Cccdna dna circular. Medical search. Frequent questions

[ 12 ] Breast cancer patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB), who are referred to as HBsAg positive, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) positive and HBV DNA level ranges from undetectable to over 9 log 10 copies/mL, usually have hypoimmunity after receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
The main barriers to cure HBV include the persistence of cccDNA and HBsAg. (nih.gov)
Although suppression of plasma HBV DNA leads to decreased levels of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), levels of HBsAg still remain elevated which may be related to the persistence of cccDNA. (nih.gov)
Immunologic cure involves loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and sustained suppression of HBV DNA. (medscape.com)
7. Serum Hepatitis B Virus DNA, RNA, and HBsAg: Which Correlated Better with Intrahepatic Covalently Closed Circular DNA before and after Nucleos(t)ide Analogue Treatment? (nih.gov)
8. Analysis of intrahepatic total HBV DNA, cccDNA and serum HBsAg level in Chronic Hepatitis B patients with undetectable serum HBV DNA during oral antiviral therapy. (nih.gov)
18. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B. (nih.gov)
Levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg in serum, and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and S-RNA and total intrahepatic HBV DNA (ihDNA) in liver biopsies from 84 chronically infected patients (16 positive and 68 negative for HBeAg) were analysed. (biomedcentral.com)
The smaller reduction of S-RNA than of pgRNA partly explains why HBsAg remain high in the HBeAg-negative stage, supporting the possibility of HBsAg synthesis from integrated HBV DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
The cccDNA minichromosome is also template for transcripts that are translated into hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) embedded in the envelope of both virions and so-called subviral particles (SVP), of which the latter are produced in great excess [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, quantification of HBsAg has come into focus as a complement to HBV DNA levels for monitoring both the natural course of infection and the response to treatment [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As a consequence, the ratio between these two serum markers (HBV DNA/HBsAg) decreases when HBV DNA reaches very low or even undetectable levels while HBsAg remains at significant levels [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of CHB has been facilitated by technological advances that have improved the sensitivity of both serological assays for quantifying antigens (including HBsAg) and polymerase chain reaction assays for measuring HBV DNA. (proteasomesignal.com)
Several independent groups have compared HBsAg and HBV DNA levels during different phases of the disease, and their findings have been rather consistent. (proteasomesignal.com)
To put these findings into context, we must consider the HBsAg production pathway and the ways in which this is related to serum HBV DNA levels and intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). (proteasomesignal.com)
Huub Schellekens has begun a study into HBsAg, looking into cccDNA, HBcAg and Hepatitis D virus. (research.com)

This is due, at least in part, to their failure to eliminate viral covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA from the nuclei of infected hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
Chronic infection is characterized by the persistence of the cccDNA minichromosome in the nuclei of host hepatocytes (liver cells). (wikipedia.org)
Current treatments are unable to completely clear the viral minichromosome from the host hepatocytes, and as a result aim to "functionally cure" the host, which requires a blockade of the viral cccDNA through transcriptional silencing. (wikipedia.org)
The infected individual cannot be completely cured without a clearance of cccDNA from infected hepatocytes, which at present is not possible. (wikipedia.org)
More specifically, cccDNA is a reactive intermediate that significantly contributes to infections of hepatocytes. (wikipedia.org)
The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) remains permanently in infected hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
HBV is an enveloped DNA virus that establishes its genome as an episomal, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
Our estimated lifespan of cccDNA is too short to explain the long durations of chronic infection observed in patients on NA treatment, suggesting that either a sub-population of long-lived hepatocytes harbouring cccDNA molecules persists during therapy, or that NA therapy does not suppress all viral replication. (ox.ac.uk)
Following entry into the hepatocytes, the HBV nucleocapsid, containing the relaxed circular DNA, is released from the core particle and becomes converted into covalently closed circular (cccDNA) within the nucleus by using host DNA repair enzymes. (medscape.com)
As an essential component of HBV life cycle, the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is synthesized and maintained at low copy numbers in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes, and serves as the transcription template for all viral RNAs ( 1 , 2 ). (ice-hbv.org)
Following entry of HBV into hepatocytes, the viral relaxed circular (rc) DNA genome is transported into the nucleus and converted into cccDNA with the help of cellular DNA repair machinery. (blumberginstitute.org)
To study this, we established preparation and culture of primary hepatocytes from animal and human liver tissue as well as the infectable cell line HepaRG and the novel cell line HepG2-H1.3, which allow us to study the effect of antivirals and interferons on the persistence form of HBV, the nuclear covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. (helmholtz-munich.de)

cccDNA was first described in bacteriophages, but it was also found in some cell cultures where an infection of DNA viruses (Polyomaviridae) was detected. (wikipedia.org)
Closed covalent circular DNA (cccDNA) is a unique DNA structure that forms in response to infection of a cell. (wikipedia.org)
The persistence of cccDNA throughout the duration of the infection has been a key player in the prevalence of HBV. (wikipedia.org)
In many cases, even after the infection has been resolved, cccDNA can still be detected. (wikipedia.org)
It is challenging to quantify the number of copies of cccDNA in each cell as it depends on the type of cell and the type of infection. (wikipedia.org)
Discover drugs to inhibit HBV proteins, nucleic acids, or cellular factors and mechanisms of chronic infection using HBV cccDNA assays. (nih.gov)
During previous studies of susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, HBV DNA was detected in 2/6 wild-caught baboons. (cdc.gov)
These 4 baboons showed transient seroconversion, and HBV DNA was amplified from serum at various times after infection. (cdc.gov)
The presence of HBV DNA at relatively low levels and in the absence of serologic markers in the baboon, a nonhuman primate, indicates an occult infection. (cdc.gov)
In clinical diagnostics, HBV DNA levels in serum are the most important marker for the assessment of prognosis and treatment outcome during chronic HBV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
In early stage of chronic infection HBV DNA usually persists at high levels, above 7-8 log 10 IU/mL, for many years, often decades. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently available standard-of-care treatments for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) include nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) that suppress HBV replication but do not target the cccDNA and hence rarely cure infection. (ox.ac.uk)
We took a novel approach to this problem by developing a new mathematical framework to model changes in evolutionary rates during infection which, combined with previously determined within-host evolutionary rates of HBV, we used to determine the lifespan of cccDNA. (ox.ac.uk)
We estimate that during HBe-antigen positive (HBeAgPOS) infection the cccDNA lifespan is 61 (36-236) days, whereas during the HBeAgNEG phase of infection it is only 26 (16-81) days. (ox.ac.uk)
We found that cccDNA replicative capacity declined by an order of magnitude between HBeAgPOS and HBeAgNEG phases of infection. (ox.ac.uk)
Furthermore, we investigated HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in transplanted organs from donors with resolved HBV infection and the capability of HBV replication in kidney cell lines. (medscape.com)
We prospectively measured cccDNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in kidney biopsy specimens of 32 donors with resolved HBV infection. (medscape.com)
One case (2.2%, 1/45) became seropositive for hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and in another case (2.2%, 1/45), HBV-DNA was detected qualitatively in an HBV naive recipient with a donor with resolved HBV infection. (medscape.com)
This cccDNA is known as the key molecule of persistent HBV infection. (medscape.com)
HBV cccDNA is responsible for the establishment of viral infection and persistence. (ice-hbv.org)
The Guo lab's ultimate goals are to therapeutically eliminate/repress cccDNA and restore an effective host immune response against HBV to cure the chronic HBV infection. (blumberginstitute.org)
One of the major remaining mysteries about the pathogenesis of HBV is how the host immune system resolves the virus infection and eliminates the nuclear form of the viral genome, the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. (blumberginstitute.org)
Persistent HBV infection relies on stable maintenance and proper functioning of cccDNA. (blumberginstitute.org)
Thus, resolution of infection depends upon elimination and/or transcriptional suppression of cccDNA. (blumberginstitute.org)
Importantly, after recovery from HBV infection, a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) episome can persist in a latent state for decades in infected cells as a reservoir for HBV reactivation in any individuals who have been infected with the virus. (catchinnovation.com)
In fact, administration of recombinant interferon alpha (IFN-α) or its pegylated derivatives remains the only HDT drugs licensed for management of chronic HBV infection because it can eliminate cccDNA of HBV. (catchinnovation.com)
In patients with chronic HBV infection, HBV DNA integration has been linked to the development of liver cancer. (theantlersamerican.com)

4. Correlation of HBcrAg with Intrahepatic Hepatitis B Virus Total DNA and Covalently Closed Circular DNA in HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. (nih.gov)
6. [Effects of antiviral agents on intrahepatic ccc DNA in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients]. (nih.gov)
9. Serum HBV RNA correlated with intrahepatic cccDNA more strongly than other HBV markers during peg-interferon treatment. (nih.gov)
14. Correlation of serum hepatitis B core-related antigen with hepatitis B virus total intrahepatic DNA and covalently closed circular-DNA viral load in HIV-hepatitis B coinfection. (nih.gov)
15. Serum HBV DNA plus RNA shows superiority in reflecting the activity of intrahepatic cccDNA in treatment-naïve HBV-infected individuals. (nih.gov)
16. Virological response to antiviral therapy at week 12 indicates a great reduction of intrahepatic hepatitis B virus DNA and cccDNA in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients. (nih.gov)
17. One-year entecavir or lamivudine therapy results in reduction of hepatitis B virus intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA levels. (nih.gov)
Part of the reduction of HBV DNA in serum is a result of reduced intrahepatic levels of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), and of the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), a transcript from cccDNA that is reverse transcribed to minus strand HBV DNA during formation of new viral particles [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

13. Effects of entecavir on hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with hepatitis B. (nih.gov)
The greatest reduction of HBV DNA is observed at loss of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) from the blood, a critical step that typically represents a transition from high to low replicative stage, usually also conferring clinical improvement [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA) is a special DNA structure that arises during the propagation of some viruses in the cell nucleus and may remain permanently there. (wikipedia.org)
Genomic DNA enters the cell nucleus, and partially double-stranded DNA is then converted into cccDNA. (wikipedia.org)
CccDNA and its persistence in the nucleus remains the main obstacle for an effective cure and is therefore the reason for the rigorous hepatitis B vaccination schedule. (wikipedia.org)
CccDNA is able to form a stable minichromosome in the nucleus of cells that are infected with a particular virus associated with cccDNA. (wikipedia.org)
As part of the nucleus, cccDNA is able to interact with histone and non-histone proteins to form structures similar to chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
After infecting liver cells the capsid, which contains viral relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA), is transported to the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)

Hepatitis B virus e antigen production is dependent upon covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA in HepAD38 cell cultures and may serve as a cccDNA surrogate in antiviral screening assays. (nih.gov)
We predicted that the secretion of HBV e antigen (HBeAg) by HepAD38 cells, a tetracycline inducible HBV expression cell line, would be cccDNA-dependent. (nih.gov)
3. Serum hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) correlates with covalently closed circular DNA transcriptional activity in chronic hepatitis B patients. (nih.gov)
5. Hepatitis B virus core-related antigen as a surrogate marker for covalently closed circular DNA. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum of chronically infected patients declines by 3-4 log 10 units at loss of HBe antigen (HBeAg) from serum. (biomedcentral.com)
We developed a qPCR method to estimate the abundance of HBV cccDNA- and integrant-derived viral transcripts and applied this to a cohort of patients diagnosed with CHB in the HBe antigen negative phase of disease. (ox.ac.uk)

cccDNA in HBV is formed by conversion of capsid-associated relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA). (wikipedia.org)
Following release of rcDNA, this nucleic acid is 'repaired' to form stable covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which serves as the template for transcription of viral genes and formation of the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
Southern blot remains the "gold standard" technique for cccDNA detection, as it can separate the cccDNA from protein-free (aka deproteinized) relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) through electrophoresis. (ice-hbv.org)
Sothern blot is considered the "gold standard" for cccDNA detection because it can separate the cccDNA from protein-free relaxed circular DNA (pf-rcDNA, aka deproteinated rcDNA (DP-rc. (ice-hbv.org)

The cccDNA of viruses is also known as episomal DNA or occasionally as a minichromosome. (wikipedia.org)
CCC DNA associates with histones and assembles into episomal minichromosome, which is the transcriptional template for viral mRNA. (blumberginstitute.org)

There are no FDA-approved drugs to eliminate the cccDNA and no standardized assays to measure cccDNA. (nih.gov)
NIAID will provide support for up to 2 years (R21 phase) for milestone-driven research to identify novel anti-HBV drugs whose activity will be based on (a) elimination or significant reduction and (b) transcriptional suppression of HBV cccDNA facilitated by the development of sensitive and reliable assays to measure and quantitate HBV cccDNA. (nih.gov)

Virologic cure consists of viral eradication, including the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA form)-this type of cure is currently unattainable. (medscape.com)
Help NIAID advance research to identify new antivirals that can eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV) and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from infected cells to effect a functional cure. (nih.gov)
1. Rapid Turnover of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA Indicated by Monitoring Emergence and Reversion of Signature-Mutation in Treated Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. (nih.gov)
10. Reduction of covalently closed circular DNA with long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment in chronic hepatitis B. (nih.gov)
Help NIAID advance research to identify new antivirals that can eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV) and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from infected cells through the funding opportunity announcement (FOA) Therapeutics for Eliminating Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA (R21/R33, Clinical Trial Not Allowed) . (nih.gov)
Persistence of the virus occurs as a result of stability of the replication intermediate comprising covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). (biomedcentral.com)
HBV genomes exist as episomal covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) or chromosomal integrants. (ox.ac.uk)

This is because a large portion of pre-core mRNA leader sequence in the 5' terminus of integrated viral genome was deleted, preventing HBeAg expression from transgene, but could be restored from the 3' terminal redundancy of pre-genomic RNA during viral DNA replication and subsequent cccDNA formation. (nih.gov)
In addition, cccDNA can serve as a template for viral replication and DNA transcription for five viral RNAs which allows for the production of the viral antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Later in life the HBV DNA levels decline when the immune response evolves to more efficiently suppress viral replication. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic modification of cccDNA with exogenous effectors is thus potentially a useful method to inhibit HBV replication without the risks associated with cleaving target DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Specifically, our antiviral agent discovery and development program focuses on discovering small molecular inhibitors of HBV replication, particularly to target the steps of capsid assembly, pgRNA encapsidation, viral DNA synthesis, cccDNA formation, maintenance and transcription of viral RNA. (blumberginstitute.org)
4 Replication of HBV occurs in an asymmetric manner, using an RNA intermediate and subsequent reverse transcription to give rise to the viral DNA genome. (abdominalkey.com)
Concurrently, central genetic processes such as DNA replication, transcription and repair are ongoing. (topogen.com)

A major shortcoming of licensed therapeutics is that they have little effect on the episomal cccDNA and consequently success of eliminating HBV from infected individuals is low [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
HBV reactivation may occur from latent episomal cccDNA reservoirs following cessation of therapy, patient non-compliance, the development of escape mutants, during hepatitis C virus (HCV) DAA therapy, cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapies for the management of rheumatologic conditions, malignancies, inflammatory bowel disease, dermatologic conditions, solid-organ or bone marrow transplantation. (catchinnovation.com)

In addition, cleavage of HBV DNA integrants within the host genome may result in chromosomal translocation. (biomedcentral.com)
His Genome study is focused on cccDNA, Circular DNA and RNA virus. (research.com)

Analysis of the inflammatory hepatic transcriptome identified 24 genes significantly associated with cccDNA transcriptional activity. (ox.ac.uk)

Current therapies, including nucleos(t)ide analogs (NA) and interferons (IFN), are effective in chronic treatment of HBV but rarely provide a functional cure due to inadequate host response and the presence of viral DNA. (chronicliverdisease.org)
Therefore, novel therapies that enhance the innate immune response while suppressing DNA transcription may provide definitive treatment of HBV. (chronicliverdisease.org)
Therapies that target covalently closed circular (cccDNA) with immunomodulators like therapeutic vaccines have shown promising results and may ultimately achieve functional cure. (chronicliverdisease.org)

The purpose of this FOA is to solicit applications that use novel cell-based assays to identify drugs that can eliminate HBV cccDNA in cells chronically infected with HBV, and to further develop them for therapeutic use, either alone or in combination with other approaches, to effect a functional cure of chronic HBV. (nih.gov)
The reasons are those medications, particularly HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors, fail to eliminate (or repress) cccDNA and restore a functional antiviral immune response against HBV. (blumberginstitute.org)
Current anti-HBV treatment cannot eliminate the viral cccDNA and emergence of resistance remains a problem. (catchinnovation.com)

In most cases, transcription of viral DNA can occur from the circular form only. (wikipedia.org)

To screen compound libraries for antiviral drugs targeting cccDNA, we set out to develop a cell-based assay suitable for high throughput screening. (nih.gov)
Therefore, the secretion of HBeAg by HepAD38 cells could potentially serve as a convenient reporter for the high throughput screening of novel antiviral drugs targeting HBV cccDNA. (nih.gov)
11. Quantitative analysis of HBV cccDNA from clinical specimens: correlation with clinical and virological response during antiviral therapy. (nih.gov)

HBeAg synthesis and secretion into culture fluid were dependent upon and proportional to the level of cccDNA detected. (nih.gov)
Lower HBV DNA levels within HBeAg-positive stage reflected lower levels of cccDNA and pgRNA with strong correlation. (biomedcentral.com)
In HBeAg-negative patients, ihDNA levels were greater and HBV DNA levels in serum lower than expected from pgRNA levels. (biomedcentral.com)
The marked reduction of HBV DNA in serum after loss of HBeAg appears to be due to combined reduction of cccDNA, pgRNA and yet unidentified mechanisms downstream of reverse transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Inflammatory Gene Expression Associates with Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA- but Not Integrant-Derived Transcripts in HBeAg Negative Disease. (ox.ac.uk)

4334, which has completed Phase 1a evaluation, is a novel, orally bioavailable investigational next-generation CAM that exhibits nanomolar (nM) potency against pgRNA encapsidation and covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA formation in vitro . (theantlersamerican.com)

Since cccDNA is time-consuming to assay, it was desirable to use a viral gene product that could serve as a reporter for intracellular cccDNA level. (nih.gov)
This assay characterizes the products of HBV RNase H activity on a DNA:RNA heteroduplex. (ice-hbv.org)
To evaluate the transcriptional efficiency of cccDNA in different cell growth phase, we carried out the RT-PCR combined with the restriction enzyme digestion assay 23. (xinmeitulu.com)

Following hepatitis B infections, cccDNA can remain following clinical treatment in liver cells and can rarely reactivate. (wikipedia.org)
Further, the data reported for 4334 support its potential to prevent HBV DNA integration, a process that has been linked to substantial genetic damage and the development of liver cancer in HBV patients. (wgntv.com)
In contrast, cccDNA-derived transcripts were associated with markers of liver inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)

A second oral presentation reports new data for ABI-4334 (4334), Assembly Bio's most potent capsid assembly modulator (CAM) with a potential best-in-class profile, describing the prevention of HBV DNA integration in vitro . (wgntv.com)
In the oral presentation entitled "ABI-4334, a novel inhibitor of hepatitis B virus core protein, disrupts DL-DNA containing capsids and prevents HBV DNA integration," data show that in vitro 4334 disrupts RC (relaxed circular)- and DL (duplex linear)-DNA capsid formation at nM levels and inhibits HBV DNA integration in a dose-proportional manner as shown by inverse PCR and next-generation sequencing analyses. (theantlersamerican.com)

Phylogenetically, baboons are close to humans, showing ≈96% homology at the DNA level, and they have an immune system similar to that of humans ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
Our study uncovers an immune gene signature that associates with HBV cccDNA transcription and increases our understanding of viral persistence. (ox.ac.uk)
Accordingly, our HBV research program is to understand the molecular basis of cccDNA metabolism, transcription regulation and their modulation by host immune responses. (blumberginstitute.org)
The Guo lab's current research is to investigate the molecular mechanism of cccDNA biosynthesis, maintenance, transcription regulation and their regulation by host innate immune response, particularly, interferons and other inflammatory cytokines. (blumberginstitute.org)
Gene therapy enables the durable expression of immune modulators to attenuate cccDNA. (catchinnovation.com)

HBV DNA rebounds following cessation of NRTI. (nih.gov)

Evaluate their effects on HBV cccDNA in appropriate experimental models. (nih.gov)
There is considerable interest in determining the lifespan of cccDNA molecules to design and evaluate new curative treatments. (ox.ac.uk)

Develop assays for reliable, sensitive, quantitative detection of HBV cccDNA. (nih.gov)
The density steps are designed to resolve DNA from free protein and there is quantitative recovery of both. (topogen.com)

Four experimentally naive baboons were injected with serum from HBV DNA-positive baboons. (cdc.gov)
However, during that study, HBV DNA was detected by using nested PCR in serum of 2 of the 6 baboons at baseline, before injection with HBV. (cdc.gov)

Here we describe a protocol for HBV cccDNA extraction and detection in detail. (ice-hbv.org)
and (2) HBV cccDNA detection by Southern blot analysis. (ice-hbv.org)

In the same way as host chromatin, cccDNA transcription is regulated through the control of two enhancers and four distinct promoters. (wikipedia.org)

Mechanism for cccDNA biogenesis and decay. (nih.gov)

It is a double-stranded DNA that originates in a linear form that is ligated by means of DNA ligase to a covalently closed ring. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an incomplete double-stranded DNA virus. (medscape.com)

Elimination of cccDNA is the ultimate goal to achieve a cure of hepatitis B ( 3 ). (ice-hbv.org)

The methods are based upon physically separating the topo/DNA adducts from free DNA and using antibodies to measure bound topo I or II. (topogen.com)

We noted a variable pattern of HBV transcripts from both DNA templates, with preS1/S2 mRNAs predominating and a significant association between increasing age and the expression of integrant-derived mRNAs, but not with inflammatory status. (ox.ac.uk)

Although the half life of cccDNA has not been determined yet, it has been tested in vitro to last during the lifespan of the cell. (wikipedia.org)

Researchers attribute this to the continued inability to disable the cccDNA. (wikipedia.org)

Huub Schellekens integrates Recombinant DNA with Gene in his study. (research.com)

Our experimental results showed that following induction, HepAD38 produced and accumulated cccDNA, which became detectable between 7 and 8 days. (nih.gov)

HBV DNA integration is a pathogenic process that is not directly addressed by nucleos(t)ide analogs and further supports the rationale of targeting the viral core protein through a new class of inhibitors. (wgntv.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms18

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs49

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

HBsAg16

Hepatocytes12

Infection27

Intrahepatic8

Hepatitis B e antigen2

Nucleus6

Antigen6

RcDNA4

Minichromosome2

Assays to measure2

Covalently Closed Circular DNA7

Replication7

Episomal cccDNA2

Genome2

Transcriptional activity1

Therapies3

Eliminate3

Transcription of viral1

Antiviral3

HBeAg5

PgRNA encapsidation1

Assay3

Liver3

Capsid2

Immune5

Cessation1

Evaluate2

Quantitative2

Serum2

Detection2

Chromatin1

Mechanism1

Double-stranded2

Cure1

Methods1

Transcripts1

Vitro1

Disable1

Gene1

Experimental1

Nucleos1