the cells of animals, plants, and fungi use to control cell division was created long ago from at least 40 different proteins. (uu.nl)
This includes finding out what other proteins the SUNs bind to and what functions they have during cell division. (brookes.ac.uk)
RNAi knockdown uses RNA molecules to block the production of specific proteins in cells. (nih.gov)
Once Wnt binds to the cell membrane, different molecular agents prompt the formation of a layer of filamentous proteins along the cell membrane, at the site of the future plane of division," explains Irinka Castanon, first author of the article. (unige.ch)
Chemical analysis of eucaryotic chromosome shows that, in addition to DNA, the chromosomes contain three other kinds of macromolecule such as RNA, histories or basic proteins and nonhistone or acidic proteins. (preservearticles.com)
Myelinating Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a single axon and express high levels of myelin-related proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA). (medscape.com)

The severity of symptoms, which affect various organs, is mainly due to bacterial toxins which are lethal to cells. (unige.ch)
The bacterial cell is able to control many protein-coding genes (green lines at bottom) with relatively few controls (yellow and purple lines). (creation.com)
In Escherichia coli and related bacteria, we believe that both plasmids and the bacterial chromosome use site-specific recombination to convert multimers to monomers. (gla.ac.uk)

Recombination between homologous sequences is a fundamentally important process both in meiosis and in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)
Chromosome damage in meiosis can have lasting consequences. (scienceblog.com)
Well-known examples are Down Syndrome patients, for whom the proper division of two chromosomes did not occur during the meiosis of one parent. (scienceblog.com)

Correspondingly, the lamina mostly recruits TADs of the B compartment, whereas TADs of the A compartment occupy more central nuclear positions in general. (biomedcentral.com)

In interphase cells, Kif18A uses this activity to reduce the overall dynamicity of microtubule plus ends and effectively constrains the distance over which plus ends grow and shrink. (nih.gov)

affects one of the two copies of chromosome 16 in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)

[2] [3] Dynein carries organelles, vesicles and possibly microtubule fragments along the axons of neurons toward the cell body in a process called retrograde axonal transport . (wikipedia.org)
INTRO: A study in the journal Cell sheds new light on the evolution of neurons, focusing on the placozoans , a millimetre-sized marine animal. (sciforums.com)
Researchers at the Centre for Genomic Regulation in Barcelona find evidence that specialized secretory cells found in these unique and ancient creatures may have given rise to neurons in more complex animals. (sciforums.com)
The average number of neurons in a whole adult brain was determined to be 199,380 ±3,400 cells in D. melanogaster, 217,910 ±6,180 cells in Ae. (bvsalud.org)
Each insect brain was comprised of 89% ± 2% neurons out of its total cell population. (bvsalud.org)

Gene-poor human chromosomes are reproducibly found at the nuclear periphery in proliferating cells. (portlandpress.com)
In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane system called the nuclear envelope (NE). (brookes.ac.uk)
The Nuclear Envelope is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. (brookes.ac.uk)
Many tools were designed to delimit objects in 2D and eventually in 3D, to define their shapes, their number or position in nuclear space. (brookes.ac.uk)

To me, the kinetochore is the black hole of eukaryotic cell division. (uu.nl)
The cell division process is dependent on a tightly controlled sequence of events. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Many of these genes are responsible for providing the positive signals that lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)
As shown below, binding of the growth factor can lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
The FGFR2 protein is involved in embryonic development, cell division and growth, and cell maturation. (brighthub.com)
A team led by Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan, a professor at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, in collaboration with Gisou van der Goot at EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), reveals that Antxr2a actually plays a role in embryonic development, orienting cell division along a specific plane, which is a prelude to the formation of future tissues and organs. (unige.ch)
During animal development, the orientation of cell division along a specific plane is important for the organization of the different tissues and the generation of cellular diversity. (unige.ch)
When the cell receives an external signal to initiate its division, a cascade of biochemical events is launched to transmit the message to the interior of the cell and have it carried out. (unige.ch)
The project of a team of the University of Vienna funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) contributes to the Campus Vienna Biocenter maintaining a top-level position in the field of cell division research. (scienceblog.com)
The cell division, which leads to the formation of gametes (egg and sperm cells), serves a different purpose. (scienceblog.com)
We have now discovered an important role of the protein Mnd2 in stabilising this arrangement up to the right moment in the cell division. (scienceblog.com)
It has been proposed that this recombination converts chromosome multimers formed by homologous recombination back to monomers in order that they can be segregated prior to cell division. (gla.ac.uk)

Of note, we define OCT identities as a state with some characteristics of both osteoblasts and chondrocytes, instead of cell-type plasticity between osteoblasts and chondrocytes. (nature.com)
Because of such association between Par-dependent polarization and other processes, the Par-complex exhibits different behavioral characteristics in an individual context, making it difficult to determine general features of the dynamic process taking place during cell polarization by the Par-complex. (elifesciences.org)
To understand the general and dynamic characteristics of the cell polarization process induced by the Par-complex, we attempted to reconstruct Par-complex-dependent cell polarization system in a cell-autonomous manner using non-polar cells. (elifesciences.org)
At Cornell, and then at the University of Missouri and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Barbara went on to study the characteristics of chromosomes and the position of genes on them. (embl.org)
Linear regression was used to estimate associations of occupational characteristics with telomere lengths after adjustment for age, sex, race, socioeconomic position and several behavioural risk factors. (cdc.gov)

The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated p11.2. (medlineplus.gov)
The deletion occurs most often as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or in early fetal development. (medlineplus.gov)
In sickle cell anemia, the amino acid substitution valine for glutamate occurs on the beta chain at the sixth position. (medscape.com)
About 8% of African Americans are heterozygous for Hb S. In the United States, sickle cell anemia primarily occurs in the black population, with approximately 0.2% of African American children afflicted by this disease. (medscape.com)

C22orf15 (Chromosome 22 Open Reading Frame 15) is a protein which, in humans, is encoded by the C22orf15 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The composition of the kinetochore in the last common ancestor (LECA) of all current eukaryotic cells exhibits the diverse origin of the protein. (uu.nl)
Many viruses use the microtubule transport system to transport nucleic acid/protein cores to intracellular replication sites after invasion host the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Fluorescent protein fusions are the tags of choice for use in FRAP because they can be bleached without detectable damage to the cell. (microscopyu.com)
The protein Mnd2 inhibits premature separation of chromosomes during the formation of gametes. (scienceblog.com)
The relationship between lysate protein concentration from paclitaxel-treated and hydroxyurea-treated HeLa cells and the absorbance at 450 nm using the PathScan ® RP Phospho-Aurora A (Thr288) Sandwich ELISA Kit #41333 is shown in the upper figure. (cellsignal.com)

The now published discovery of this regulatory function may help to understand the origin of some common congenital chromosome defects. (scienceblog.com)
Defects in the control of cell proliferation are a hallmark of cancer, and DNA replication is a key process for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
Releasing Bod1-depleted cells from a monastrol block increases the frequency of syntelic attachments and the number of cells displaying biorientation defects. (rupress.org)

Fig. 1: Epigenetic mechanisms that maintain cell identities during development and throughout life. (nature.com)
consequently cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). (brandeis.edu)
Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which R-loops drive genome destabilization requires the development of techniques enabling the precise and quantitative genome-wide mapping of R-loops in the different phases of the cell-cycle. (ens-lyon.fr)
In addition to addressing basic questions about the mechanisms of how genomes are organized in intact cells, the ability to map gene positions in a large number of samples and cells has already been used to detect very rare chromosome translocation events in cancer and to ask what cellular factors determine where chromosomes break. (nih.gov)
In that study researchers used a method derived from HIPMap to probe mechanisms that contribute to the susceptibility of chromosomes to break and form a cancer-causing translocation between the NPM1 gene and the ALK gene in a cancer known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma. (nih.gov)
Instead, Barbara observed various mechanisms that enable genes to be exchanged between chromosomes. (embl.org)

The pluripotency of the initial cell and the establishment of cell types depend to a large extent on the coordinated deployment of hundreds of transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress the transcription of cell lineage genes 1 . (nature.com)
Starting from the zygotic genome, stage- and cell-type-specific transcription factors initiate regulatory cascades that induce cell differentiation. (nature.com)
For example, growing evidence strongly suggests that transcription can interfere locally with genome duplication by DNA polymerases or with the SMC-driven 3D organization of chromosomes (Fig. 1). (ens-lyon.fr)
In particular, we investigate: how the efficiency of RNA polymerase elongation can influence the distribution of the SMC complex condensin during mitotic chromosome condensation and, how the transcription by-product R-loop can interfere with chromosome integrity. (ens-lyon.fr)
The WT1 transcription factor turns "on" and "off" other genes that regulate how cells making up the genitourinary system grow and develop. (chop.edu)

Incyte comprises 1.6% of Ghost Tree Capital LLC's portfolio, making the stock its 23rd biggest position. (etfdailynews.com)
The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes (X and Y), determines a person's sex as well as containing other functional genes. (msdmanuals.com)

IL-28A induces ELR(-) CXC chemokine mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in an IFN-gamma-independent manner. (prospecbio.com)
Treatment of HeLa cells with paclitaxel induces phosphorylation of Aurora A at Thr288 while treatment with hydroxyurea ablates phosphorylation. (cellsignal.com)
These constrictions are associated with ribosomal RNA synthesis that induces the formation of nucleoli and the chromo-somes bearing these are called nucleolar organising chromosomes . (preservearticles.com)

You might think that a fungus more closely resembles bacteria than it does us", says Geert Kops, cell biologist at the Hubrecht Institute. (uu.nl)
IFN-ambda 1, IFN-lambda 2 and IFN-lambda 3 are closely positioned genes on human chromosome 19. (prospecbio.com)
B. anthracis is closely related to sev- posit was suspended in sterile PBS. (who.int)

The cell only divides after all of the kinetochores have reported that they have completed their tasks. (uu.nl)
Otherwise known as primary constriction , this divides the chromosome into two arms provid-ing definite shapes during anaphasic movement. (preservearticles.com)

Anemia, sickle cell. (bvsalud.org)
Given the prevalence within each group, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia and leukemia are prominent. (bvsalud.org)
Sickle cell anemia is one of the most common hereditary pathologies in Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
While many hemoglobinopathies exist, those resulting in proliferative retinopathy are limited to sickle cell disease. (medscape.com)
Homozygous sickle cell disease (SS disease), sickle cell C disease (SC disease), and sickle cell-thalassemia disease (S-Thal disease) are common hemoglobinopathies that can present with mild-to-severe proliferative retinal findings. (medscape.com)
Sickle cell hemoglobinopathy encompasses a group of inherited genetic disorders, which cause erythrocytes to become sickled and affect multiple organ systems. (medscape.com)
In 1910, James Herrick, a Chicago physician, first described sickle cell anemia, "The shape of the RBC [red blood cell] was very irregular. (medscape.com)
In 1930, ocular changes associated with sickle cell disease were noted. (medscape.com)
In 1949, Itano and Pauling described the association of sickle cell anemia with abnormal hemoglobin Hb S, which could be differentiated from Hb A by electrophoresis. (medscape.com)
In 1959, Lieb and coworkers associated angioid streaks with sickle cell disease. (medscape.com)
In 1966, Welch and Goldberg introduced and described much of the modern terminology associated with sickle cell disease with respect to ocular changes. (medscape.com)
In 1971, Goldberg proposed a classification for sickle cell retinopathy. (medscape.com)
The widely accepted pathogenesis for sickle cell retinopathy is vasoocclusion that leads to retinal hypoxia, ischemia, infarction, neovascularization, and fibrovascularization. (medscape.com)
Sickle cell anemia is a homozygous-recessive disorder, that is, the individual receives 2 mutant genes that code for the variant beta globin chain. (medscape.com)
Sickle cell anemia is most common where the Hb S gene is inherited from both parents, each of whom is a healthy carrier of the gene (Hb AS). (medscape.com)
Sickle cell C disease is the second most common form. (medscape.com)
Sickle cell-thalassemia disease is the third most common hemoglobinopathy. (medscape.com)
Different genes within a population determine the frequency of sickle cell disease at birth. (medscape.com)
If each parent carries 1 Hb S gene, a 25% chance exists for offspring to have sickle cell disease, a 50% chance for them to have the carrier state, and a 25% chance for them to have normal hemoglobin. (medscape.com)

Altered epigenomes can lead to changes in programmed cell differentiation or, when accidental, to disease (bottom right). (nature.com)
In this form of the disease, the lymphocyte cell line is affected. (texaschildrens.org)
Clones from three patients with a partial response or stable disease recognized antigens expressed on renal cell carcinoma tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)

Overall, our findings indicate that Fgfr3 + endosteal stem/stromal cells with OCT identities dictate active and aggressive osteogenesis, identifying these cells as an important regulator of long-term bone homeostasis. (nature.com)
The findings, which could someday have implications for infertility, contraception, and stem cell transplantation therapy, will be published in the June issue of Nature Genetics. (sciencedaily.com)

the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)

A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. (mcw.edu)
Introduction to the organization * Include a description of the company, Institute/Center, and/or research group in which the position is located. (nih.gov)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)

When genetics was still a niche discipline, a young American biologist named Barbara McClintock, who was fascinated by genes and chromosomes, set out to study them in maize. (embl.org)

Finally, higher-order 3D chromosome folding is also thought to modulate gene expression and might contribute to inheritance 15 . (nature.com)

This is the process we have studied most intensively, but we are also interested in an alternative process known as break-induced replication (BIR), where only one end of a chromosome break locates a template sequence and assembles a complete replication fork and can copy sequences to the end of a chromosome, producing a nonreciprocal translocation. (brandeis.edu)
We applied an assay that measures the stability of maintenance of an episomal plasmid in human tissue culture cells to screen for new DNA replication factors. (aacrjournals.org)
Understanding how DNA replication is regulated in human cells can provide insight into cancer development and may reveal vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. (aacrjournals.org)

On every chromosome, a kinetochore (light dots) is present. (uu.nl)
The kinetochore in every eukaryotic cell on Earth has a complex structure, while prokaryotic cells don't have a kinetochore. (uu.nl)
Bod1-depleted cells form syntelic attachments that can oscillate and generate enough force to separate sister kinetochores, suggesting that microtubule-kinetochore interactions were intact. (rupress.org)

In an anti-C22orf15 antibody produced in rabbits, immunochemical staining shows strong cytoplasmic positivity in the glandular cells of the human colon. (wikipedia.org)
Antibody staining of glandular cells in the human colon shows strong cytoplasmic positivity. (wikipedia.org)
Cytoplasmic dynein, found in all animal cells and possibly plant cells as well, performs functions necessary for cell survival such as organelle transport and centrosome assembly. (wikipedia.org)
Cytoplasmic dynein helps to position the Golgi complex and other organelles in the cell. (wikipedia.org)

Embryonic knockdown of the function of homologs of these genes in rat neocortical projection cell progenitors by in utero electroporation of plasmids encoding small hairpin RNA (shRNA) revealed that all three genes disrupted neuronal migration to the neocortex. (nih.gov)

A number of candidate dyslexia susceptibility genes have been identified, including DCDC2 and KIAA0319 on Chromosome (Chr) 6p22.2 and DYX1C1 on Chr 15q21. (nih.gov)

What this means for cells is that they divide continuously even in the absence of any signals telling them to divide. (cancerquest.org)
As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
Sharp's main interest was the structure of chromosomes and what happens to them when cells divide. (embl.org)

Thus, this reconstruction system provides an experimental paradigm to study features of the assembly process and structure of Par-dependent cell-autonomous polarity. (elifesciences.org)

Her experiments revealed that chromosomes are not at all unchangeable, fixed entities most scientists at the time believed them to be. (embl.org)

Using synchronized cells undergoing recombination that is initiated at a specific site on a chromosome by an inducible endonuclease, we use physical monitoring techniques (Southern blots, PCR analysis) to follow the sequence of molecular events that occur in real time. (brandeis.edu)
When this process does not occur properly, unregulated cell growth may be the end result. (cancerquest.org)

The genetic material is recorded in the DNA in the chromosome. (uu.nl)

Researchers have identified the first gene linked to the productivity of the stem cells that produce sperm in mammals. (sciencedaily.com)
To maintain that high a sperm output, you need many functioning stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
But the stem cells have to walk a tightrope and carefully balance the decision to become a sperm with the decision to stay a stem cell, so that the sperm output is maintained for all of these years," said Dr. Robert Braun, associate professor of genome sciences in the University of Washington School of Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
When an egg is fertilized by a sperm at conception, the normal number of 46 chromosomes is reconstituted. (msdmanuals.com)

The Andean specimens present C-heterochromatic blocks in most of their 22 chromosomes, whereas non-Andean specimens have only 4-7 autosomes with C-banding. (cdc.gov)
Twenty-two of the pairs, chromosome numbers 1 to 22, the autosomes, are normally homologous (identical in size, shape, and position and number of genes). (msdmanuals.com)

Position Statement from the Italian College of Fetal Maternal Medicine: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) by maternal plasma DNA sequencing. (cdc.gov)

This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)
Polarization is a fundamental cellular property that plays a vital role in various biological processes in multi-cellular as well as single-cell organisms. (elifesciences.org)
tRNAs are essential for cells and their synthesis is under stringent cellular control. (cdc.gov)

Anthrax uses a receptor on the surface of cells to inject its lethal toxins. (unige.ch)
In October of 2007, a team of scientists headed by controversial DNA researcher Craig Venter and Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the M. genitalium bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed Mycoplasma laboratorium. (metafilter.com)

The discovery of this new class of SSCs is based on the conjunction of evidence from unbiased single-cell molecular profiling and functional dissection of the BMSC lineage hierarchy using in vivo cell lineage analysis. (nature.com)
It is generally the most active region of chromosome, as it harbours the functional genes. (preservearticles.com)

The workings of stem cells within the testicles are not well understood in mammals, though a few genes have been linked to stem cell self-renewal in the fruit fly, which has a simpler anatomical structure. (sciencedaily.com)
The DNA -histone complex is the basic unit of structure in the chromosome. (preservearticles.com)

Anatomy66

Organisms11

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes169

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Mitosis8

Complete sets of chromosomes2

Segregation9

Abnormalities6

Different chromosomes3

Homologous chromosomes3

Region of the chromosome1

Spindle9

Meiotic chromosome1

Mutations4

Biology9

Chromatin3

Mitotic spindles2

Nucleus16

Translocations2

Germ10

Locus5

Metaphase1

Microtubules5

Somatic1

Aneuploidy2

Organism3

Eukaryotes2

Chromatids2

Proteins8

Bacterial3

Meiosis3

Occupy1

Interphase1

Copies2

Neurons5

Nuclear4

Division16

Characteristics5

Occurs4

Protein6

Defects3

Mechanisms6

Transcription5

23rd2

Induces3

Closely3

Divides2

Sickle cell19

Disease3

Findings2

Initiate1

Organization3

Genetics1

Gene expression1

Replication3

Kinetochore3

Cytoplasmic4

Plasmids1

Genes have been identified1

Divide3

Assembly1

Experiments1

Occur2

Genetic material1

Sperm4

Autosomes2

Fetal1

Cellular3

Inject2

Functional2

Structure2