• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • To better understand the relation between several childproofing strategies and the risk of injuries to children in the home, we undertook a multicentre case-control study in which we compared hazards in the homes of children with and without injuries. (cmaj.ca)
  • This is the first multicentre case-control study in Northwest Ethiopia to investigate determinants for tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected adults. (bmj.com)
  • A case-control study is often used to produce an odds ratio, which is an inferior measure of strength of association compared to relative risk, but new statistical methods make it possible to use a case-control study to estimate relative risk, risk differences, and other quantities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methods In this matched case-control study, residential fire fatalities (cases, n=850) (age above 19 years old) were identified in the national register on fatal fires. (bmj.com)
  • METHODS AND RESULTS: All 572 cases of CHD reported in the Eurocat Registry of Vaud-Switzerland between 1.5.2003 and 31.12.2008 were analysed and compared with the cases in our clinical database. (smw.ch)
  • Methods: This population-based study investigated were shown to be statistically associated with the development an occupation that was classified according to the International of cancer of the oropharynx with Odds Ratio (OR) ranging from Standard Classification of Occupations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two hundred eighty-four histologically confirmed patients of bronchogenic carcinoma and 852 controls matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status were interviewed according to a predesigned questionnaire. (nih.gov)
  • A case-control study of 1625 histologically confirmed cases of lung cancer and 3091 controls matched for sex, age, hospital admission, and interviewer was conducted in France between 1976 and 1980. (bmj.com)
  • citation needed] The case-control study is frequently contrasted with cohort studies, wherein exposed and unexposed subjects are observed until they develop an outcome of interest. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, ers, butchers and motorized vehicle drivers are in a situation of the majority of associations were not shown to be statistically risk for this type of tumor, irrespective of age, alcohol and to- significant, and cohort studies did not control the confounding bacco consumption. (bvsalud.org)
  • A case-control study (also known as case-referent study) is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute. (wikipedia.org)
  • The case-control is a type of epidemiological observational study. (wikipedia.org)
  • An observational study is a study in which subjects are not randomized to the exposed or unexposed groups, rather the subjects are observed in order to determine both their exposure and their outcome status and the exposure status is thus not determined by the researcher. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this large retrospective observational study, we examined the association between alcohol use patterns and incident cataract surgery using the data of the Inpatient Clinico-Occupational Database of Rosai Hospital Group (ICOD-R), a nationwide multicentre hospital-based inpatient registry database in Japan. (nature.com)
  • A retrospective study, on the other hand, looks backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pathologic ventricular hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic mothers: a retrospective study. (smw.ch)
  • The prevalence of positive drivers in the driving population was estimated by standardising controls on drivers not at fault who were involved in crashes resulting in slight injuries. (bmj.com)
  • AIMS: This study evaluated the evolution of the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) between 2003 and 2008 and its repercussion for the CHD prevalence rate at birth in a well-defined population (Canton of Vaud, Switzerland). (smw.ch)
  • In this group, 85.7% of cases resulted in a termination of pregnancy, and there was a consequent 75% reduction in the prevalence of severe major cardiac malformation at birth. (smw.ch)
  • Controls should come from the same population as the cases, and their selection should be independent of the exposures of interest. (wikipedia.org)
  • A total of 60 cases and 120 controls were interviewed about various exposures within 6 months prior to admission. (who.int)
  • A study that compares exposures of people who have a disease or condition (cases) with people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). (cdc.gov)
  • Exposures that are more common among the cases may be considered as possible risk factors for the disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Participants A total of 446 individuals consented to participate in the study (150 cases and 296 controls). (bmj.com)
  • PARTICIPANTS: There were 447 patients hospitalised for sepsis (cases), and 541. (lu.se)
  • PARTICIPANTS: There were 447 patients hospitalised for sepsis (cases), and 541 hospitalised for other causes (control) identified through clinical chart review. (lu.se)
  • This study aimed to verify and compare the QoL between individuals with (cases) and without DFD but with routine dental needs (controls), totalizing 106 participants. (bvsalud.org)
  • citation needed] Porta's Dictionary of Epidemiology defines the case-control study as: an observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or another outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison group, reference group). (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolution of resource allocation for prevention and control of TB in health department funding reflects the changing epidemiology of TB, new treatment guidelines, and the emergence of indicators to monitor program performance-all taking place in the context of flat funding for TB programs. (cdc.gov)
  • The study was designed to investigate the etiology and epidemiology of sporadic cryptosporidiosis. (cdc.gov)
  • citation needed] As with any epidemiological study, greater numbers in the study will increase the power of the study. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in a study trying to show that people who smoke (the attribute) are more likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer (the outcome), the cases would be persons with lung cancer, the controls would be persons without lung cancer (not necessarily healthy), and some of each group would be smokers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Occupational risk factors of lung cancer in a French case-control study. (bmj.com)
  • The results presented concern the effects of different occupations on the occurrence of lung cancer among 1334 male cases and 2409 matched controls. (bmj.com)
  • The aim of the study was to assess the effect of residential radon exposure on the risk of lung cancer in never-smokers and to ascertain if environmental tobacco smoke modifies the effect of residential radon. (ersjournals.com)
  • Cases had an anatomopathologically confirmed primary lung cancer and controls were recruited from individuals undergoing minor, non-oncological surgery. (ersjournals.com)
  • A case-control study was conducted in the North West of England and Wales from February 2001 to May 2002. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study identified that the risks of neonatal tetanus in the studied neonatal patients from Wenzhou were associated with untrained birth attendant, unsterile method of delivery and poor cord hygiene. (who.int)
  • The matched control subjects were children who presented during the same period with acute non-injury-related conditions. (cmaj.ca)
  • The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes between laparoscopic and open colectomies in acute emergency situations. (sages.org)
  • To better define risk factors associated with HBV transmission, we conducted a case-control study among patients admitted with acute hepatitis to an infectious disease hospital in Cairo. (who.int)
  • These rare cases can then present at or about term with acute signs and symptoms of maternal or fetal distress, necessitating prompt surgical intervention. (medscape.com)
  • This was a case-control study evaluating 14,861 patients with incident cataract surgery and 14,861 matched controls. (nature.com)
  • We report a case-control study of sporadic cryptosporidiosis with genotyping of isolates from case-patients. (cdc.gov)
  • A postal questionnaire was completed by 427 patients and 427 controls. (cdc.gov)
  • From patients enrolled in the National Health Insurance program between 2005 and 2011, we identified 2 subsets: 5,394 cases, who had major depression in 1997-2004 and subsequently were diagnosed with dementia ( ICD-9-CM code 290) in 2005-2011, and 5,232 controls, who had major depression in 2005-2011 but no dementia history. (psychiatrist.com)
  • These cases were matched for age, surgical diagnosis and type of surgery with patients who underwent emergency open colectomies. (sages.org)
  • OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare readmissions and death between sepsis and non-sepsis hospitalisations the first year after discharge, and to investigate what diagnoses patients with sepsis present with at readmission. (lu.se)
  • Univariate analysis revealed HBV case-patients were more likely to report providing injections to relatives or friends, injecting drug use, exposure to a household contact with hepatitis, exposure to invasive medical procedures and being in the military. (who.int)
  • 1000 µg/L or a diagnosis of hemochromatosis or thalassemia - were 60% more likely to have an osteoporotic fracture during an up to 10-year follow-up than matched control patients, in a large study. (medscape.com)
  • Compared with control patients, those with iron overload had a roughly twofold increased risk of a vertebral fracture, as well as an increased risk of a hip or humerus fracture, but not a forearm fracture. (medscape.com)
  • The study shows that once patients have an iron overload of more than 1000 µg/L, we need to be doing regular checks for their BMD and figuring how to best minimize their fracture risk. (medscape.com)
  • They matched each iron overload patient with up to 10 control patients based on age, sex, year, and general practitioner, for a total of 198,037 control patients. (medscape.com)
  • During follow-up there were 777 fractures in the iron-overload patients (9.61 fractures per 1000 patient-years) and 4344 fractures in the control group (4.68 fractures per 1000 patient-years). (medscape.com)
  • A prospective study watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor(s). (wikipedia.org)
  • A systematic review found that the incidence of complications, such as premature delivery, need for cesarean section, and poor perinatal outcomes, was lower among cases of uterine incarceration that were diagnosed before 20 weeks of gestation. (medscape.com)
  • If a larger proportion of the cases smoke than the controls, that suggests, but does not conclusively show, that the hypothesis is valid. (wikipedia.org)
  • 10% of all cases of Cryptosporidium infection ( 2 , 3 ), although a further proportion of cases will likely be associated with undetected outbreaks ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Cases did not differ from controls in the mean proportion of home hazards. (cmaj.ca)
  • The potential risk factors of the neonatal tetanus group were compared with the control group using univariate analysis. (who.int)
  • Objectives This study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and residential fire fatalities in Sweden. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions In this study, we show that fatalities due to residential fires in Sweden are associated with some but not all of previously published sociodemographic risk factors. (bmj.com)
  • In a recent case-control study of antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm babies we found associations between chorioamnionitis, prolonged rupture of membranes, and maternal infection and an increased risk of cerebral palsy. (bmj.com)
  • The effectiveness of insecticide-impregnated bed nets in reducing cases of malaria infection: a meta-analysis of published results. (ajtmh.org)
  • Efforts should be made to implement strict infection control standards in Egypt. (who.int)
  • Techdirt's think tank, the Copia Institute, is working with the Trust & Safety Professional Association and its sister organization, the Trust & Safety Foundation , to produce an ongoing series of case studies about content moderation decisions. (techdirt.com)
  • These case studies are presented in a neutral fashion, not aiming to criticize or applaud any particular decision, but to highlight the many different challenges that content moderators face and the tradeoffs they result in. (techdirt.com)
  • For example, the five-year average was changed to a three-year average so that funding levels can rapidly reflect changes in case burden. (cdc.gov)
  • This is the first large population study on this topic," although there have been a few case reports, Burden explained to Medscape Medical News in an interview. (medscape.com)
  • The study identified determinants for TB that will be important for prioritising TB screening, treatment, prevention and control. (bmj.com)
  • The advent of HIV was a massive setback for the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB). (bmj.com)
  • Logistic regression analysis revealed that the untrained birth attendants was significantly higher in the tetanus group than the control group (OR=61.39, 95% CI 1.60, 354.33). (who.int)
  • The study usually involves taking a cohort of subjects and watching them over a long period. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 351 case subjects were children aged 7 years and less who presented with injuries from falls, burns or scalds, ingestions or choking. (cmaj.ca)
  • We included all fatal crashes resulting in immediate death (including pedestrian fatalities) in the study. (bmj.com)
  • There is a lack of consideration of the interrelation between sociodemographic factors and fire fatalities and there is a lack of high quality large-scale studies. (bmj.com)
  • This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with neonatal tetanus in Wenzhou, China. (who.int)
  • Medical records of neonatal tetanus cases in 17 hospitals over an 8-year period (2005-2012) were reviewed for potential risk factors. (who.int)
  • Preventive measures directed to the pregnant floating population may reduce the occurrence of neonatal tetanus in the studied area. (who.int)
  • Zhou Z-M, Shi H-Y, Xu Y, Hu C-S, Zhang X-M, Zhao L-N, Xie Z-K. Risk factors of neonatal tetanus in Wenzhou, China: a case-control study. (who.int)
  • The proportional distributions of antidepressant use and comorbidities in the dementia case and nondementia control groups were compared. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Controls can carry the same disease as the experimental group, but of another grade/severity, therefore being different from the outcome of interest. (wikipedia.org)
  • ynx (OSCC)11 Workers in mechanical and industrial workshops, Studies have analyzed the relationship between occupation- such as metal works and petrochemical plants, as well as paint- al exposure and risk for cancer of the oral cavity2-10. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, because the difference between the cases and the controls will be smaller, this results in a lower power to detect an exposure effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results 681 drivers were positive for cannabis (cases 8.8%, controls 2.8%), including 285 with an illegal blood alcohol concentration (0.5 g/l). (bmj.com)
  • Objective: This study aimed to verify and compare the impacts of and differences in QoL in individuals with and without DFD. (bvsalud.org)
  • Design Population based case-control study. (bmj.com)
  • We investigated utilization using Swedish registry data and a case-control design. (psychiatrist.com)
  • As we used a retrospective case-control approach, no temporal relationship could be established and the study design did not allow proof of causation. (bmj.com)
  • DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study with data validated through clinical chart review. (lu.se)
  • 8 Finally, findings of 3 observational studies provided evidence for an association between smoke detector use and reduced fire-related injuries. (cmaj.ca)
  • System integrator case studies show the benefits of in-depth data analysis. (controleng.com)
  • Data warehousing provides an opportunity to gather, integrate, and analyze industrial data to determine new opportunities, explained Matt Ruth, president of Avanceon, explain case studies and answer questions about data analytics in the April 21, 2022, webcast, "Just enough industrial data analysis? (controleng.com)
  • Understand what two case studies can teach about industrial data analysis. (controleng.com)
  • Compare and contrast differences in a large-scale, multi-plant data analytics project and a local process control data analytics effort. (controleng.com)
  • A pair of case studies provide instructive examples about industrial data analysis. (controleng.com)
  • A local process control data analytics effort involves PID loop tuning modifications. (controleng.com)
  • We pursued a 1:2 matching of a control group by collecting data of PwMS without history of previous COVID-19 (MS-NCOVID, n = 292). (springer.com)
  • 1 , 2 To further study medical and psychiatric morbidity in BED, we investigated prescription medication utilization before and after BED diagnosis using Swedish national register data. (psychiatrist.com)
  • guidelines and planning preventive actions for the control of cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Singleton babies born between 1984 and 1990 at less than 32 weeks' gestation who survived to discharge from hospital: 59 with cerebral palsy and 234 randomly selected controls without cerebral palsy. (bmj.com)
  • Four controls per case were randomly matched by gender and age. (bmj.com)
  • Cases were HIV-infected adults diagnosed with active TB, and controls were HIV-infected adults without active TB. (bmj.com)
  • This study reaffirmed that HAART and IPT are some of the best strategies for reducing TB occurrence in HIV-infected adults. (bmj.com)
  • CDC provides financial and technical assistance to state, local, and territorial health and educational agencies to implement high-impact programs to prevent and control youth risk behaviors, HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, STDs, and tuberculosis (TB). (cdc.gov)
  • The study received ethical approval from the Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee, relevant local Research Ethics Committees, and the Public Health Laboratory Service Research Ethics Committee. (cdc.gov)
  • A population-based retrospective case-control analysis was conducted using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Malaria control reinvented: health sector reform and strategy development in Colombia. (ajtmh.org)
  • inclusion of sick people is sometimes appropriate, as the control group should represent those at risk of becoming a case. (wikipedia.org)
  • and 532 were part of a ing with a partner may be raised as possible risk factors for the control group, paired by age, gender, place and smoking habit, development of cancer of the mouth and oropharynx. (bvsalud.org)
  • Any one of a group of diseases that occur when cells in the body become abnormal and grow or multiply out of control. (cdc.gov)
  • Above all, because of the limited number of studies that examined the association between ARC and alcohol consumption, studies in different ethnicities remain warranted 4 . (nature.com)
  • One, from New Mexico, found an association with drinking water, although cases may possibly have represented an undetected outbreak ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The other study, from Australia, found a borderline association with drinking bottled water. (cdc.gov)
  • Observational studies have shown a possible association of uterine prolapse with uterine retroversion. (medscape.com)
  • Only one substantive case-control study of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in the immune-competent population has been conducted in an industrialized nation ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • CONCLUSION: This study shows that the prenatal detection rate for CHD increased in a well-defined population over the study period. (smw.ch)
  • However, few studies have examined the relation between the presence of hazards and the risk of injuries upon which these interventions depend. (cmaj.ca)
  • A systematic review of interventions to increase smoke detector use identified only 2 of 29 studies in which both smoke detector use and burn-related injuries were measured. (cmaj.ca)
  • 5 A systematic review of 22 interventions designed to reduce home injuries called for more observational studies to better understand the relation between hazards and injuries. (cmaj.ca)
  • An index date was derived for each control, which was the date of diagnosis of BED in the corresponding case. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Cases also had higher odds of prescription use than controls across most categories within 12 months after diagnosis. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Most uncommonly, cases of chronic uterine retroversion/incarceration develop uterine sacculation. (medscape.com)
  • Grandjean H, Larroque D, Levi S. The performance of routine ultrasonographic screening of pregnancies in the Eurofetus Study. (smw.ch)
  • Experimental studies have shown that consumption of cannabis diminishes the faculties needed for vehicle driving. (bmj.com)
  • Only a minority of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to date have supported the relation between reduction in home hazards and reduction in injuries. (cmaj.ca)
  • A few observational studies have provided evidence for a direct relation between specific hazards and specific injuries. (cmaj.ca)
  • 10 Recent studies have highlighted the importance of focusing analyses on the detection of Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol in the blood. (bmj.com)
  • Individuals with BED had increased utilization of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric medications compared with matched controls. (psychiatrist.com)
  • The cord was cut without taking disinfection measures in the majority of tetanus cases. (who.int)
  • All efforts should be made to avoid sources of bias such as the loss of individuals to follow up during the study. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cases were identified from Riksät and Stepwise longitudinal registers and were individuals diagnosed with BED per DSM-IV-TR criteria between July 1, 2006, and December 31, 2009, at eating disorder clinics (n = 238, 96% female, mean age = 22.8 years). (psychiatrist.com)
  • We included 521 individuals, 192 cases and 329 controls, 21% were males. (ersjournals.com)
  • In this study, we compared two samples, totaling 106 respondents: 53 individuals with some degree of DFD, classified as Angle's Class II or Class III (23 males and 30 females), and 53 individuals without DFD, classified Angle's Class I (23 males and 30 females). (bvsalud.org)
  • In one study, the introduction of child-resistant containers was associated with a reduction in the number of deaths caused by ingestion of prescription drugs. (cmaj.ca)
  • It described multiple cases of child exploitation that we found on the app, and claimed that it did not appear that the company was doing much to deal with the problem, which seemed especially concerning given that over half of its users base was under 24 years of age. (techdirt.com)
  • Now this new study has found an increase in fractures in such people, he noted. (medscape.com)
  • In 2020, ARC reportedly caused 78.8 million cases of moderate and severe visual impairment and 15.2 million cases of blindness 1 . (nature.com)
  • When all cryptosporidiosis cases were analyzed, three variables were strongly associated with illness: travel outside the United Kingdom, contact with another person with diarrhea, and touching cattle. (cdc.gov)