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CationsCations, DivalentCations, MonovalentOrganic Cation Transport ProteinsOrganic Cation Transporter 1MagnesiumTRPM Cation ChannelsCalciumSodiumTRPC Cation ChannelsIon ChannelsPotassiumManganeseCation Transport ProteinsKineticsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationMembrane PotentialsRubidiumStrontiumLithiumTRPV Cation ChannelsCation Exchange ResinsCesiumMetals, AlkaliIon TransportCell Membrane PermeabilityCyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation ChannelsBariumIonsIon Channel GatingPatch-Clamp TechniquesQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsEdetic AcidElectric ConductivityBiological TransportFlufenamic AcidMetalsCalcium ChannelsBinding SitesLanthanumCobaltMolecular Sequence DataChloridesAdenosine TriphosphateCell MembraneTetraethylammoniumZincCatecholamine Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceBiological Transport, ActiveOsmolar ConcentrationElectrophysiologyNickelSaltsGadoliniumTemperatureModels, MolecularTRPP Cation ChannelsAntiportersEgtazic AcidSodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPaseSubstrate SpecificityCadmiumMetals, Rare EarthMetals, Alkaline EarthPermeabilityOuabainSodium ChloridePotassium ChlorideThalliumOocytesCalcium ChlorideTromethamineProtonsCell LineChelating AgentsIon ExchangeRabbitsTransient Receptor Potential ChannelsIonophoresTetraethylammonium CompoundsProtein Binding1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridiniumGramicidinPotassium ChannelsProtein ConformationErythrocytesValinomycinMembrane ProteinsCarrier ProteinsAmilorideThermodynamicsEscherichia coliPyridinium CompoundsElectrochemistryDose-Response Relationship, DrugCesium IsotopesOnium CompoundsMolecular StructureModels, Chemical

CalciumModulateTrivalentMagnesiumAnionAnionsPhosphateAbundantZincPotassiumSodiumConcentrationFormationMetalBindVariesInteractionsInvestigated the effectEffectChannelGroupsEffectsFormMagnesiumMembraneDCT1Monovalent cationsTransporterProteinsProteinOrganismFunctionallyHomogeneousFluorescenceMEMBRANESModulationIonicPrecipitationGeneBiologicalCellsCobaltRegulationEDTAVitroUnderstoodEquilibriumStabilityChelating agentsGeneralStudyFactorsEvidenceMultiple

Calcium2

• The tunicate beta/gamma crystallin from Ciona intestinalis, which is known to bind calcium, is also capable of binding a wide variety of other divalent cations, which is highly unusual for a metal-binding protein. (uci.edu)
• Divalent metal ions (mercury, lead, calcium and zinc) inhibited the binding of [3H](-)-baclofen. (nih.gov)

Modulate2

• Taken together, the findings in this work offer insight into how divalent cations modulate the interfacial science of supported membrane systems. (chalmers.se)
• Peters, JA , Hales, TG & Lambert, JJ 1988, ' Divalent cations modulate 5-HT3 receptor-induced currents in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells ', European Journal of Pharmacology , vol. 151, no. 3, pp. 491-495. (dundee.ac.uk)

Trivalent1

• The loss of one, two, or three electrons lead to the formation of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent cations respectively. (worldatlas.com)

Magnesium5

• Magnesium is an indispensable cation and plays an important physiological role in the body. (karger.com)
• Magnesium (Mg) is an essential cation for multiple processes in the body. (karger.com)
• Hypermagnesemia Hypomagnesemia Magnesium peritoneal dialysis Magnesium (Mg), the fourth abundant cation. (karger.com)
• Owing to the extreme salinity ( ∼ 10 times saltier than the oceans), near toxic magnesium levels ( ∼ 2.0 M Mg 2+ ), the dominance of divalent cations, acidic pH (6.0) and high-absorbed radiation flux rates, the Dead Sea represents a unique and harsh ecosystem. (nature.com)
• Magnesium is a divalent cation that is maximally absorbed in the distal small intestine. (medscape.com)

Anion2

• What is the Difference Between a Cation and an Anion? (worldatlas.com)
• Phosphate is a divalent anion largely absorbed in the proximal small intestine. (medscape.com)

Anions7

• during electrolysis, anions move to the positive electrode which is referred to as the anode, and cations migrate to the negative electrode called cathode. (worldatlas.com)
• The ions with a net positive charge are called cations whereas those with net negative charge are anions. (worldatlas.com)
• The first difference is that anions possess negative electrical charges while the cations have positive electrical charges. (worldatlas.com)
• Another difference between the two ions is that anions have more electrons than protons while the cations have more protons than electrons. (worldatlas.com)
• Finally, anions are non-metals while the cations are metals. (worldatlas.com)
• Hence the anions and cations are responsible for the phenomenon of the flow of electric current in a dry cell. (worldatlas.com)
• movement of divalent cations and anions is normal. (msdmanuals.com)

Phosphate2

• Nutrient broth and CCY buffer were combined before addition of CCY divalent cations to mitigate divalent cation-phosphate precipitation. (cdc.gov)
• They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane. (bvsalud.org)

Abundant1

• Most abundant divalent cation in our bodies! (flashcardmachine.com)

Zinc2

• In contrast, the human lens protein gammaS-crystallin, which contains defunct calcim-binding sites binding sites, does not bind any divalent cations and aggregates readily in the presence of zinc. (uci.edu)
• GTP cyclohydrolase I contains an essential zinc cation, thought to act as a Lewis acid, activating a water molecule towards hydrolytic opening of the imidazole ring of GTP. (ebi.ac.uk)

Potassium1

• Potassium (K), the main cation inside cells, plays roles in maintaining cellular osmolarity and acid-base equilibrium, as well as nerve stimulation transmission, and regulation of cardiac and muscle functions. (mdpi.com)

Sodium1

• Divalent cations and group-specific chemical modifiers were used to modify sodium efflux in order to probe the molecular structure of sodium channels in dog red blood cells. (cdc.gov)

Concentration3

• A decrease in the concentration of either Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ from their standard values of 1.0 and 2.0 mM respectively augmented both the amplitude and duration of the 5-HT-induced current, whereas elevating the concentration of either divalent cation produced the opposite effect. (dundee.ac.uk)
• A decrease in the concentration of either Ca2+ or Mg2+ from their standard values of 1.0 and 2.0 mM respectively augmented both the amplitude and duration of the 5-HT-induced current, whereas elevating the concentration of either divalent cation produced the opposite effect. (dundee.ac.uk)
• Evolutions of synergistic binding between konjac glucomannan and xanthan with high pyruvate group content induced by monovalent and divalent cation concentration. (bvsalud.org)

Formation2

• One of the poorly understood questions relates to how divalent cations appear to promote SLB formation in some cases. (chalmers.se)
• Nolan, M. (2011) 'Enhanced oxygen vacancy formation in ceria (111) and (110) surfaces doped with divalent cations', Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(25), pp. 9160-9168. (ucc.ie)

Metal2

• With increasing interest in new catalytic materials based on doping of cerium dioxide with other metal cations, it is necessary to have an atomic level understanding of the factors that impact on the structural and electronic properties of doped ceria as well as its reactivity. (ucc.ie)
• Extraction and recovery of primary, secondary and some tertiary amines as well as most metal cations from aqueous solutions. (thomassci.com)

Bind1

• Since the ability of clone 3.9 to bind to its target is divalent cation dependent, the usage of EDTA as an anti-coagulant may be detrimental to staining due to its chelating properties. (biolegend.com)

Varies1

• The bioavailability of the cation varies in a predictable manner and is assumed to be dependent on the bioaccessibility of the respective cobalt substance. (europa.eu)

Interactions3

• The complexity arises from the multiple ways in which divalent cations affect vesicle substrate and vesicle vesicle interactions as well as vesicle properties. (chalmers.se)
• We present in this paper simulations of the ceria (111) and (110) surfaces doped with divalent cations Pd and Ni using density functional theory (DFT) corrected for on-site Coulomb interactions (DFT + U) and hybrid DFT (using the screened exchange HSE06 functional). (ucc.ie)
• Reversed phase, pi-pi and cation exchange interactions. (thomassci.com)

Investigated the effect1

• Herein, we investigated the effect of divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+) on the adsorption of zwitterionic 1,2-dioleoylsn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) lipid vesicles onto silicon oxide- and titanium oxide coated substrates. (chalmers.se)

Effect1

• We also studied the effect of external Ca and other divalent cations on recovery. (wright.edu)

Channel1

• This gene encodes an inwardly rectifying K+ channel which may be blocked by divalent cations. (nih.gov)

Groups1

• The sequence of affinities, as measured by the dissociation constants, reflects the reactivity of these divalent cations with sulfhydryl groups. (cdc.gov)

Effects1

• Binding Mechanisms of Amyloid-like Peptides to Lipid Bilayers and Effects of Divalent Cations. (acs.org)

Form1

• Based on the position of elements on the Periodic Table, alkali and alkaline metals in most cases form cations. (worldatlas.com)

Magnesium4

• Bowman JC, Lenz TK, Hud NV, Williams LD (2012) Cations in charge: magnesium ions in RNA folding and catalysis. (springer.com)
• Given that Ca appears to react with fatty acids to form soaps, it was decided to investigate whether other nutritionally relevant divalent cations (magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)) were able to form fatty acid soaps. (massey.ac.nz)
• The divalent cations calcium and magnesium and the anion phosphorus are important in several cellular processes. (medscape.com)
• EDTA chelates divalent cations like magnesium, which can contribute to DNA degradation. (openwetware.org)

Membrane4

• Taken together, the findings in this work offer insight into how divalent cations modulate the interfacial science of supported membrane systems. (chalmers.se)
• The in vitro experiments consisted on the divalent cations modulation of [L-Glu(OMe)7,18,19] binding to a mimetic OS membrane immobilized on a sensor chip surface, employing surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). (unife.it)
• In situ and in vitro experiments indicate that high concentrations of divalent cations increased also membrane rigidity, contrasting their effect on increasing the pore formation rate. (unife.it)
• SLC39A8 is a member of the solute carrier gene family known to import Mn, Zn, and other divalent cations across the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)

DCT12

• The resulting cDNA was found to be a general divalent cation transporter or DCT1. (mayo.edu)
• Functionally, DCT1 is an electrogenic, divalent transition-metal / H+ cotransporter. (mayo.edu)

Monovalent cations1

• In contrast to previous studies on cations binding by 18-membered α-cyclopeptoid hexamers, the 21-membered cyclopeptoid cP1 did not complex monovalent cations (Na+, K+, Ag+) but showed selectivity for divalent cations (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ and Mg2+). (hud.ac.uk)

Transporter1

• The SLC11A2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). (medlineplus.gov)

Proteins2

• We generated three knockout (KO) mice that lacked either Xk, Kell or both proteins and characterized erythrocyte cation levels, transport and hematological parameters. (nih.gov)
• The subtle roles of the cations are far less understood, compared to the pronounced effects of the anions on proteins. (ncl.res.in)

Protein1

• The present study was designed to amplify, express, purify the DtxR protein and study it's binding characteristics with various divalent cations through bio-physical technique. (thepharmajournal.com)

Organism1

• Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations within an organism or cell. (ntu.edu.sg)

Functionally1

• Our results provide evidence that cellular divalent cation regulation is functionally coupled to the Kell/XK system in erythrocytes and loss of this complex may contribute to acanthocytosis formation in McLeod syndrome. (nih.gov)

Homogeneous2

• The very homogeneous cation exchange composition of the formation is completely in agreement with a homogeneous presence of calcite and dolomite minerals whose equilibrium reactions control part of the porewater composition. (hal.science)
• The interior of the xenoliths are fairly homogeneous with regard to many divalent cations. (caltech.edu)

Fluorescence1

• The binding of a series of monovalent and divalent cations was assessed by 1H NMR, circular dichroism, fluorescence and molecular modelling. (hud.ac.uk)

MEMBRANES2

• In this study, we attempt to use the crosslinking of divalent cations to improve resistance against swelling in partially reduced GO membranes. (gnu.ac.kr)
• The partially reduced GO membranes intercalated by divalent cations (i.e. (gnu.ac.kr)

Modulation1

• 6. Synergistic modulation of cystinyl aminopeptidase by divalent cation chelators. (nih.gov)

Ionic1

• Hexacoordinated C-3 symmetrical complexes were demonstrated for divalent cations with ionic radii around 1 Å (Ca2+ and Ba2+), while 5-coordination is preferred for divalent cations with larger (Ba2+) or smaller ionic radii (Mg2+). (hud.ac.uk)

Precipitation1

• Nutrient broth and CCY buffer were combined before addition of CCY divalent cations to mitigate divalent cation-phosphate precipitation. (cdc.gov)

Gene1

• The product of this gene transports divalent metals and is involved in iron absorption. (nih.gov)

Biological2

• Most importantly, divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ are crucial to several biological functions. (ncl.res.in)
• The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems. (nih.gov)

Cells1

• This accumulation occurs under conditions in which divalent ions are present in the medium bathing either whole cells or isolated mitochondria. (rupress.org)

Cobalt3

• The category consists of inorganic cobalt substances for which the toxicity is governed by the cobalt cation. (europa.eu)
• The bioavailability of the cation varies in a predictable manner and is assumed to be dependent on the bioaccessibility of the respective cobalt substance. (europa.eu)
• beryllium , levels were assumed to be similar to divalent cations such as cobalt. (cdc.gov)

Regulation1

• Active site conformational changes of prostasin provide a new mechanism of protease regulation by divalent cations. (expasy.org)

EDTA1

• This buffer is useful for long-term storage of DNA to be used in quantitative assays, although the EDTA must be taken into consideration for any enzymatic reaction that relies on a divalent cation. (openwetware.org)

Vitro2

• Transcriptional regulators from DtxR family are strictly iron metal dependant, though in-vitro, these metallo-regulators are known to bind to other divalent cations too. (thepharmajournal.com)
• To that end, in vitro studies revealed that apart from Ca, other divalent cations such as Zn, Mg, Fe and Cu had the ability to form precipitates in the presence of fatty acids. (massey.ac.nz)

Understood1

• One of the poorly understood questions relates to how divalent cations appear to promote SLB formation in some cases. (chalmers.se)

Equilibrium2

• Herein, we demonstrate that an amide-iminolate equilibrium is triggered by the binding of the divalent cations to the amide oxygen in aqueous solution. (ncl.res.in)
• It is then shown that this equilibrium information can be combined with clay cation exchange composition information in order to give direct estimates or constraints on the solubility products of these carbonate minerals: dolomite, siderite and strontianite. (hal.science)

Stability1

• In addition, it was confirmed that divalent cation crosslinking and partial reduction could strengthen mechanical stability during testing under harsh aqueous conditions (i.e., strong sonication). (gnu.ac.kr)

Chelating agents1

• Mg 2+ , or guanidinium salts), divalent cation chelating agents (e.g. (neb.com)

General1

• In general, all the divalent cations examined formed precipitates in the presence of at least some of the fatty acids examined, although the extent to which the divalent cation-fatty acid precipitates (soaps) formed varied depending on the cation and fatty acid present. (massey.ac.nz)

Study1

• Selective complexation of divalent cations by a cyclic α,β-peptoid hexamer: a spectroscopic and computational study. (hud.ac.uk)

Factors1

• Brown ID (1988) What factors determine cation coordination numbers. (springer.com)

Evidence1

• The evidence indicates that the divalent ions are deposited on, or in a pre-existing granule, possibly in exchange for other ions. (rupress.org)

Multiple1

• The complexity arises from the multiple ways in which divalent cations affect vesicle substrate and vesicle vesicle interactions as well as vesicle properties. (chalmers.se)