Caspase cytochrome apoptotic protease activating factor 1. Medical search. Frequent questions

The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. (mdpi.com)
3 Pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cytochrome c and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC), are released from mitochondria into the cytosol where they participate in the activation of execution caspases. (nature.com)
Outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release are typically achieved by pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Bax and Bak. (nature.com)
Anti-apoptotic strategies include inhibition of caspase, poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP), and Bcl-2 proteins as well as induction of the PKB/Akt pathway and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
and the intrinsic pathway, which is activated by cellular stress and is regulated primarily at the level of mitochondria by the Bcl-2 family of proteins ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated in response to a variety of stress signals ( Willis and Adams, 2005 ), and a complex interplay of Bcl-2 proteins relays this signal to the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) to initiate Bak and Bax activation, oligomerisation and OM damage ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
The expression of caspase‑3, Bax, Bcl‑2, phosphorylated (p)‑p38MAPK/total (t‑)p38MAPK and p‑endothelial e nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/t‑eNOS proteins were determined by western blotting. (spandidos-publications.com)
A series of caspases proteins have been shown to be activated by the death induced signal complex [a form of death ligand that binds to the corresponding death receptor on the cell surface ( 13 )], which in turn induces apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
We found that LCH decreased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and AKT kinase activities and related activating signaling proteins including pEGFR and pAKT. (biomolther.org)
Active caspases can then cleave many proteins, including poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), other caspases and other protein substrates en masse. (bdbiosciences.com)
The expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was investigated by Western blotting. (researchsquare.com)
Western blot analysis revealed that VALD-3 upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax), downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin and XIAP) and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, Cyto-c and cleaved PARP. (researchsquare.com)
Caspase also recognises several structural proteins as substrates, leading to cleavage that is associated with distinct morphological changes in apoptotic cells, including chromatin condensation, nucleus fragmentation, and cytoplasmic integrity. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
PMID:14996496, table 1 provides links to papers that describe subcellular location of many pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. (geneontology.org)
BCL2 proteins are described as 'crucial regulators of apoptosis' (PMID:15868100)and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which results in the activation of caspases (15102863) - help in generating a defintion for intrinsic apoptosis? (geneontology.org)
does all activation of caspases require other proteins also involved in apoptosis - therefore shouldn't this term be a part of apoptosis? (geneontology.org)
Taken at face value, senile cataract is intimately associated with the increased risk of oxidative stress, which levies irrevocable changes in the lenticular proteins that impel the lens epithelial cells to the apoptotic phase. (molvis.org)
It has been previously shown that rbf1 pro-apoptotic activity depends on its ability to decrease the level of anti-apoptotic proteins such as the Bcl-2 family protein Buffy. (sdbonline.org)
The BH3 domain-only proteins effectively antagonize their apoptotic activities. (oncotarget.com)
Therefore, there is substantial interest in developing chemotherapeutic drugs that directly target pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins by mimicking the BH3 domain and unleashing pro-apoptotic molecules in tumor cells. (oncotarget.com)

These components are essential for forming a ternary complex called the apoptosome that activates Caspase-3 downstream of the intracellular or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
The extrinsic pathway is mediated by a variety of death receptor ligands, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas ligand (FaSL), that trigger apoptosis by binding to cell surface receptors. (cdc.gov)
In the intrinsic pathway, several adverse factors act upon mitochondria to cause loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in leakage into the cytosol of cytochrome C (Cyto C), which together with apoptotic protease activating factor 1 forms the apoptosome that activates caspase-9. (cdc.gov)
The other pathway is controlled by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and the subsequent ATP-dependent activation of the death regulator apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1). (diva-portal.org)
These results suggest that chemotherapeutic drug-induced caspase activation is entirely controlled by a receptor-independent mitochondrial pathway, whereas CD95-induced apoptosis can be regulated by a separate pathway not requiring Apaf-1 function. (diva-portal.org)
Disruption of the Apaf1 gene led to a dramatic decrease in apoptosis in the inner ear epithelium, severe morphogenetic defects and a significant size reduction of the membranous labyrinth, demonstrating that an Apaf1-dependent apoptotic pathway is necessary for normal inner ear development. (biologists.com)
This pathway most probably operates through the apoptosome complex because caspase 9 mutant mice suffered similar defects. (biologists.com)
By contrast, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway can activate caspases without the participation of mitochondria. (biologists.com)
However, in certain cell types, the extrinsic pathway also induces mitochondrial damage by cleaving the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bid to its activated truncated form (tBid), which leads to Bak and Bax activation. (biologists.com)
The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
There are two typical apoptotic pathways: The mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Caspases-9, -8 and -3 have been implicated in apoptosis-caspase-9 in the mitochondrial pathway, caspase-8 in the Fas/CD95 pathway, and caspase-3 more downstream, activated by multiple pathways. (bdbiosciences.com)
The results of the present study suggest that P. vivax infection induces apoptosis of CD4 + T cells mediated by two types of signaling: by activation of the TNFR1 death receptor (extrinsic pathway), which is amplified by Bid, and by decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (intrinsic pathway). (biomedcentral.com)
This article gives a comprehensive review of apoptosis, its mechanisms, how defects along the apoptotic pathway contribute to carcinogenesis and how apoptosis can be used as a vehicle of targeted treatment in cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. (geneontology.org)
The intrinsic apoptotic pathway has been chosen for a Reference Genome project as the curation work will complement and inform a planned apoptosis content meeting scheduled for June the 1st, assisted by domain experts from the Apo-Sys Consortium. (geneontology.org)
In addition, as the intrinsic apoptotic pathway seems to have evolved at the same time as multicellular organisms, whereas the extrinsic pathway is a more recent evolutionary development in veterbrates, it is felt the intrinsic mechanism was more suited to a multi-organism curation project. (geneontology.org)
Interestingly, rbf1 -induced apoptosis leads to a debcl - and drp1 -dependent Reactive Oxygen Species production, which in turn activates the Jun Kinase pathway to trigger cell death. (sdbonline.org)
In the present study, we observed that inactivation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway using ABT-737 dramatically increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bim via transcriptional and/or posttranslational regulation, in a cell type-dependent manner, inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of human oral cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
However, cancer cells use various strategies to avoid apoptotic cell death by modulating multiple key regulators of the apoptotic signaling pathway. (oncotarget.com)

Apoptotic pathways of cell death. (cdc.gov)
Communication between the pathways exists through cleavage of Bcl-2 interacting domain (Bid) by active caspase-8 to form truncated Bid (tBid). (cdc.gov)
These outcomes present sturdy proof that Cu-NPs can set off each intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways to mediate uterine harm, leading to oxidative stress-related modifications in gene expression. (caspase-14.com)
The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) or extrinsic (death receptor mediated) apoptotic pathways. (geneontology.org)
Therefore, there have been recent attempts to develop effective anticancer strategies targeting apoptotic signaling pathways [ 2 ], such as through inhibiting anti-apoptotic survival factors, which are likely overexpressed in many tumors and may confer drug-resistant phenotypes [ 2 , 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)

They can occur when MITOCHONDRIA become damaged due to cell stress and release CYTOCHROME C. Cytosolic cytochrome C associates with APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1 to form the apoptosomal protein complex. (bvsalud.org)
4 Although the mechanisms of caspase activation in the cytosol are well characterized, the steps that control cytochrome c release from mitochondria and thereby activate the apoptosis program have remained largely elusive. (nature.com)
and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induces Apoptosis through Downregulation of Bcl-2 and Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)

Enhanced apoptosis was correlated with loss of pro-survival factors (XIAP, bcl-2, bcl-xL), expression of pro-apoptotic markers (caspases 3/7, PARP cleavage) and enhanced cell cycle regulators p21 and p27. (biomedcentral.com)
GzB may also contribute to apoptosis induction through the cleavage of other cellular substrates including nuclear lamin B, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Isoform 2 lacks activity is an dominant-negative inhibitor of caspase-9. (nih.gov)
For instance, caspase-3 indirectly activates CAD (caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease) while inactivating ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease), which contributes to chromatin fragmentation in nucleosome units. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)

In addition, the present study indicated that treatment with GP suppressed the I/R-induced increase in the pro-apoptotic protein levels of Bax and cytochrome c and the activity of caspase-3/8, as well as the I/R-induced decrease in the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl‑2. (spandidos-publications.com)

This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. (nih.gov)
Caspase belongs to the cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease family, which gets activated by various signals such as death receptor ligation, DNA damage, serum starvation, and stresses. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)

Cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and apoptotic chromatin condensation were unchanged in all mutant fibroblasts. (nature.com)

One is mediated by recruitment of the proximal regulator caspase-8 to the death receptor complex. (diva-portal.org)

In all cases, apoptosis is mediated by caspases, although it is unclear how these diverse apoptotic stimuli cause protease activation. (diva-portal.org)

2 (Bcl-2) expression, and elevated the expression of apoptotic peptidase activating issue 1 (Apaf-1), BCL2-associated X, apoptosis regulator (Bax), and cytochrome c. (caspase-14.com)

The individual synthetic tetrapeptide substrates, together with the caspase inhibitors and active caspase enzymes, offer flexibility in the experimental design of a caspase activity assay. (bdbiosciences.com)
Active caspase identifies multiple molecules as substrates and cleaves them, leading to biological events associated with apoptosis. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
MBLI 's APOPCYTO Caspase-3,8,9 Colorimetric Assay Kit detects caspase activity in cell extract with LEHD-pNA as a substrate, in which LEHD sequence is recognised by each active caspase selectively. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)

One of the most consistently observed characteristics of apoptosis is the activation of a series of cytosolic proteases called caspases. (bdbiosciences.com)

Our previous report showed that FO inhibits HCC cell invasion via AKT-, mitogen-activated protein kinase- (MAPK-), and EMT-related signals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. (nih.gov)

Caspases are activated upon cleavage at aspartate residues during the earliest stages of apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
All are based on the use of synthetic tetrapeptide substrates that are designed such that proteolytic cleavage by active human or mouse caspases results in release of a fluorophore or chromophore. (bdbiosciences.com)
GzB primarily initiates apoptosis either through direct proteolytic processing and activation of initiator (caspase 8) or executioner (caspases 3 and 7) caspases, or through disruption of mitochondrial outer membrane potential via cleavage of the Bid protein [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)
Low ATP concentrations in hypoxic tumour cells disable the apoptotic cascade and induce cell death by necrosis. (bmj.com)
it both initiates a proteolytic cascade of pro-apoptotic enzymes and damages mitochondrial function. (biologists.com)
Cytochrome c then forms a multi-protein complex known as the 'apoptosome' and initiates activation of the caspase cascade through caspase 9. (geneontology.org)
Total RNA was isolated on P16, and the relative abundance of mRNA of the crystallin structural genes, redox components, and apoptotic cascade were ascertained with real-time PCR with reference to the internal control β-actin . (molvis.org)
C-PC treatment possibly prevented cataractogenesis triggered by sodium selenite, by regulating the lens crystallin, redox genes, and apoptotic cascade mRNA expression and thus maintains lens transparency. (molvis.org)

HCC cell lines were maintained in high glucose DMEM (Invitrogen, California, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies) and 1% (100 U/mL) penicillin-streptomycin (Life Technologies), then sustained at 37°C in a humidified incubator at 5% CO 2 . (hindawi.com)
PCD has fundamental functions in tissue development and homeostasis, as PCD is activated to sculpt or remove structures, regulate cell numbers, and eliminate unnecessary or dysfunctional cells. (nature.com)
Solanum nigrum (SN) is a herb with anticancer effects such as destruction of tumor cell membrane, induction of apoptosis by NF-kappaB, caspase activation, nitric oxide production and inhibition of angiogenesis [ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
A previous study reported that the extract of the whole plant of SN activated cell death in hepatoma cells through autophagy and apoptosis [ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
The breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1 cell lines were analyzed using MTT assay, flow cytometry, and spectrophotometric methods. (mdpi.com)
Metastasis to the colon was diagnosed as small-cell lung cancer based on local positivity for thyroid transcription factor-1 and morphologic and immunochemical features. (bvsalud.org)
In Apaf1 -/- /Bcl2l -/- double mutant embryos, no cell death could be detected in the otic epithelium,demonstrating that the cell death regulated by the anti-apoptotic Bcl2l isoform, Bcl-X L in the otic epithelium is Apaf1-dependent. (biologists.com)
They play a substantial role in survival and cell death, since pro-apoptotic signals can propagate through them. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) is the point of no return in many forms of apoptotic cell death. (biologists.com)
Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. (nih.gov)
Other factors have since been linked with the decision by plant cells to activate cell death, including cell survival signals, stress signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition and metabolic state. (essaywriter.org)
The populations of cells that are stained with annexin V only represent the apoptotic cell populations. (bdbiosciences.com)
Morphological alterations of apoptotic cell death that concern both the nucleus and the cytoplasm are remarkably similar across cell types and species [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
APOPCYTO Caspase-3,8,9 Colorimetric Assay Kits are composed of reagents necessary for the detection, which includes Cell Lysis buffer, Reaction buffer and so on. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death involving the degradation of cellular constituents by a group of cysteine proteases called caspases. (geneontology.org)
Although the presence of active caspases and DNA fragmentation is helpful in identifying possible apoptosis, they should not be employed as an exclusive means to demonstrate this process as apototic cell death can occur without DNA fragmentation or caspase activity. (geneontology.org)
Cell death is frequently considered to be 'caspase-dependent' when it is suppressed by broad-spectrum caspase inhibitors such as N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk). (geneontology.org)
Apoptosis (/̩æ.pəpˈtō.səs/ [1] ) is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. (wikidoc.org)

However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
In accordance with its tumor suppressor role, the Retinoblastoma protein pRb can ensure pro-apoptotic functions. (sdbonline.org)

The apoptotic process is characterized by certain morphological features. (bdbiosciences.com)

His laboratory developed an in vitro assay for the activation of the apoptosis related proteinase Caspase-3. (wikipedia.org)
BD Biosciences also offers a range of tools for caspase activity assays from individual fluorogenic peptide substrates and inhibitors, to kits, to ready-to-use assay plates. (bdbiosciences.com)

Many external factors are implicated with carcinogenesis, one of which are reactive oxygen species. (5dok.net)

Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) can prevent caspase activation under certain conditions. (cdc.gov)

Binding of caspase-9 to Apaf-1 leads to activation of the protease which then cleaves and activates caspase-3. (nih.gov)

In contrast, inhibition of ATP production did not affect caspase activation after triggering of CD95. (diva-portal.org)

Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. (nih.gov)

In the final stages of the process, dying cells become fragmented into apoptotic bodies and consequently are eliminated by phagocytic cells without significant inflammatory damage to surrounding cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Usually phagocytic cells engulf apoptotic cells before apoptotic bodies occur. (biomedcentral.com)

Osteocytes compose lacunar-canalicular network by their cytoplasmic dendrites that connect them to each other and to cells on the bone surface, important for intracellular and extracellular communication (Figure 1 ) [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since intracellular annexin V is also exposed if the plasma membrane is compromised, a membrane-impermeant dye such as 7-AAD is commonly used to distinguish between apoptotic and dead cells to exclude the dead cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
The versatile regulation of intracellular redox components is the primary factor in lens homeostasis. (molvis.org)

Breaching the mitochondrial OM releases apoptogenic factors, including cytochrome c and DIABLO (also known as Smac), which activate a group of aspartate-specific proteases known as caspases ( Youle and Strasser, 2008 ). (biologists.com)

Different adhesion molecules are required for apoptosis, particularly caspase family as well as noncaspase proteases. (biomedcentral.com)
or by developing prodrugs that are activated by ROS molecules. (5dok.net)

By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

However, the ability of HPV-infected cells to resist apoptotic signals renders such therapies ineffective. (mdpi.com)
The apoptosome signals apoptosis by binding to and activating specific INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. (bvsalud.org)
As it is presented in this schematic presentation, HC composing connexon placing on the body of osteocytes and osteoblasts respond to different signals which then control the transmission of different factors among are PGE2, ATP, and PNS. (biomedcentral.com)

The severity of hypoxia determines whether cells become apoptotic or adapt to hypoxia and survive. (bmj.com)
Cells will adapt by activating the expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptation, such as those involved in glycolysis. (bmj.com)
Breast cancer cells were treated with varying concentrations (1 to 5 mg/ml) of Solanum nigrum extract for 24 and 48 h. (ijpsonline.com)
Western blot analysis of extracts from Jurkat, PC12 and C2C12 cells, using Apaf-1 Antibody. (cellsignal.com)
These proteases are responsible for the dismantling of cells during apoptosis. (nature.com)
To test the relevance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptotic processes, we here employed a genetically well-defined system of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) devoid of any ADF/cofilin activity and challenged these cells with well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
In normal cells, the fate of pyruvate depends on many factors, one of which is oxygen availability. (hindawi.com)
In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
Changes in the plasma membrane are one of the characteristics of the apoptotic process detected in living cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of VALD-3, a Schiff base ligand synthesized from o-vanillin derivatives, on human breast cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
the prodrug approach may be truly selective because it requires the aberrant high ROS levels in cancer cells to activate it. (5dok.net)
Exposure of cells to either octanoic acid (C8:0), a C8-ceramide hydrolysis product, or oleic acid (C18:1) did not affect MDR1 expression. (sphingolipidclub.com)
rbf1 , the Drosophila homolog of Rb , also displays a pro- apoptotic activity in proliferative cells. (sdbonline.org)
The serine protease Granzyme B (GzB) is primarily expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and functions in allowing these cells to induce apoptosis in virally-infected or transformed cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Granzyme B (GzB) is a serine protease found in the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Prevention of ATP production completely inhibited caspase activation and apoptosis in response to chemotherapeutic drugs and staurosporine. (diva-portal.org)
Oligomeric Apaf-1 mediates the cytochrome c-dependent autocatalytic activation of pro-caspase-9 (Apaf-3), leading to the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. (wuxibiortus.com)
PI3K is activated by growth factors resulting in, among others, the activation of Akt and mTOR. (hindawi.com)
should the term ['GO:0006919] activation of caspase activity' be a child of positive regulation of apoptosis or induction of apoptosis rather than directly to apoptosis? (geneontology.org)

Among the many regulatory factors, overexpression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members may promote resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs in many tumors. (oncotarget.com)

We recently reported that a key step leading to Bak homo-oligomerisation following an apoptotic stimulus involves transient exposure of the Bak BH3 domain before it binds to the hydrophobic groove of another activated Bak molecule to form a novel symmetric dimer. (biologists.com)

Autophagy/macroautophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process characterized by increased formation of double-membrane autophagosomes for the sequestration of cytoplasmic components and subsequent degradation after autophagosome fusion with lysosomes 1 , 2 . (nature.com)

In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. (geneontology.org)

In conclusion, the present study indicated that GP effectively protected against I/R-induced hepatic injury via its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic bioactivity. (spandidos-publications.com)

The expression levels of caspase‑3, Bax and Bcl‑2 mRNA were determined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). (spandidos-publications.com)

FLIP, Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1β converting enzyme-like inhibitory protein. (cdc.gov)

Various mechanical, hormonal, and biochemical factors affect the expression and function of GJC. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can regulate the expression of apoptotic factors, including caspase‑3, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax). (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, an increased protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the liver tissues of the I/R mice was attenuated by the administration of GP. (spandidos-publications.com)
This suggests that GzB expression may be a factor contributing to the favourable response of this lymphoma to treatment. (biomedcentral.com)

1 Severe hypoxia causes a high mutation rate, resulting in point mutations, which may be explained by reduced DNA mismatch repair activity resulting from decreased MLH1 and PMS2 concentrations, which are caused by hypoxia. (bmj.com)
To elucidate the general importance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptosis, we exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for n-cofilin, ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), or all ADF/cofilin isoforms to well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
Multi-caspase activity was induced by LCH treatment and confirmed by Z-VAD-FMK treatment. (biomolther.org)
Luminescent and colorimetric assays were used to test caspases 3/7 and ATX activity. (biomedcentral.com)
The detection of caspase activity is crucial for apoptosis research. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)

In a fasting state, increased glucagon and epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion induce autophagy, and glucocorticoids have also been shown to induce autophagy by stimulating the transcription of autophagy genes such as ATG5, LC3, and Beclin-1 in various tissues 8 . (nature.com)
Real-time PCR analysis showed the crystallin genes ( αA- , βB1- , γD- ) and redox cycle components ( Cat , SOD-1 , Gpx ) were downregulated, the apoptotic components were upregulated, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 was downregulated in Group II. (molvis.org)

Drug resistance to currently used chemotherapies is the fundamental cause of recurrence and poor overall survival in ovarian cancer patients [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Apoptosis evasion contributes to therapeutic resistance to conventional chemotherapy and accounts for the so-called 'poor responders' [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)

5 Actin dynamics critically depend on members of the ADF/cofilin family that comprises muscle cofilin (m-cofilin), non-muscle cofilin (n-cofilin), and ADF (actin depolymerizing factor). (nature.com)

Obtained outcomes recommend that examined lipid mediators are concerned in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-independent and PPAR-dependent modulation of cardiac inflammatory reactions. (caspase-14.com)

LPS (also referred to as endotoxin) is one of the important virulence factors that is known to mediate inflammation and apoptosis ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Inflammatory dysregulation resulting from each organ failure results in rising levels of circulating chemokines, cytokines and activated lymphocytes [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy24

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