OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHealth CareGeographicals
LeptospirosisLeptospiraCattleCattle DiseasesLeptospira interrogansWeil DiseaseAgglutination TestsLeptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiaeBarbadosAntibodies, BacterialLeptospira interrogans serovar canicolaNew CaledoniaZoonosesFloodsJaundiceSri LankaDisease ReservoirsSeroepidemiologic StudiesThailandIndian Ocean IslandsSerologic TestsDisease OutbreaksAmerican SamoaImmunoglobulin MEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayDoxycyclineNicaraguaRodent DiseasesFeverHawaiiRodentiaAbortion, VeterinaryAbattoirsAzoresMartiniqueGuadeloupeMesocricetusTuberculosis, BovineBrazil
LeptospiraPigsInfectionBrucellosisZoonotic diseaseHuman leptospirosisDiagnosisHumansRodentsSheepLivestockSymptomsVaccinationCause leptospirosisBOVINE LEPTOSPIROSISContract leptospirosisVaccineAntibioticsMicroscopic Agglutination TestDiseaseSerovarsSusceptibleAbortionsHorsesDiseasesUrine or body fluidsSwineMildTypicallyExposureZoonosisReproductiveIctericClinical signsAnimalsIncubation periodHardjoDogsBeefPreventionInfectFatalLaboratoryCanineSerologicScrapieSEROLOGY
Leptospira20
  • Leptospirosis is a broad range of clinical and sub-clinical disease problems caused by a number of Leptospira serovars. (dvm360.com)
  • Leptospira serovars can be the cause of infertility, early embryonic losses, and abortions in cattle. (dvm360.com)
  • Leptospira organisms persist in the kidneys and genital tract of cattle and are common in all cattle-producing areas of the world. (dvm360.com)
  • Leptospira abortion and mastitis are relatively uncommon in cattle, in part because of widespread vaccination. (cornell.edu)
  • 1] Mitchell D, Boulanger P. Leptospirosis in Canada: IV An atypical mastitis in cattle due to Leptospira Pomona. (cornell.edu)
  • Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, caused by bacteria of genus Leptospira . (thebeefsite.com)
  • Leptospira hardjo-bovis is the only host-adapted Lepto serovar in cattle and can infect animals at any age, including young calves. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Molecular diagnostic tools will be used to improve detection of leptospirosis in humans, to determine infection patterns in rodents and cattle in local communities, and to identify Leptospira strain types in these linked populations. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution caused by infection with any of several pathogenic serovars of Leptospira . (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with any of several pathogenic serovars of Leptospira . (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Leptospirosis - a worldwide infectious disease that affects humans, domestic and wild animals - is caused by Leptospira bacteria and may lead to severe clinical signs, such as reproductive disorders in cattle and swine, besides hemorrhage and renal failure in humans (3, 4). (scielo.br)
  • Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of humans and animals that is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira . (medscape.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by the corkscrew shaped organism, Leptospira. (theglobaldispatch.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic infection caused by any of the serovarieties of the spirochetes from the Leptospira interrogans species. (logicalimages.com)
  • Ben's understanding of the genetics of infectious bacteria draws on many years of research into Leptospira, which causes leptospirosis in animals, especially cattle and pigs in Australia, and sometimes farmers, if they come in contact with animal urine. (monash.edu)
  • Penicillin remains effective against leptospirosis in people, if they can afford it, because it's not used to treat the disease in animals, where it's usually found, so the Leptospira bug hasn't developed resistance to it. (monash.edu)
  • Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. (arccjournals.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a disease caused by infection with one of the more than 250 types of bacteria in the genus Leptospira . (msu.edu)
  • Control of leptospirosis (reducing the instances of abortions and shedding of leptospirae) caused by Leptospira pomona susceptible to chlortetracycline. (pharmgate.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a potentially serious infection caused by Leptospira , which are spiral-shaped bacteria called spirochetes. (msdmanuals.com)
Pigs7
  • As for cattle, the young and pregnant animals are the main issue, and adult nonpregnant pigs rarely show illness (but they can be carriers). (leptospirosis.org)
  • A cross-sectional study was conducted in May to July 2018 to estimate the sero-prevalence of leptospirosis and factors associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study demonstrates that there is a high prevalence of leptospirosis positive pigs at slaughter in a small-holder livestock keeping region of the Lake Victoria basin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This project investigates mortality in a cohort of workers in the meat industry identified from a meatcutters union in Baltimore, because they were exposed at work to transmissible agents that are known to infect or cause cancer and other diseases in cattle, pigs and sheep, and were also occupationally exposed to known chemical carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers in the meat industry who handle cattle, pigs and sheep or their raw products are heavily exposed to a plethora of transmissible agents such as prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc., that are known to cause disease in these animals, including cancer and neurologic diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • It is not known for example whether those microbial agents which cause cancer and other diseases in cattle, pigs and sheep also cause cancer in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Leptospirosis in all animal species (e.g. dogs, pigs, cattle, rodents) are known to infect humans, yet there are no studies looking into this for the horse. (stablemanagement.com)
Infection14
  • In newly infected cattle the organisms spread hematogenously to the gravid uterus up to 142 after infection. (dvm360.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a type of bacterial infection. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Cattle are the maintentance hosts for hardjo, but as this is specialised to survive within cattle, the infection is less severe. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Because cattle are the maintenance host for hardjo-bovis, infection with this serovar will often produce a carrier state in the kidneys associated with long-term urinary shedding. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Because cattle are incidental hosts for these Lepto serovars, the clinical signs are typically very different than infection with hardjo-bovis . (thebeefsite.com)
  • This project aims to investigate how animal infection patterns are related to human disease risk by studying leptospirosis in rodents and cattle in an area of Tanzania where human disease is also being closely monitored. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Animals infected with leptospirosis can eliminate the pathogen into the environment, acting as a source of infection (5). (scielo.br)
  • Leptospirosis ranges in severity from no symptoms to a mild illness suggesting a viral infection to a multisystemic syndrome with unique features. (medscape.com)
  • Pseudorabies is a fatal infection in farm animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats and in dogs, and cats. (geometry.net)
  • For example, bovine leukemia virus (BLV) commonly infects and causes lymphosarcoma in cattle and sheep, and the prevalence of infection in herds can be as high as over 40% (Burny and Mammerickx, 1987). (cdc.gov)
  • There is historical and current evidence that some of these agents are transmissible to workers and subjects in the general population, and cause zoonotic acute infection and disease in them such as leptospirosis, Q-fever, brucellosis, vesicular stomatitis, etc., as reviewed in Johnson (1984). (cdc.gov)
  • Nevertheless, annual vaccination for dogs that have recovered from leptospirosis could be considered, because such dogs are at risk of ongoing exposure, and whether or not life‐long immunity results from natural infection is unknown. (rodpub.com)
  • We can prevent leptospirosis by limiting contact we and our pets have to sources of infection, and by vaccinating our dogs. (rodpub.com)
  • In addition, the study suggests that vaccination does not prevent cattle infection, although it influences loads of pathogenic leptospires excreted in urine. (bvsalud.org)
Brucellosis2
  • Leptospirosis, brucellosis, Bovine Tb, BVDV and fasciolosis have projected economic impact to water buffalo industry as well as its effect as zoonoses. (intechopen.com)
  • What are the signs of brucellosis in cattle? (skinscanapp.com)
Zoonotic disease1
  • In New Zealand, leptospirosis is the most common occupationally acquired zoonotic disease and is associated mainly with meat and agricultural workers. (scite.ai)
Human leptospirosis4
  • While possible, it's rare for a human to give another human leptospirosis. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Pulmonary hemorrhage is now one of the most common clinical signs in outbreaks of human leptospirosis. (rodpub.com)
  • BACKGROUND: The first documented human leptospirosis cases in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) occurred following 2017 Hurricanes Irma and Maria. (cdc.gov)
  • We conducted a representative serosurvey in USVI to estimate the seroprevalence and distribution of human leptospirosis and evaluate local risk factors associated with seropositivity. (cdc.gov)
Diagnosis5
  • Additionally, a definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult due to the fastidious nature of the organism and the fact that the bovine fetus dies well before the time it is expelled during abortion. (dvm360.com)
  • A study was performed to investigate interlaboratory test agreement between a research and a commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratory on blood and urine samples, and to investigate test agreement between blood, urine, and kidney samples (research laboratory) for leptospirosis diagnosis. (scite.ai)
  • Leptospirosis may be difficult to diagnose because its initial symptoms are similar to many other diseases, and some cases have few to no symptoms, but early diagnosis is crucial, as successful treatment should be started within the first 4 days of illness. (logicalimages.com)
  • When canine leptospirosis is on the differential diagnosis list both clinicians and dog owners want quick and accurate testing. (msu.edu)
  • The gold standard for diagnosis of leptospirosis is a positive culture . (msu.edu)
Humans6
  • 1 ) In Arizona, leptospirosis has been an issue for dogs as well as humans. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Dogs have a higher risk for leptospirosis infections in comparison to humans. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that causes severe flu-like or hepatitis symptoms in humans. (geometry.net)
  • Leptospirosis in humans can be flu-like or, left untreated, can be quite serious. (rodpub.com)
  • Humans contract leptospirosis directly through contact with infected animals or indirectly from contaminated water or soil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease that can affect most mammals, including humans, is a common word in the livestock world, but not the equine one. (stablemanagement.com)
Rodents1
  • They are shed in the urine of deer, raccoons and rodents as well as from cattle, sheep and other livestock. (stablemanagement.com)
Sheep3
  • Samples were sourced from 399 sheep and 146 beef cattle from a local abattoir. (scite.ai)
  • Prion agents cause the subacute severe neurologic disease known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or 'mad cow' disease in cattle, and scrapie in sheep. (cdc.gov)
  • Turning horses out with cattle and sheep also increases their risk of exposure. (stablemanagement.com)
Livestock3
  • Further studies are needed particularly in countries where water buffalo is the major livestock than cattle to fully utilize the potential of the animal. (intechopen.com)
  • The Livestock Improvement Program of NMC-CREES helps improve the competitiveness of the CNMI's cattle, goat, swine and poultry production by providing methods of reducing costs of production, as well as teaching farmers how to increase productivity and profits. (geometry.net)
  • Leptospirosis significantly impacts the economy of livestock farmers by causing reproductive failure and production losses in bovines. (arccjournals.com)
Symptoms10
Vaccination5
  • When purchasing feeder or stocker cattle, Cody Cornwell, Cornwell Ranch, of Glasgow, Montana, focuses on management practices that add value to a set of calves, such as a vaccination protocol, program-specific ear tags, fly control and weaning before shipping. (redangus.org)
  • Bovi-Shield Gold FP 5VL5 is for the vaccination of healthy cattle as an aid in preventing IBR, BVD (1 & 2), PI3, BRSV,Vibrio and Leptospirosis. (animalhealthexpress.com)
  • The control of bovine leptospirosis requires a combination of vaccination programme, biosecurity measures and chemotherapeutic regimens. (arccjournals.com)
  • This study shows the potential of the oil adjuvant blended multivalent vaccine for use in vaccination programmes against bovine leptospirosis. (arccjournals.com)
  • Treatment of Leptospirosis in dogs: Proper and regular Vaccination of the illness can protect your puppy for at least 12 months. (rodpub.com)
Cause leptospirosis1
  • The bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. (cdc.gov)
BOVINE LEPTOSPIROSIS2
Contract leptospirosis1
Vaccine4
  • Domestic dogs are routinely vaccinated, and leptospirosis is therefore variable and rapidly evolving, as serogroups not within the vaccine gain footholds and then vaccines are updated. (leptospirosis.org)
  • Within industrial farming it is normal, and often law, to vaccinate cattle against a set of the most common serogroups (in the USA a 5-set vaccine is often used). (leptospirosis.org)
  • There is no vaccine against leptospirosis. (logicalimages.com)
  • Beef cattle vaccine protocols can range from one to four round-ups per year. (olddominionvets.com)
Antibiotics5
  • Oxytetracycline and streptomycin are the most commonly recommended antibiotics for therapy of leptospirosis. (dvm360.com)
  • It is important to consider leptospirosis when dengue is diagnosed in a severely ill patient, because early antibiotics are beneficial. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of Canine Leptospirosis in Dogs Treatment should begin as soon as possible and consists of large doses of antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin for 7 to 10 days in injectable form. (rodpub.com)
  • Antibiotics are generally very effective in treating leptospirosis and most dogs respond quickly after starting antibiotics. (rodpub.com)
  • Use of antibiotics in mild leptospirosis is controversial. (medscape.com)
Microscopic Agglutination Test1
  • The Bacteriology Laboratory at the MSU VDL conducts over 80,000 serologic assays for leptospirosis annually and performs the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) daily, Monday through Friday. (msu.edu)
Disease22
  • Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that spreads through direct contact with the urine of infected animals. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Accordingly, leptospirosis can sometimes be mistaken for another disease. (davidwolfe.com)
  • At that point, the leptospirosis sickness is referred to as Weil's disease. (davidwolfe.com)
  • BSE is an afebrile neurological disease that primarily affects mature cattle. (wustl.edu)
  • The first clinical signs of the disease (onset) has been observed in cattle at an age of 1 year 10 months to 15 years. (wustl.edu)
  • Brain extracts of suspect cattle have produced disease specific structures known as scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF). (wustl.edu)
  • Approximately 30% of the inoculated cattle developed progressive neurological signs of the disease. (wustl.edu)
  • The primary suspect disease source are diets fed to cattle containing ruminant based meat and bone protein. (wustl.edu)
  • They can help your cows avoid diseases like Leptospirosis, Anthrax, or Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (reefitalia.net)
  • More than a week after massive flooding from a southwest monsoon plagued Olongapo City, the number of cases of the bacterial disease, leptospirosis has gone up sharply to near 300 cases, according to a GMA News report today . (theglobaldispatch.com)
  • According to the report, at least 296 people have been diagnosed with leptospirosis, with eight deaths related to the disease. (theglobaldispatch.com)
  • Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a disease that affects cattle and occasionally buffaloes and is marked by a short fever, shivering, lameness and muscular stiffness. (skinscanapp.com)
  • Bovine ephemeral fever is a disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by a rhabdovirus and transmitted by flying, biting insects. (skinscanapp.com)
  • The most common ailment noticed by cattlemen in selenium deficient cattle is white muscle disease. (skinscanapp.com)
  • Three day sickness, or bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), is a viral disease of cattle that is spread by mosquitoes and biting midges. (skinscanapp.com)
  • Bovine ephemeral fever is an insect-transmitted, noncontagious, viral disease of cattle and water buffalo that is seen in Africa, the Middle East, Australia, and Asia. (skinscanapp.com)
  • Bovine ephemeral fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease of cattle and water buffalo that causes milk production losses, recumbency, and sometimes death. (skinscanapp.com)
  • Dogs infected with leptospirosis are at serious risk for hepatic and renal disease, and death. (msu.edu)
  • All pet parents need to know about leptospirosis in dogs and how to treat this disease. (rodpub.com)
  • Leptospirosis is an occupational disease of farmers and sewer and slaughterhouse workers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Leptospirosis seropositivity of 4% across USVI demonstrates an important human disease that was previously unrecognized and emphasizes the importance of continued leptospirosis surveillance and investigation. (cdc.gov)
  • Although leptospirosis continues to be predominantly an occupational disease, in recent decades it has also increasingly been recognized as a disease of recreation. (medscape.com)
Serovars3
  • Additional serovars of L. interrogans of importance for cattle include Pomona , Canicola , Grippotyphosa , and Szwajizak . (dvm360.com)
  • When leptospirosis associated with nonhost-adapted Lepto serovars occurs in calves, the result is high fever, anemia, red urine, jaundice, and sometimes death in three to five days. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Leptospirosis with nonhost-adapted Lepto serovars also affects pregnant cows causing embryonic death, abortions, stillbirths, retained placenta, and the birth of weak calves. (thebeefsite.com)
Susceptible4
  • Although all types of cattle are susceptible, most cases have been reported in the Holstein-Fresian breed. (wustl.edu)
  • Even so, a portion of the beef cattle population remains unvaccinated, leaving those animals susceptible to multiple diseases and lost profit. (redangus.org)
  • however, it is likely that cats are susceptible to leptospirosis and could potentially have clinical signs similar to those of dogs, although most infections are suspected to be mild or subclinical. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Young animals just being weaned have a weakened immune system and are very susceptible to leptospirosis, which will usually cause severe or fatal illness. (leptospirosis.org)
Abortions1
Horses3
Diseases7
  • There are a large number of common diseases that result in abortion or infertility in cattle. (dvm360.com)
  • Cattle -- Diseases -- Bibliography. (wustl.edu)
  • The survey's findings identified immunization as the most important component of a healthy beef cattle herd to aid in the prevention of infectious diseases. (redangus.org)
  • Whether it's vaccinating for diseases, worming, watering and feeding, or treating open wounds, caring for cattle and their common health concerns can be a huge challenge for anyone, experienced and novice farmers alike. (manukahoneyusa.com)
  • Because these diseases threaten people, due to infected, unpasteurized milk, they must be avoided by ensuring cattle are brought in and bred from reliable sources. (manukahoneyusa.com)
  • If cattle are allowed to stand in water sources such as ponds, fecal and urine contamination will decrease water quality and certain diseases (for example, leptospirosis) will spread through contaminated water. (beefmagazine.com)
  • Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world and endemic in the Caribbean Islands. (cdc.gov)
Urine or body fluids1
  • Leptospirosis is transmitted directly through contact with urine or body fluids of infected animals or indirectly through water or soil contaminated with urine from infected animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Swine1
  • Swine, poultry, beef and - Potential negative dairy cattle health impact? (cdc.gov)
Mild1
  • Antibiotic therapy in the treatment of mild leptospirosis is typically unnecessary, since it is often self-limited, and most cases resolve without medical attention. (medscape.com)
Typically4
  • Leptospirosis typically comes on suddenly. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Leptospirosis is endemic in most areas where dengue virus is transmitted and may be mistaken for dengue, which is typically more common. (medscape.com)
  • Leptospirosis is typically a biphasic pattern of early flu-like, septicemic illness followed by an inflammatory second phase. (medscape.com)
  • Cattle typically need anywhere between 3-30 gallons of water a day to remain hydrated, with 5-10 gallons per intake being common, but their requirements can easily rise during summer. (manukahoneyusa.com)
Exposure3
  • Outbreaks of leptospirosis are usually caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as floodwaters. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the onset of BSE is observed in mature cattle the prolonged incubation period indicates that exposure can and does occur in calfhood. (wustl.edu)
  • Occupational exposure probably accounts for 30-50% of human cases of leptospirosis. (medscape.com)
Zoonosis2
  • Leptospirosis, a serious bacterial zoonosis, has been diagnosed in 9% of febrile patients admitted to two hospitals in northern Tanzania. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis of public health importance transmitted through contact with contaminated soil, water or urine of infected animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Reproductive2
  • The infertility that can result from persistent reproductive tract infections is perhaps the most economically damaging aspect of leptospirosis. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Globally, cattle are recognized as a reservoir host for L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, which is transmitted via urine, semen, and uterine discharges, and can result in abortion and poor reproductive performance. (cdc.gov)
Icteric1
  • Leptospirosis occurs as two recognizable clinical syndromes: anicteric and icteric. (medscape.com)
Clinical signs1
  • Leptospirosis in dogs can cause a broad range of clinical signs in any combination. (msu.edu)
Animals7
  • The attributive dairy describes milk-based products, derivatives and processes, and the animals and workers involved in their production, for example dairyman, dairymaid, dairy cattle or dairy goat. (wikipedia.org)
  • With industrialisation and urbanisation, the supply of milk became a commercial industry, with specialised breeds of cattle being developed for dairy, as distinct from beef or draught animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leptospirosis is transmitted either directly between animals or indirectly through the environment. (thebeefsite.com)
  • In addition, older animals usually do not die from leptospirosis. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Antibiotic therapy should be prescribed for animals with leptospirosis. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Bracken, a plant containing toxins that are poisonous to grazing animals, is cancerous and usually fatal to cattle. (manukahoneyusa.com)
  • If leptospirosis has been positively identified, disinfect all areas where infected animals have been. (stablemanagement.com)
Incubation period2
Hardjo2
  • 2] Robertson A, Boulanger P, Mitchell D. Isolation and identification of a leptospire of the Hebdomadis serogroup (L. Hardjo) from cattle in Canada. (cornell.edu)
  • with Hardjo the most common serovar found in cattle. (bvsalud.org)
Dogs1
  • However, sensitivity ar … Adin C A & Cowgill L D (2000) Treatment and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis - 36 cases (1990-1998). (rodpub.com)
Beef3
  • Healthy cattle equate to profitable cattle in all sectors of the beef production chain. (redangus.org)
  • Additionally, grass tetany/hypomagnesemia cases will occur in late winter and early spring if lactating beef cattle are not offered a free-choice, high magnesium trace mineral during that period of time. (beefmagazine.com)
  • For Beef Cattle (Under 700 lbs. (pharmgate.com)
Prevention3
  • Also, learning the methods of leptospirosis treatment and leptospirosis prevention can save lives. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Fortunately for clinicians, the serovar and serogroup names remain in common use and are useful when discussing the epidemiology, serologic testing, clinical features, treatment, and prevention of leptospirosis. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Local risk factors identified may help guide future human and animal leptospirosis studies in USVI, strengthen leptospirosis public health surveillance and treatment timeliness, and inform targeted education, prevention, and control efforts. (cdc.gov)
Infect1
  • Leptospirosis may also co-infect with dengue and other regionally prevalent pathogens, such as malaria, hantavirus, and scrub typhus. (medscape.com)
Fatal1
  • Leptospirosis is often treatable, although it can be fatal in severe cases. (rodpub.com)
Laboratory1
Canine1
  • It is very important to use disposable gloves and disinfect or destroy the elements used for healing and treatment to prevent the spread of canine leptospirosis to people. (rodpub.com)
Serologic1
  • Leptospirosis in cats remains poorly described, but there is evidence from serologic testing and PCR assay studies that cats can be infected with leptospires and can shed the organisms, with outdoor cats likely at higher risk. (merckvetmanual.com)
Scrapie2
  • In 1979 studies were conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to attempt experimental transmission of scrapie to cattle. (wustl.edu)
  • Scrapie or BSE contaminated carcasses which are rendered for ruminant diets may account for the presence of SAF in the brain homogenates of affected cattle. (wustl.edu)
SEROLOGY1