Cargo cell nucleus. Medical search. Frequent questions

Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound subcompartments, a number of nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
14 Embedded within the inner membrane, various proteins bind the intermediate filaments that give the nucleus its structure. (wikipedia.org)
This size selectively allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules, such as nucleic acids and larger proteins, from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
As the control center of the cell, the nucleus must be able to exchange important messenger molecules, metabolites or proteins with the rest of the cell. (mpg.de)
The researchers deploy the virus by attaching small proteins, called signal peptides, to its exterior that cause the virus to "seek out" particular cells, such as cancer cells. (eurekalert.org)
Devising a method for more precise and less invasive treatment of cancer tumors, a team led by researchers from the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science has developed a degradable nanoscale shell to carry proteins to cancer cells and stunt the growth of tumors without damaging healthy cells. (understandingnano.com)
The polymer shells are developed under mild physiological conditions so as not to alter the chemical structure of the proteins or cause them to clump, preserving their effectiveness on the cancer cells. (understandingnano.com)
Tang's group continues to research ways of more precisely targeting tumors, prolonging the circulation time of the capsules and delivering other highly sought-after proteins to cancer cells. (understandingnano.com)
Importins, proteins that transport macromolecules into the nucleus, interact with cargo and regulatory molecules at different times in the transport cycle. (nature.com)
This mouse embryo cell moves around thanks to two proteins - actin (purple) and myosin (green) - dancing in sync. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Actin proteins (red) help this monkey cell create surface pockets (green) by which they can engulf nutrients from outside. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Actin proteins (purple) let this monkey cell form "ruffles" that help the cell crawl along a surface. (cosmosmagazine.com)
These are the messengers that carry genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where they are then translated into proteins. (evolutionnews.org)
Once the mRNA reaches the cytoplasmic side, it must surrender the ticket - otherwise, the mRNA could travel back into the nucleus, and the proteins it encodes wouldn't get made. (evolutionnews.org)
For instance, how can cells control the diverse patterns of glycosylation of various secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in an orderly manner with high accuracy? (go.jp)
The karyopherin protein exportin 1 (XPO1) facilitates the shuttling of hundreds of its cargo proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (osc.edu)
They import proteins and viruses into the nucleus and export ribonucleic acids and proteins into the cell cytoplasm," explained Lemke, describing the function of these pores. (uni-mainz.de)
Görlich has been fascinated by the question of how cells solve the logistic problem of correctly directing ten thousands of different proteins to either the cell nucleus or the cytoplasm. (mpg.de)
He and his team discovered shuttle proteins (importins and exportins, collectively called nuclear transport receptors), which, after selecting their cargoes, import them into and export others out of cell nuclei. (mpg.de)
It grants shuttle proteins carrying cargo a rapid passage but rejects objects that have not been selected for transport. (mpg.de)
In an injured neuron, HTT and Rab7 proteins move along a neuronal highway called an axon, traveling toward the cell body. (buffalo.edu)
It likely carries components that are necessary for survival of the neuron toward the cell body, where the nucleus is and where proteins are made. (buffalo.edu)
Cell nuclei (blue) can join together using tubular projections (red) to degrade dangerous proteins in a division of labor. (genengnews.com)
The immune cells of the central nervous system, known as microglia, recognize misfolded proteins in the brain. (genengnews.com)
The Pleiner lab combines mechanistic cell biology, structural biochemistry and protein engineering to dissect the pathways and molecular machines that mature human membrane proteins to a fully functional state. (stanford.edu)
Here, we present a streamlined workflow for the rapid production of proteins or protein complexes using lentiviral transduction of human suspension cells, combined with highly specific nanobody-mediated purification and proteolytic elution. (stanford.edu)
Tail-anchored (TA) proteins play essential roles in mammalian cells, and their accurate localization is critical for proteostasis. (stanford.edu)
Karyopherins are proteins that help eukaryotic cells transport molecules between their cytoplasm and nucleus. (prospecbio.com)
Karyopherins may act as imports (helping proteins enter the nucleus) or exports (helping proteins leave the nucleus) (i.e., helping proteins get out of the nucleus). (prospecbio.com)
Importin beta is a form of karyopherin that helps cargo proteins get into the nucleus. (prospecbio.com)
Without the aid of the importin alpha adapter protein, Importin beta can transport proteins into the nucleus. (prospecbio.com)
Students learn about the nucleus in ninth grade biology - it's the inner sanctum of biological cells, where the genome resides with the blueprints for cells to make proteins that are the building-blocks of life. (bioengineer.org)
Membrane-associated proteins are constantly moving in cells: from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, from the plasma membrane to endosomes, and from endosomes back to the Golgi, lysosomes, or nucleus. (jneurosci.org)
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
Interestingly, the organization of a cell, and its various regions, do play a role in directing the recruitment of proteins to a given site. (mechanobio.info)
High titers are often necessary to visualize expression of fluorescent proteins, for example, as many viral particles must infect a cell to achieve visible expression of the protein. (addgene.org)
In the case of channelrhodopsins, fewer channel proteins are required for the transduced cell to become light responsive than fluorescent proteins required to get a good fluorescent signal. (addgene.org)
Researchers from Paul Scherrer Institute PSI and ETH Zurich have discovered how proteins in the cell can form tiny liquid droplets that act as a smart molecular glue. (sciena.ch)
Now researchers, investigating a coupling crucial for yeast cell division, have revealed that to do this, proteins collaborate such that they condense into a liquid droplet. (sciena.ch)
At the Ipsen Foundation's 23rd Colloquium on Alzheimer's Disease, held 28 April 2008 in Paris, the focus shifted from the rogue proteins that characterize these diseases to the regulation of their movements around the cell. (alzforum.org)
There is also traffic in the opposite direction: molecules are transported into the cell from outside, including worn-out or excess receptor and channel proteins from the outside of the cell membrane. (alzforum.org)
The details of how proteins are moved around within a cell are being deciphered with high-powered microscopy combined with sophisticated techniques for labeling individual molecules, including fluorescent or "quantum dot" tags and antibodies tailored to adhere to a protein in a particular state of activation. (alzforum.org)
During the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle, the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery must tirelessly zigzag between the nucleus and cytoplasm while directing other proteins to the correct subcellular compartment. (silverchair.com)
When M phase finally arrives, and the nucleus breaks down, do these proteins finally get to take a break? (silverchair.com)
Ran is an abundant GTP-binding protein that is required for the trafficking of proteins and RNA in and out of the nucleus ( Moore and Blobel 1993 ). (silverchair.com)
Together, these proteins comprise an enzymatic cycle by which Ran binds GTP, hydrolyzes it to GDP (due to the activity of Ran-GAP1), releases the GDP (due to RCC1 activity), and rebinds GTP (due to the presence of a relatively high GTP concentration in the cell). (silverchair.com)
The ultimate goals of our studies are to understand how these proteins enable accurate chromosome segregation and to discover how they are coordinated with each other and with other aspects of cell physiology. (nih.gov)
Trafficking between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which consist of ca. thirty distinct proteins called nucleoporins. (nih.gov)
The asymmetrical distribution of Ran-GTP and Ran-GDP drives cargo transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm through karyopherins, a family of nuclear transport carrier proteins that bind to Ran-GTP. (nih.gov)

Standing guard between a cell's nucleus and its main chamber, called the cytoplasm, are thousands of behemoth protein structures called nuclear pore complexes, or NPCs. (evolutionnews.org)
NPCs are like the bouncers of a cell's nucleus, tightly guarding exactly what goes in and out. (evolutionnews.org)
The scientists previously found that in its unmutated form, HTT regularly travels along neuronal highways called axons, both toward and away from the cell's nucleus. (buffalo.edu)
Biophysicists with the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3) - including Jan Liphardt of Physical Biosciences Division - have traced with unprecedented resolution the paths of cargos moving through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a selective nanoscale aperture that controls access to the cell's nucleus, and answered several key questions about its function. (lbl.gov)

PL: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, it may refer to the "exosome complex ," being a proteic (enzymatic) macromolecular machinery, present in archaea and eukaryotic cells, being involved in RNA degradation. (frontiersin.org)
On the other hand, the "exosome vesicle " is an extracellular particle released from the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
These recent findings provide a coherent mechanistic framework for axon-soma communication in the injured nerve and shed light on the integration of cytoplasmic and nuclear transport in all eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
In addition, this problem is by far the most acute for actin, the narrowest element of the cytoskeleton, which is ubiquitous throughout eukaryotic cells. (biorxiv.org)
Amongst a multitude of other functions, the cytoskeletal network, prevalent in almost all eukaryotic cells, provides physical shape and structure to cells, aids in cell growth, and plays a key role in trafficking[ 1 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Many of the cytoskeletal sub-units have been highly conserved during evolution and are found in most eukaryotic cells, with homologues even present in some prokaryotes[ 3 ]. (biorxiv.org)

The Adeno-associated virus is used as a vector for the delivery of various types of cargo to the cytoplasm and nucleus of various cells including muscle, vascular endothelial and neuronal cells. (biotage.com)

Inside a cell, a single protein emerges from from the cell's protein-making machinery, then another, and another. (acs.org)
Then the nanoparticle-laden bacteria transported the DNA to the nuclei of cells, causing the cells to produce a fluorescent protein that glowed green. (medgadget.com)
In a new study, published online Feb. 1 in the peer-reviewed journal Nano Today, a group led by Yi Tang, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and a member of the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, reports developing tiny shells composed of a water-soluble polymer that safely deliver a protein complex to the nucleus of cancer cells to induce their death. (understandingnano.com)
The cell-destroying material, apoptin, is a protein complex derived from an anemia virus in birds. (understandingnano.com)
This protein cargo accumulates in the nucleus of cancer cells and signals to the cell to undergo programmed self-destruction. (understandingnano.com)
Delivering a large protein complex such as apoptin to the innermost compartment of tumor cells was a challenge, but the reversible polymer encapsulation strategy was very effective in protecting and escorting the cargo in its functional form," said Muxun Zhao, lead author of the research and a graduate student in chemical and biomolecular engineering at UCLA. (understandingnano.com)
Protein transport between the nuclear and the cytoplasmic compartment is a key factor for cell viability and proliferation. (massgeneral.org)
Using their new movie camera and tagging technique, the team has already discovered that actin - a protein 'railway' that shuttles cargo around the cell - also helps the cell's membrane fold around and engulf molecules from outside. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This suggests that it's really a key protein in controlling a lot of cellular pathways that are important in cell survival. (buffalo.edu)
The NPC, a large protein assembly shaped like a basketball net fringed with tentacles, is the gateway to the cell nucleus, where genetic information is stored. (lbl.gov)
The protein α-syn performs important tasks in the nerve cells of the brain. (genengnews.com)
The plasmid is then used to generate human suspension cell lines stably expressing the tagged fusion protein by lentiviral transduction. (stanford.edu)
We demonstrate the wide applicability of the method by purifying multiple challenging soluble and membrane protein complexes to high purity from human cells. (stanford.edu)
First, it binds importin alpha, a form of karyopherin that binds the cargo protein in the cytoplasm, before the cargo protein is imported into the nucleus through the nuclear pore driven by energy from the Ran gradient. (prospecbio.com)
Cargoes guided by SORLA include amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is processed in different cellular compartments to produce β-amyloid and/or other cleavage products. (jneurosci.org)
The entire cell can be viewed as a factory that contains an elaborate network of interlocking assembly lines, each of which is composed of a set of large protein machines. (caseyluskin.com)
Why do we call the large protein assemblies that underlie cell function protein machines? (caseyluskin.com)
For example, in epithelial cells, which are polarized, protein composition at the apical membrane is very different from that at the basolateral membrane. (mechanobio.info)
To do this, the microtubule must connect, via a motor protein, to an actin cable anchored in the cell membrane of the emerging daughter cell. (sciena.ch)
The motor protein then walks along the actin cable, pulling the microtubule into the daughter cell until its precious cargo of genetic material reaches its intended destination between the two cells (see video). (sciena.ch)
This coupling - essential for cell division to proceed - must withstand the tension as the motor protein walks and enable the nucleus to be delicately manoeuvred. (sciena.ch)
This protein grabs an actin cable (red), which is anchored in the cell membrane of the emerging daughter cell. (sciena.ch)
Each cell produces thousands of different protein and lipid molecules. (alzforum.org)
Formed from polymerisation of discrete protein sub-units, the cytoskeleton connects to various organelles (including the nucleus) and the plasma membrane. (biorxiv.org)

The role of biomembranes in signal transduction via membrane receptors, cell-cell-, and cell-matrix interactions. (biomembranes.nl)
Cell membranes are highly enriched in signaling receptors, transmembrane mechanosensors, pumps and channels, and, depending on their makeup, can recruit and retain a pool of mechanosensors important in the field of mechanobiology. (mechanobio.info)
It inactivates the receptors that respond to the signal, or the transporter molecules that suck up the signal chemical by removing them from the cell surface. (alzforum.org)
In general, it forms a complex with nuclear transport signal (NLS) receptors and their cargoes and directs their movement through nuclear pores. (silverchair.com)

Recombinant glycoproteins produced in mammalian cells are clinically indispensable drugs used to treat a broad spectrum of diseases. (go.jp)
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) is the most abundant phosphoinositide in mammalian cells. (mechanobio.info)
Although they are present in almost all mammalian cells, their existence in plants is still hotly debated[ 11 ]. (biorxiv.org)

The nanotube bundles are similar to the potential of nanotubes to induce genetic damage size of microtubules that form the mitotic spindle in normal lung cells, cultured primary and immor- and may be incorporated into the mitotic spindle talized human airway epithelial cells were apparatus. (cdc.gov)

A new study in the field of biophysics has revealed how large molecules are able to enter the nucleus of a cell. (uni-mainz.de)

The genes within these chromosomes are structured in such a way to promote cell function. (wikipedia.org)
In yeast, they have the important job of dragging the nucleus, containing the dividing chromosomes, between mother and budding daughter cell. (sciena.ch)
During interphase, chromosomes are enclosed within nuclei, and exchange of all molecules between this compartment and the rest of the cell occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). (nih.gov)

The researchers say that the virus is appealing in both its ability to survive outside of a plant host and its built-in "cargo space" of 17 nanometers, which can be used to carry chemotherapy drugs directly to tumor cells. (eurekalert.org)
Conclusions Our data demonstrate that BCL-XL is critical for survival of senescent PA tumor cells and provides proof-of-principle for the use of clinically available BCL-XL-dependent senolytics. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Importins associated with dynein are an important component of retrograde injury signalling complexes and enable transport of direct importin cargoes, such as transcription factors, as well as secondary cargoes that bind scaffolding molecules associated with importins. (nature.com)

The nuclear envelope separates the fluid inside the nucleus, called the nucleoplasm, from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The karyoplasm is the fluid that surrounds the nucleus (or nucleoplasm). (prospecbio.com)

In eukaryotes the nucleus in many cells typically occupies 10% of the cell volume. (wikipedia.org)
The exosome vesicles are a type of extracellular vesicles (EV), which are defined as lipid-bilayer spheroid structures, without replicating capacity, that are released from cells, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (frontiersin.org)
The actin cytoskeleton is essential in eukaryotes, not least in the plant kingdom where it plays key roles in cell expansion, cell division, environmental responses and pathogen defence. (biorxiv.org)

A diagram of the synthesis of degradable nanocapsules into cell nuclei to induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. (understandingnano.com)
BH3 mimetics with high affinity for BCL-XL (BCL-XLi) reduce metabolic activity and induce mitochondrial apoptosis in senescent PA cells at nano-molar concentrations. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

The team led by Gerhard Hummer, Director at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, and Edward Lemke, Professor for Synthetic Biophysics at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, and Adjunct Director at the Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz has now used a novel combination of synthetic biology, multidimensional fluorescence microscopy and computer-based simulations to study nuclear pore IDPs in living cells. (mpg.de)
In research on cell biology, organelles have been a major unit of such analyses. (go.jp)
This Copernican Revolution from organelle biology to organelle zone biology will drastically change and advance our thoughts about cells. (go.jp)
Our simple two-parameter biophysical model has recreated the requirements for nuclear transport and revealed key molecular determinants of the transport of large biological cargoes on cells," concluded first author Giulia Paci, who carried out the study as part of her PhD thesis at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg. (uni-mainz.de)
As a paper in Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology states, "Today biology is revealing the importance of 'molecular machines' and of other highly organized molecular structures that carry out the complex physico-chemical processes on which life is based. (caseyluskin.com)
In 1998, former president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences Bruce Alberts wrote the introductory article to an issue of Cell , one of the world's top biology journals, celebrating molecular machines. (caseyluskin.com)
Likewise, in 2000 Marco Piccolini wrote in Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology that "extraordinary biological machines realize the dream of the seventeenth-century scientists … that 'machines will be eventually found not only unknown to us but also unimaginable by our mind. (caseyluskin.com)

Rab GTPases, tethering factors, and retromer) that transport cargo through endosomes and deliver it to lysosomes or recycle it back to the cell surface, and the signals and mechanisms governing these sorting decisions. (cshlpress.com)

Parvoviruses enter a host cell by endocytosis , travelling to the nucleus where they wait until the cell enters its replication stage. (mdwiki.org)
Many are taken in by endocytosis, sinking into pits in the membrane that pinch off to form vesicles that drop into the cell, where they are known as early endosomes. (alzforum.org)
Endocytosis is one way of limiting the responses of a cell to signals coming from outside. (alzforum.org)
During endocytosis, extracellular molecules and plasma membrane components are selectively internalized by cells. (cshlpress.com)
Contributors describe how cargo enters the cell via clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent pathways, including caveolar endocytosis, micropinocytosis, cholesterol-sensitive endocytosis, phagocytosis, and the CLIC/GEEC pathway. (cshlpress.com)

The Golgi apparatus is a cellular depot, responsible for receiving, cataloguing and transporting the cargo of newly synthesised molecules needed for cell growth and function. (positivehealth.com)
Golgi has a typecast composition, a loaded system housed near the cell nucleus. (positivehealth.com)
New studies have shown that the Golgi outposts are prone to materialize in longer dendrites, including Golgi, in the main cell body, which becomes acquainted with longer dendrites. (positivehealth.com)

The resulting highly dynamic gel forms the selective barrier, which enables the nuclear pores in the envelope of the cell nucleus to act like 'intelligent' molecular sieves. (mpg.de)
Molecular machines haul cargo from one place in the cell to another along "highways" made of other molecules, while still others act as cables, ropes, and pulleys to hold the cell in shape. (caseyluskin.com)
In the last part, information about cell-penetrating peptides that can be used as molecular carries is mentioned with providing classification and cellular uptake mechanism of them. (intechopen.com)
Methods We established new patient-derived PA cell lines that preserve molecular features of the primary tumors and can be studied in OIS and proliferation depending on expression or repression of the SV40 large T antigen. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

649 Together, these membranes serve to separate the cell's genetic material from the rest of the cell contents, and allow the nucleus to maintain an environment distinct from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Despite their close apposition around much of the nucleus, the two membranes differ substantially in shape and contents. (wikipedia.org)
Moss KCBP is postulated to transport the nucleus and chloroplast via direct binding to their membranes, since it binds to and transports liposomes composed of phospholipids in vitro . (go.jp)

The cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EV) that may have an endosomal origin, or from evaginations of the plasma membrane. (frontiersin.org)
In plants, microtubules retain a role in cell division but also guide cell wall development through their relationship with wall-building enzyme complexes in the plasma membrane[ 9 ]. (biorxiv.org)

Several karyopherins are sequestered in stress granules, cytoplasmic aggregates of ribonucleoprotein complexes, as they avoid shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (prospecbio.com)
The cargo separates from the karyopherins once within the nucleus. (prospecbio.com)

The nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's DNA, surrounded by a network of fibrous intermediate filaments called the nuclear matrix, and is enveloped in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. (wikipedia.org)
Human cells shield their genetic material inside the cell nucleus, protected by the nuclear membrane. (mpg.de)
Apertures called nuclear pore complexes (NPC) perforate the otherwise iron-clad membrane and act like crossing guards for macromolecular traffic in and out of the nucleus. (bioengineer.org)
While neurons in our brain are vast, with a surface area about ten thousand times that of an average cell, it is, indeed, a big question as to where all the membrane components emerge from to 'spawn' the composite surface of growing dendrites. (positivehealth.com)
The tubules are all made of the same water-repellant fatty membrane that surrounds the cell, separating their interior from the watery cytoplasm. (alzforum.org)

The chemi- appear to interact with the structural elements of the cell, cal analysis was assessed at DATA CHEM Laboratories using plasma- with apparent binding to the cytoskeleton [Porter et al. (cdc.gov)

However, other large cellular molecules needed in the nucleus can pass as they carry very specific signals. (mpg.de)
They have also demonstrated that the efficiency of transport into a cell decreases as the size of the molecules increases and how corresponding signals on the surface can compensate for this. (uni-mainz.de)
Capsid models without nuclear localization signals on their surface remained in the cell cytoplasm and did not enter the cell nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
As the number of nuclear localization signals increased, the accumulation of the model capsid in the nucleus became more efficient. (uni-mainz.de)
But even more interestingly, the researchers found that the larger the capsid, the greater was the number of nuclear localization signals needed to enable efficient transport into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
But even increasing the number of nuclear localization signals to 240 did not result in the transport of this capsid into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
By combining a variety of laboratory techniques, we were able to model a novel mechanism in which HTT helps injury signals transport back to the cell body after axonal injury," says first author TJ Krzystek, PhD, who worked on the study as a PhD student in biological sciences at UB and is now a postdoctoral research fellow at Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the National Institutes of Health. (buffalo.edu)

The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
In medicine, recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have become an important vector for delivering genes to the cell nucleus during gene therapy . (mdwiki.org)

Despite the fundamental biological relevance of the process, it has always been an enigma how large cargoes greater than 15 nanometers are efficiently transported, particularly in view of the dimensions and structures of nuclear pores themselves. (uni-mainz.de)
how a cell can detect, measure and respond to the rigidity of its substrate and how these processes apply to larger biological systems. (mechanobio.info)
Nowhere is this better optimised than in the cell, where the interactions between moving subcellular structures underpin many biological processes. (sciena.ch)
This shift comes with the growing realization that neurodegeneration is less a problem of toxic molecules per se but rather of the way these molecules disrupt the basic biological processes of the cell-their effects on the cell as a system. (alzforum.org)

A team led by UB biologist Shermali Gunawardena has been investigating HTT and its basic functions in cells called neurons for a long time. (buffalo.edu)
When neurons in fruit fly larvae were injured, we see that HTT moves from the injury site to the cell body. (buffalo.edu)
It not only corresponds to the co-ordinated management of such cells as functional circuits, but also just as much with neurons as silicon chips in a computer. (positivehealth.com)
Neurons are nerve cells specialized to receive, disseminate, or transmit electrochemical impulses. (positivehealth.com)
Neurons are also endowed with specialized branched projections from the cell body. (positivehealth.com)
Indeed, purified soluble SORLA produced by transfected HEK cells enhanced neurite growth in wild-type hippocampal and cortical neurons. (jneurosci.org)
ALS is a motor neuron disease , which is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons , the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Neurons require specialized mechanisms of motor-facilitated signal transport for communication along long axonal distances to the cell body and the nucleus. (nature.com)

The extensive lengths of neuronal processes necessitate efficient mechanisms for communication with the cell body. (nature.com)

These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead. (wikipedia.org)

The cell nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's genome. (wikipedia.org)
For decades, researchers have been fascinated by the three-dimensional structure and function of these nuclear pores, which act as guardians of the genome: substances that are required for controlling the cell are allowed to pass, while pathogens or other DNA-damaging substances are blocked from entry. (mpg.de)

The approach also could make it possible to insert relatively large structures, such as sensors and hollow filaments called carbon nanotubes, into the interiors of cells. (medgadget.com)
The carbon nanotubes could be delivered into diseased cells and then exposed to light, causing them to heat up and kill only those diseased cells, Akin said. (medgadget.com)
Confocal microscopy demon- exposures to workers likely during the production strated nanotubes within the nucleus that were in or use of commercial products. (cdc.gov)

Viruses, for example, hijack this transport machinery to travel to the nucleus of a host cell. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Cells swim using machines, copy themselves with machinery, ingest food with machinery. (caseyluskin.com)
HIV) exploit endocytic pathways to gain entry into cells, and defects in the endocytic machinery can lead to diseases such as cancer. (cshlpress.com)

The plant virus is superior in terms of stability, ease of manufacture, ability to target cells and ability to carry therapeutic cargo. (eurekalert.org)

A viral vector carrying genetic material is transported into a cell and then to the nucleus, where it releases cargo to replace a missing or malfunctioning gene. (acs.org)
Attempts to treat disease by inserting DNA into patients' cells all but ended in 1999 after the death of an 18-year-old from a severe immune response to the virus used to deliver a corrective gene. (acs.org)
The approach represents a potential way to overcome hurdles in delivering cargo to the interiors of cells, where they could be used as an alterative technology for gene therapy, said Rashid Bashir, a researcher at Purdue's Birck Nanotechnology Center. (medgadget.com)
The process does not present the risk of genetic mutation posed by gene therapies for cancer, or the risk to healthy cells caused by chemotherapy, which does not effectively discriminate between healthy and cancerous cells, Tang said. (understandingnano.com)
In this flowchart, you can see the dwindling proportion of AAV particles that make it through each part of the cell on their way to the nucleus where their gene cargoes can be expressed. (addgene.org)
That means that once you drop below a certain (very high) threshold of viral particles per cell, you may not be able to detect AAV-mediated gene expression in a target cell. (addgene.org)

In combination with myosin motors, actin aids in transport by providing the roads and pathways for cellular cargo[ 13 ]. (biorxiv.org)

Nat Cell Biol 1 , E66-E67 (1999). (nature.com)
Trends Cell Biol. (nature.com)
J Cell Biol (1999) 146 (6): 1205-1210. (silverchair.com)

It was shown in Arabidopsis that KCBP controls trichome cell shape by orchestrating MT and actin cytoskeletons using its tail and motor domains. (go.jp)
For this purpose, they form tube-like projections-F-actin-dependent intercellular connections-that dock onto neighboring microglial cells. (genengnews.com)
Yet, the precise structure-function relationships of properties of the actin network in plants are still to be unravelled, including details of how the network configuration depends upon cell type, tissue type and developmental stage. (biorxiv.org)
To address this problem, we have developed DRAGoN, a novel image analysis algorithm that can automatically extract the actin network across a range of cell types, providing seventeen different quantitative measures that describe the network at a local level. (biorxiv.org)
Using this algorithm, we then studied a number of cases in Arabidopsis thaliana , including several different tissues, a variety of actin-affected mutants, and cells responding to powdery mildew. (biorxiv.org)
Unlike the globular units of microtubules and actin filaments, intermediate filaments are themselves constructed from filamentous sub-units, and confer strength as well as stress resistance to the cell[ 10 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Actin microfilaments are present as both individual filaments and bundled into thicker filaments, and play a key role in plant cell growth and internal transport[ 14 ]. (biorxiv.org)

Tiny pores in the cell nucleus play an essential role for healthy aging by protecting and preserving the genetic material. (mpg.de)
Without it, if the microtubule detaches, you will end up with a daughter cell with no genetic material that will not survive. (sciena.ch)

Clinging to the ends of filaments called microtubules, the glue they discovered ensures the nucleus is correctly positioned for cell division. (sciena.ch)
Microtubules receive one of their most critical cargo during cell division. (sciena.ch)

Recent evidence suggests that the early calcium wave elicited by an axonal injury induces epigenetic changes in the nucleus, thereby priming the system for subsequent transcriptional events. (nature.com)

The research suggests that microglial cells spontaneously join together in order to better cope with threats. (genengnews.com)

XPO1 is over-expressed by many types of cancer cells. (osc.edu)

Exosomes are small vesicles with a diameter of approximately 50-100 nm that are secreted by a number of different cells. (biomembranes.nl)

They include endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. (frontiersin.org)

As JNK signalling can have effects that range from neurite growth promotion to cell death induction, multiple regulatory mechanisms are required to ensure specificity of the signal. (nature.com)

Molecules that have certain nuclear localization sequences on their surface can bind to structures within nuclear pores, allowing them to enter into the nucleus rapidly. (uni-mainz.de)
Alberts praised the "speed," "elegance," "sophistication," and "highly organized activity" of "remarkable" and "marvelous" structures inside the cell. (caseyluskin.com)
His research has focused specifically on autophagy activity, which is an intracellular degradation process that allows cells to recycle damaged components to generate energy and provide building blocks to create new cellular structures. (annique.com)
In animals and fungi, they play a number of roles including aiding in the formation of flagella or cilia[ 7 ], providing structures for material transport, and positioning of the mitotic spindle during cell division[ 8 ]. (biorxiv.org)

The tentacles in the transport pore take on a completely different behavior compared to what we knew before, because they interact with each other and with the cargo. (mpg.de)
The inside of a cell is a very busy place-a microscopic world of molecules that interact dynamically in groups, in sequences, or in networks. (alzforum.org)

This corresponds with the results of earlier studies of the hepatitis B virus that have indicated that only the mature infectious virus is capable of passage through a nuclear pore into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)

in yeast and plant cells, however, this essential reaction occurs exclusively in peroxisomes. (nih.gov)
In most cases, karyopherin-mediated transport occurs through nuclear pores, which serve as a portal into and out of the nucleus. (prospecbio.com)

He had key roles in elucidating the principles of transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm, the prize committee emphasized. (mpg.de)

Elucidation of the mechanism of this association will not only allow us to test the importance of RanBP2 complex formation in a non-vertebrate system, but also provide a convenient alternative mechanism for formation of this complex that can be used to understand its importance in vertebrate cells. (nih.gov)

Deficiency of plasmalogens causes profound abnormalities in the myelination of nerve cells, which is one reason why many peroxisomal disorders lead to neurological disease. (nih.gov)
These are known as dendrites - they not only receive information, but also form synaptic contacts with other nerve cells and allow nerve impulses to be broadcast. (positivehealth.com)

Nuclear pores are remarkable in the diversity of cargoes they can transport. (uni-mainz.de)

We had tried a number of different nanoparticles as cell-targeting vectors," Franzen says. (eurekalert.org)
We know that it might strike nano-purists as heresy, but a team of researchers from Purdue used bacteria to deliver nanoparticles into cells. (medgadget.com)
Researchers at Purdue University have shown that common bacteria can deliver a valuable cargo of "smart nanoparticles" into a cell to precisely position sensors, drugs or DNA for the early diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. (medgadget.com)

This fundamental process of cellular ingestion is required for diverse activities such as nutrient uptake, cell adhesion and migration, signal transduction, cytokinesis, neurotransmission, and antigen presentation. (cshlpress.com)

Anatomy86

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs71

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Proteins49

Cell's nucleus4

Eukaryotic cells8

Cytoplasm and nucleus1

Protein24

Receptors4

Mammalian cells3

Epithelial cells1

Enter the nucleus1

Chromosomes3

Tumor cells2

Importin1

Nucleoplasm2

Eukaryotes3

Apoptosis2

Biology7

Lysosomes1

Endocytosis5

Golgi3

Molecular4

Membranes3

Plasma membrane2

Karyopherins2

Membrane5

Cytoskeleton1

Signals7

Genes2

Biological4

Neurons8

Neuronal1

Large molecules1

Genome2

Nanotubes3

Machinery3

Therapeutic cargo1

Gene6

Pathways1

Biol3

Actin7

Genetic material2

Microtubules2

Axonal injury1

Suggests1

XPO11

Vesicles1

Endothelial1

Neurite growth1

Structures4

Interact2

Corresponds1

Occurs2

Roles1

Mechanism1

Nerve cells2

Remarkable1

Nanoparticles3

Signal transduction1