Catabolism of fatty acids ppar alpha. Medical search. Frequent questions

Together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPAR-alpha is part of the subfamily of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor regulating transcription of diverse gene sets involved in inflammation, metabolism, and suppressing tumor growth. (oncotarget.com)

The expression of regulatory molecules, TGF-β1/2, phospho-Akt (Ser473), PPARα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and acyl dehydrogenases was analyzed in virus-infected hepatocytes. (academic-accelerator.com)

PPAR𝛿 is expressed ubiquitously and is implicated in fatty acid oxidation and keratinocyte differentiation. (chewdigest.com)

Activation of fatty acid oxidation is facilitated by increased expression of CPT1 (which brings long-chain lipids into mitochondria) by PPAR-α. (wikipedia.org)
Carnitine plays a role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Aniamls fed GW-501516 along with a calorie-dense diet showed reducded obesity and improved insulin resistance, effects that were accompanied by enhanced metabolic rate and fatty acid β-oxidation, proliferation of mitochondria (the powerhouses of cells), and a significant reduction of lipid fat droplets in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
Classic fatty acid metabolism involves the breakdown of fatty acids by beta-oxidation within the mitochondria. (biomedcentral.com)
A shuttle system, composed of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt)1, translocase, and Cpt2, is required to transfer activated long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria. (biomedcentral.com)

Activation of PPAR-alpha promotes uptake, utilization, and catabolism of fatty acids by upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid transport, fatty acid binding and activation, and peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of rat L6 myotubes (skeletal muscle cells) treated with the PPARδ activator, GW-501516, by gene expression studies revealed that PPARδ controls fatty acid oxidation by regulating genes involved in fatty acid transport, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. (umbrellalabs.is)
Further biochemical analysis revealed that PPARγ-mediated lipid synthesis depletes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), consequently resulting in increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level that subsequently disrupted REDOX balance in lung cancer. (oncotarget.com)
However, the activated long-chain fatty acids, such as palmitoyl-CoA, cannot diffuse through the mitochondrial inner membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
In this work, we identified oroxylin A (OA), a dual GLUT1/mitochondrial fusion inhibitor, which restricted glucose catabolism of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and simultaneously inhibited mitochondrial fusion by disturbing SIRT1/PDK2/PARL axis. (bvsalud.org)

Calabresi L., N. Villa, M. Canavesi, C. R. Sirtori, R. W. James, F. Bernini, G. Franceschini (2004) An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate increases plasma high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol and paraoxonase levels in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. (edu.pl)

PPAR-α is a transcription factor regulated by free fatty acids, and is a major regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. (wikipedia.org)
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), the main metabolite of Creosote Bush, has been shown to have profound effects on the core components of metabolic syndrome, including lowering of blood glucose, free fatty acids and triglyceride levels, attenuating elevated blood pressure in several rodent models of dyslipidemia, and improving body weight, insulin resistance, diabetes and hypertension. (biomedcentral.com)

PPAR-α governs biological processes by altering the expression of a large number of target genes. (wikipedia.org)
Accordingly, the functional role of PPAR-alpha is directly related to the biological function of its target genes. (wikipedia.org)
Gene expression profiling studies have indicated that PPAR-alpha target genes number in the hundreds. (wikipedia.org)
Classical target genes of PPAR-alpha include PDK4, ACOX1, and CPT1. (wikipedia.org)
Low and high throughput gene expression analysis have allowed the creation of comprehensive maps illustrating the role of PPAR-alpha as master regulator of lipid metabolism via regulation of numerous genes involved in various aspects of lipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Meanwhile, triglyceride (TG) content was decreased and lipolysis genes expressions, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) were elevated in the jejunum and ileum of inulin and propionate treated mice. (academic-accelerator.com)
DNA microarray expression profiling indicated that dietary administration of NDGA upregulated the expression of certain genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and their transcription regulator, PPARα, decreased the expression of a number of lipogenic genes and relevant transcription factors, and differentially impacted the genes of fatty acid transporters, acetyl CoA synthetases, elongases, fatty acid desaturases and lipid clearance proteins in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings suggest that NDGA ameliorates hypertriglyceridemia and steatosis primarily by inhibiting lipogenesis and enhancing fatty acid catabolism in three major insulin responsive tissues by altering the expression of key enzyme genes and transcription factors involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)

Endogenous ligands include fatty acids such as arachidonic acid as well as other polyunsaturated fatty acids and various fatty acid-derived compounds such as certain members of the 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid family of arachidonic acid metabolites, e.g. 15(S)-HETE, 15(R)-HETE, and 15(S)-HpETE and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite. (wikipedia.org)
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), as selective PPARγ ligands, are insulin-sensitizing drugs widely prescribed for type 2 diabetic patients in the clinic. (oncotarget.com)
The aim of this review is to describe the data linking PPARα and PPARγ to NAFLD/NASH and to discuss the use of PPAR ligands for the treatment of NASH. (wjgnet.com)

PPAR-α also inhibits glycolysis, while promoting liver gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
PPAR delta agonists like GW-501516 (Cardarine) can increase the oxidation of fatty acids over glycolysis, signifying that lipids, not carbohydrates, are used for exercise. (pharmalabglobal.com)

Some studies suggest that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration reduces glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and this leads to reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
We found that ligand activation of PPARγ dramatically induced de novo lipid synthesis as well as fatty acid beta (β)-oxidation in lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)

After the degradation of damaged proteins and lipids, amino acids and fatty acids are released into the cytoplasm and recycled for new biosynthesis of cellular components or energy production [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

Lower PPAR-alpha expression levels are found in small and large intestine, skeletal muscle and adrenal gland. (wikipedia.org)
Similar PPARδ-mediated gene activation was observed in the skeletal muscle of GW-501516-treated animals. (umbrellalabs.is)
These results strongly suggest that PPARδ activated by GW-501516 is pivotal to control the program for fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle, thereby protecting against body fat increases and insulin resistance. (umbrellalabs.is)

In rodents, highest mRNA expression levels of PPAR-alpha are found in liver and brown adipose tissue, followed by heart and kidney. (wikipedia.org)
RNA-sequence analysis revealed that curcumin intake affected hepatic lipid metabolism via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, especially PPARα activation, resulting in increased Apoa2 mRNA expression. (elifesciences.org)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), also known as NR1C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 1), is a nuclear receptor protein functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARA gene. (wikipedia.org)
It was the first member of the PPAR family to be cloned in 1990 by Stephen Green and has been identified as the nuclear receptor for a diverse class of rodent hepatocarcinogens that causes proliferation of peroxisomes. (wikipedia.org)
These stimulate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, which controls the expression of gene products that mediate the metabolism of TG and HDL. (chewdigest.com)
In addition, 1.28% dietary methionine significantly induced fatty acid β-oxidation and lipolysis of the liver and muscle via increased carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha, lipoprotein lipase and lipase expression levels. (researchsquare.com)
Iodine has shown to exert powerful antiproliferative action ( prevent the spread of cancerous and tumor ) via PPARγ receptor activation. (men-elite.com)
It is presently unknown whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ activation prevents inflammation in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
It binds to and activates the PPARδ receptor, which is a crucial hormone-binding effector molecule whose activity is increased by exercise. (umbrellalabs.is)
In this study, the authors defined the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARδ) in metabolic homeostasis by using subtype selective activators. (umbrellalabs.is)
Here, we report that sumoylation of PPARγ couples lipid metabolism to tumor suppressive function of the receptor in lung cancer. (oncotarget.com)
The expression levels of LPL (lipoprotein lipase), HSL (Hormone-sensitive lipase), FAS (fatty acid synthase), and PPARα/PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma) were significantly changed in the sheep preadipocytes during differentiation for 7 days. (academic-accelerator.com)
05) expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and expressions for Ppara and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) in the liver of IUGR-C rats than the IUGR rats. (academic-accelerator.com)

Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate autophagy are not fully understood, recent work indicates that dysfunctional/impaired autophagic functions are associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (hindawi.com)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and can result in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)

Methionine is an essential amino acid, that affects the metabolism of protein, lipid and glucose. (researchsquare.com)
Long-chain n-3 fatty acids enhance neonatal insulin-regulated protein metabolism in piglets by differentially altering muscle lipid composition. (edu.pl)
Taken together, these results demonstrate that curcumin is a PPARα activator and may affect expression levels of proteins involved in amyloid deposition to influence amyloidosis and metabolism in a complex manner. (elifesciences.org)
More importantly, it turns out that PPARγ regulation of lipid metabolism was dependent on sumoylation of PPARγ. (oncotarget.com)
Therefore, liganded PPARγ sumoylation is not only critical for cellular lipid metabolism but also induces oxidative stress that contributes to tumor suppressive function of PPARγ. (oncotarget.com)
This study provides an important insight of future translational and clinical research into targeting PPARγ regulation of lipid metabolism in lung cancer patients accompanying type 2 diabetes. (oncotarget.com)

Various fatty acid oxidation-related metabolites were added during the reprogramming process. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acid oxidation-related metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (biomedcentral.com)

Autophagy prevents NAFLD and AFLD progression through enhanced lipid catabolism and decreasing hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and increased inflammation. (hindawi.com)
An estimated 30% of adults and 10% of children and adolescents in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as liver fat content exceeding 5% (Figure 1 )[ 1 - 3 ]. (wjgnet.com)

Human PPAR-alpha seems to be expressed more equally among various tissues, with high expression in liver, intestine, heart, and kidney. (wikipedia.org)
Mice lacking PPAR-alpha also have an impaired response to fasting, characterized by major metabolic perturbations including low plasma levels of ketone bodies, hypoglycemia, and fatty liver. (wikipedia.org)
PPAR-α, agonists may carry therapeutic value for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (wikipedia.org)
Both high sugar and low protein diets elevate the circulating liver hormone FGF21 in humans by means of PPAR-α, although this effect can be accompanied by FGF21-resistance. (wikipedia.org)
PPAR𝛼 is mainly expressed in the liver, where it activates fatty acid catabolism. (chewdigest.com)
The increase in liver weights was due to activation of PPARα and peroxisome proliferation. (elifesciences.org)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)

PPAR-α is primarily activated through ligand binding. (wikipedia.org)
which is a Docosanoid derivative of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA was isolated as an endogenous high affinity ligand for PPAR-alpha in the rat and mouse brain. (wikipedia.org)

Site-specific mutations in the heparin-binding region of apoA-V (amino acids 186 to 227) attenuated apoA-V rHDL TG-lowering activity by 50%, suggesting that this sequence element is required for optimal TG-lowering activity in vivo. (omicsdi.org)

Healthy animals injected with pro-inflammatory IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokines demonstrate 'sickness behavior' associated with social withdrawal [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), or hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA), includes a variety of conditions, ranging from mild to severe, in which concentrations of alpha lipoproteins or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are reduced. (medscape.com)
The major apolipoproteins of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are alpha lipoproteins (ie, apolipoprotein A-I [apo A-I], apo A-II, apo A-IV), which are soluble and can move between different classes of lipoproteins. (medscape.com)

Studies using mice lacking functional PPAR-alpha indicate that PPAR-α is essential for induction of peroxisome proliferation by a diverse set of synthetic compounds referred to as peroxisome proliferators. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, MEHP and perhaps 2-EHA and other di-carboxylic acid concentrations in the body were higher in mice or rats than marmosets when the same dose of DEHP was administered (Ito et al. (who.int)

Calder P. C. (2006) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. (edu.pl)
Can reduce inflammation by reducing TNF-alpha. (pharmalabglobal.com)
Possible uses in: atherosclerosis, cancer, gallbladder disease (curcumin increases bile acid output over 100%, and greatly increases the solubility of bile - may prevent and treat gall stones), rheumatoid arthritis, general inflammation. (chineseherbinfo.com)

That is because, unlike other endocannabinoids, its catabolism gives rise to those products (palmitic acid and ethanol amine), that do not produce side effects. (purerawz.co)
Electric pulse stimulation inhibited lipid accumulation on C2C12 myotubes incubated with oleic acid and palmitic acid. (academic-accelerator.com)

Clarke S. D., D. Jump (1997) Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate lipogenic and peroxisomal gene expression by independent mechanisms. (edu.pl)

Exogenous oleic acid alone successfully induced duck subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)

Clarke S. D. (2000) Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription: a mechanism to improve energy balance and insulin resistance. (edu.pl)
Clarke S. D. (2001) Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription: a molecular mechanism to improve the metabolic syndrome. (edu.pl)

Furthermore, palmitoylcarnitine or acetyl-CoA, the primary and final products of Cpt1-mediated fatty acid oxidation, also promoted reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, there is evidence that fatty acids interfere with very early stages of Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4) and hexokinase II activity [8]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

By comparing the gene expression profiles of somatic cells, intermediate-phase cells, and iPSCs, we found that carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt)1b, a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid oxidation, was significantly upregulated in the early stage of the reprogramming process. (biomedcentral.com)

PPAR-α is the pharmaceutical target of fibrates, a class of drugs used in the treatment of dyslipidemia. (wikipedia.org)
In pharmacology, the fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids. (chewdigest.com)
According to the ATP III, if a patient's TG levels are below 200 mg/dL (isolated low HDL cholesterol), the administration of drugs that increase HDL (fibrates or nicotinic acid) can be considered. (medscape.com)

Stenabolic sr9009 has the ability to activate rev-erb alpha (a specific group of proteins playing an important role in regulating the central. (powerful-quotes.com)

In macrophages, PPAR-α inhibits the uptake of glycated low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol), inhibits foam cell (atherosclerosis) formation, and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines. (wikipedia.org)

2-EH is metabolized mainly to carboxylic acid (mainly 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2HEA) via 2-ethylhexanal by catalytic action of ADH and ALDH (Albro PW and Lavenhar SR, 1989). (who.int)

In the early reprogramming process, fatty acid oxidation upregulated oxidative phosphorylation and downregulated protein kinase C activity. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrated that fatty acid oxidation promotes reprogramming by enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting protein kinase C activity in the early stage of the reprogramming process. (biomedcentral.com)

The 7(S) enantiomer bound with micromolar affity to PPAR alpha with 10 fold higher affinity compared to the (R) enantiomer and could trigger dendritic activation. (wikipedia.org)

Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, and the long-chain n-3 derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular, have been extensively researched for their nutritive effects. (edu.pl)

Fatty acid amides are a group of nitrogen-containing, lipid-soluble fatty acid derivatives. (purerawz.co)

Increased plasma free fatty acid concentration is associated with insulin resistance. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Albert C. M., H. Campos, M. J. Stampfer, P. M. Ridker, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, J. Ma (2002) Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. (edu.pl)

Here we report that phosphotungstic acid at high buffer salt concentrations plays a key role in rouleau formation. (omicsdi.org)

This study reveals that fatty acid oxidation is crucial for the reprogramming efficiency. (biomedcentral.com)

Cartwright I. J., A. G. Pockley, J. H. Galloway, M. Greaves, F. E. Preston (1985) The effects of dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, erythrocyte deformability and blood viscosity in healthy volunteers. (edu.pl)

In addition, MK-2866 protects lean tissue from catabolism (for example, dieting or high-frequency training). (pharmalabglobal.com)

Over 30 clinical trials involving more than 6,000 subjects have investigated the effects of this fatty acid on chronic pain as well as severe pain. (purerawz.co)

Expression of PPAR-α is highest in tissues that oxidize fatty acids at a rapid rate. (wikipedia.org)

The thyroid manufactures thyroid hormones in the gland from one molecule of the amino acid tyrosine and iodine-four iodine atoms per tyrosine molecule in the case of thyroxine (T4), and three iodine atoms in the case of triiodothyronine (T3). (men-elite.com)

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS- First, we examined whether the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)

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