LeptinInsulin resistanceCytokinesObesityReduced in adipose tissueAdiponectinBrown adiposWhite adiposTissuesMajor adiposeAdipokinesVisceralLipolysisHomeostasisSecretionAdipocytesAtherosclerosisPeptide hormoneAccumulationTriglyceridesProteinSecretoryInflammatoryAdipocyte-specificThyroidPlacentaDiseasesGeneEstrogenVascularProteinsGlucoseRegulationRodentsGrowth hormoneFattyReceptorsAmino acidObeseSystemicOrgansSteroidCells
Leptin17
- Far from being hormonally inert, adipose tissue has, in recent years, been recognized as a major endocrine organ, as it produces hormones such as leptin, estrogen, resistin, and cytokines (especially TNFα). (wikipedia.org)
- The mechanisms behind weight increase with ruxolitinib is incompletely understood, although decreased adipose tissue lipolysis and increased appetite due to blocking the effects of leptin in the hypothalam. (researchgate.net)
- Leptin, the protein product of the ob gene, is a hormone that is secreted principally by adipose tissue (adipocyte-derived hormone). (researchgate.net)
- thus, leptin is often referred to as the 'satiety hormone. (researchgate.net)
- 13 Leptin is synthesized and released predominantly by adipocytes, and its serum concentrations correlate positively with body mass index (BMI) and the amount of adipose tissue. (researchgate.net)
- The adipocyte-derived hormones, leptin and adiponectin, have profound metabolic actions. (bvsalud.org)
- 11 , 12 Visceral obesity is associated with hyperleptinemia, leptin-resistance and hypoadiponectinemia configuring a high cardiovascular risk phenotype. (dovepress.com)
- Among these, adipocytes secrete polypeptides like leptin, resistin, and adiponectin, which orchestrate a delicate balance crucial for glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
- This review will address the biology, actions, and regulation of three adipocyte hormones-leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP), and adiponectin-with an emphasis on the most recent literature. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Work in our laboratory has primarily focused on the biology and regulation of three key adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation-stimulating protein, and adiponectin. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Adipose tissue is not only a site of energy storage, but also an active endocrine organ that secretes a number of hormones and cytokines including leptin, resistin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF a , MCP-1, PAI-1 and others. (lincoresearch.com)
- This multiplex assay kit manufactured by LINCO Research, Inc. is to be used for the simultaneous quantification of the following 7 mouse adipokines in any combination: Insulin, Leptin, Resistin, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1, and PAI-1 (total). (lincoresearch.com)
- Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos , 'thin' or 'light' or 'small') is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and its primary role is likely to regulate long-term energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
- The amount of circulating leptin correlates with the amount of energy reserves, mainly triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. (cloudfront.net)
- Predominantly, the 'energy expenditure hormone' leptin is made by adipose cells , and is thus labeled fat cell-specific . (cloudfront.net)
- The central location of action ( effect ) of the fat cell-specific hormone leptin is the hypothalamus , a part of the brain , which is a part of the central nervous system. (cloudfront.net)
- The primary function of the hormone leptin is the regulation of adipose tissue mass through central hypothalamus mediated effects on hunger , food energy use, physical exercise and energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
Insulin resistance20
- Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance) is a multifactorial disease with multiple risk factors that arises from insulin resistance accompanying abnormal adipose deposition and function. (medscape.com)
- Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a pathological condition in which cells either fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin or downregulate insulin receptors in response to hyperinsulinemia . (wikipedia.org)
- Many hormones can induce insulin resistance including cortisol , [14] growth hormone , and human placental lactogen . (wikipedia.org)
- [4] It was called "resistin" because of the observed insulin resistance in mice injected with resistin. (wikidoc.org)
- Resistin was found to be produced and released from adipose tissue to serve endocrine functions likely involved in insulin resistance . (wikidoc.org)
- This article discusses the current research proposing to link resistin to inflammation and energy homeostasis, including its alleged role in insulin resistance in obese subjects. (wikidoc.org)
- Taken together, because resistin is reputed to contribute to insulin resistance, results such as those mentioned suggest that resistin may be a link in the well-known association between inflammation and insulin resistance. (wikidoc.org)
- In accordance, it is expected that, if resistin does indeed serve as a link between obesity and T2DM while at the same time contributing to the inflammatory response, then we should also observe proportional increases in chronic inflammation in association with obesity and insulin resistance. (wikidoc.org)
- In fact, recent data have shown that this possibility is indeed the case by demonstrating positive correlations between obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, [21] [22] which is believed to be directed in part by resistin signaling. (wikidoc.org)
- This idea has recently been challenged by a study showing that increased levels of resistin in people with chronic kidney disease are associated with lowered renal function and inflammation, but not with insulin resistance. (wikidoc.org)
- [23] Notwithstanding, regarding resistin and the inflammatory response, we can conclude that resistin does indeed bear features of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and could act as a key node in inflammatory diseases with or without associated insulin resistance. (wikidoc.org)
- We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
- Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response by insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the physiologic effects of circulating insulin. (jci.org)
- Insulin resistance (IR) is a physiological condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin . (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- It is currently suspected that hormones produced in that fat are a precipitating cause of insulin resistance. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- Mouse Resistin induces proinflammatory molecule production in adipocytes and promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance (5, 7). (rndsystems.com)
- In essence, adipose tissue functions as an energy reservoir, effectively mitigating fatty acid fluxes and averting lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. (biyokimya.vet)
- Consequently, the adipose tissue's lipid storage capacity plays a pivotal role in systemic insulin resistance and the infiltration of lipids into organs such as the liver and muscles. (biyokimya.vet)
- Obesity is defined as an increase of adipose tissue mass in the body and its accumulation in peripheral organs that leads to metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance and hyperlepidemia [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- These hormones, the pathways controlling their production, and their receptors are promising targets for managing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
Cytokines2
- In further support of its inflammatory profile, resistin has been shown to increase transcriptional events, leading to an increased expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including (but not limited to) interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) in an NF-κB -mediated (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells-mediated) fashion. (wikidoc.org)
- Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with cardiovascular disease. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
Obesity7
- In obesity, adipose tissue is also implicated in the chronic release of pro-inflammatory markers known as adipokines, which are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome, a constellation of diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Thus, we conclude that the polymorphism rs328 of the lipoprotein lipase gene is accompanied by the changes in hormones, adipokines, and myokines levels in the blood of children and adolescents with obesity in gender-dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)
- Resistin is an adipose-derived hormone (similar to a cytokine ) whose physiologic role has been the subject of much controversy regarding its involvement with obesity and type II diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ). (wikidoc.org)
- This idea primarily stems from studies demonstrating that serum resistin levels increase with obesity in several model systems (humans, rats , and mice ). (wikidoc.org)
- Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycaemia, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and aging promote vascular inflammation and endothelial activation [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- It has been shown that traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome modify the structural and functional characteristics of arteries reducing their compliance and increasing arterial stiffness. (dovepress.com)
Reduced in adipose tissue1
- Although its plasma levels remained unchanged in females, adiponectin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in adipose tissue of both HFD-fed groups with a more marked decrease in AD group compared to VD group. (biomedcentral.com)
Adiponectin6
- A collagen domain-derived short adiponectin peptide activates APPL1 and AMPK signaling pathways and improves glucose and fatty acid metabolisms. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- Adiponectin is a fat tissue-derived adipokine with beneficial effects against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- Adiponectin (ADPQ), which is encoded by the AdipoQ gene located on chromosome 3q27.3, is a 244-amino acid pleiotropic hormone with a molecular weight of approximately 30 kDa for its basic subunit. (frontiersin.org)
- Adiponectin, a collagen-like plasma protein synthesized within adipose tissue, plays a significant role. (biyokimya.vet)
- While its concentration is higher in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, visceral white adipose tissue and hypertrophic adipocytes are inversely correlated with circulating adiponectin levels. (biyokimya.vet)
- Circulating adiponectin levels as well as adipose tissue mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in HFD-fed male mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Brown adipos7
- The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generates body heat. (wikipedia.org)
- Adipose tissue - more specifically brown adipose tissue - was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551. (wikipedia.org)
- The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the skin between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. (wikipedia.org)
- Another major adipose tissue subtype, brown adipose tissue, is present around kidneys, adrenals, and aorta, as well as within the mediastinum and neck. (123dok.org)
- In adult humans, brown adipose tissue is very scarce and probably not functional. (123dok.org)
- Thermogenin (uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) , a distinctive molecule inherent to cold-induced thermogenesis, assumes a crucial role as it is selectively expressed within brown adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)
- Instances of cold exposure and heightened nutritional intake trigger a surge in brown adipose tissue activity, accompanied by elevated expression levels of norepinephrine and UCP1, which emanate from the central nervous system. (biyokimya.vet)
White adipos2
- Particularly well developed in humans is white adipose tissue (WAT), a major meta- bolic and secretory organ. (123dok.org)
- White adipose tissue emerges as a pivotal endocrine organ, playing a dual role in lipid storage or release and energy equilibrium by engaging in the secretion of essential adipokines. (biyokimya.vet)
Tissues4
- The hallmarks of impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues are decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue. (jci.org)
- Alawi MA, Tamimi S, Jaghabir M. Storage of organochlorine pesticides in human adipose tissues of Jordanian males and females. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- The endocrine glands produce hormones, which are distributed by the vascular system to the many body tissues, subsequently these organs are richly vascularized. (edu.au)
- Hormones "orchestrate" responses in other tissues, including other endocrine organs, and these overall effects can be similar or different in different tissues. (edu.au)
Major adipose1
- Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
Adipokines4
- In effect, a wide range of exported secretory proteins, dubbed adipokines, have been identified as constituents of the adipose proteome (adipokinome). (123dok.org)
- The shifts in hormones, adipokines, and myokines manifest mostly in the obese individuals with Ser447Ser genotype rather than with 447Ter genotype. (bvsalud.org)
- Appreciating the pathogenesis of HFD-induced metabolic disorders requires a thorough knowledge of adipose tissue physiology and the regulation of adipokines secretion and action including the role of gender in response to these parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
- These adipocyte-derived proteins (adipocytokines/adipokines) play critical roles in body energy homeostasis and metabolism. (lincoresearch.com)
Visceral2
- In humans, adipose tissue is located: beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast (breast tissue). (wikipedia.org)
- Several studies showed a significant association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). (dovepress.com)
Lipolysis2
- Human Resistin promotes lipolysis by human and mouse adipocytes, but mouse Resistin does not promote lipolysis by adipocytes of either species (10). (rndsystems.com)
- Adipose tissue serves as a crucial energy storage reservoir, housing triglycerides (TGs) that are released as fatty acids through processes called lipogenesis and lipolysis, respectively. (biyokimya.vet)
Homeostasis6
- Overall, adipose tissue's multifaceted functions underscore its significance as an energy reservoir and regulator within the body's energy homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
- 1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
- Adverse effects of high-fat diets (HFD) on metabolic homeostasis are linked to adipose tissue dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
- The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the HFD nature on adipose tissue activity, metabolic disturbances and glucose homeostasis alterations in male mice compared with female mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
- A review examining the role of these three hormones in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin action was published in early 2002. (diabetesjournals.org)
Secretion1
- Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds produced in body tissue that help control blood pressure, smooth muscle activity, inflammation, glandular secretion, calcium movement, hormone regulation, and cell growth control. (bodybuilding.com)
Adipocytes7
- Adipose tissue (also known as body fat, or simply fat) is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
- Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. (wikipedia.org)
- In rodents, Resistin is expressed by adipocytes and in the pituitary and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (5 - 9). (rndsystems.com)
- This is in contrast to human Resistin which is produced by macrophages and monocytes but not by adipocytes (9 - 12). (rndsystems.com)
- These actions are mediated by both the actions of a number of nonsecreted proteins and hormones produced in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Adipocytes produce a number of hormones that have wide-ranging effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including nutrient partitioning and fuel selection. (diabetesjournals.org)
Atherosclerosis1
- analyses, as well as others (8-11), support the hypothesis that adipose tissue-secreted factors may indeed be potent modulators of inflammation-related disorders such as obe- sity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid-associated (Graves') ophthalmopathy, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (123dok.org)
Peptide hormone2
- Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine -rich adipose-derived peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene . (wikidoc.org)
- Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
Accumulation1
- Resistin accelerates the accumulation of LDL in arteries , increasing the risk of heart disease. (wikidoc.org)
Triglycerides1
- However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be oxidised to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. (wikipedia.org)
Protein1
- Mature mouse Resistin is a 12 kDa protein with an N-terminal alpha -helical domain and a C-terminal beta -sandwich domain that is stabilized by multiple intrachain disulfide bonds (3). (rndsystems.com)
Secretory1
- Resistin, also known as adipocyte-specific secretory factor (ADSF) and found in inflammatory zone 3 (FIZZ3), is a member of a family of secreted cysteine-rich peptide hormones that also includes Resistin-like molecules RELM alpha, beta, and gamma. (rndsystems.com)
Inflammatory3
- As cited, it has recently been discovered that resistin also participates in the inflammatory response. (wikidoc.org)
- Both mouse and human Resistin promote vascular endothelial cell sprouting in vitro and inflammatory reactions in vivo (13 - 16). (rndsystems.com)
- What would prompt a company to launch a product line combining the weak bio-signals produced by fibroblasts in culture with the highly pro-inflammatory ones produced by adipose (fat) derived stem cells? (barefacedtruth.com)
Adipocyte-specific1
- Numerous factors regulate the adipose tissue activity including adipocyte-specific genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Thyroid2
- Peroxisome Profilerator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that belong to the steroid/ thyroid /retinoid superfamily of receptors (Keller et al. (bodybuilding.com)
- For example, insufficient maternal dietary iodine impacts on fetal thyroid gland thyroid hormone production, which in turn can lead to abnormal neural development. (edu.au)
Placenta1
Diseases4
- We also point out a possible contribution of adipose tissue-associated mast cell secre- tory activity to the development of these diseases. (123dok.org)
- Cardiovascular diseases are another cause of ill health in modern societies. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- However, lowering LDL levels is a common clinical practice to reduce oxidation and the risk of major events in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). (hindawi.com)
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in the Western population [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Gene1
- The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene. (wikipedia.org)
Estrogen3
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors gamma-2 (PPARγ2) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mRNA expression levels in adipose tissue were decreased up to 70% in HFD-fed mice but were more markedly reduced in male mice as compared with female mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Estrogens are used as part of some oral contraceptives , in estrogen replacement therapy of postmenopausal women, and in hormone replacement therapy for transwomen . (wikidoc.org)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate the production of estrogen in the ovaries . (wikidoc.org)
Vascular1
- [16] [17] It has also been demonstrated that resistin upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM1 ) vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM1 ) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 ( CCL2 ), all of which are occupied in chemotactic pathways involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection. (wikidoc.org)
Proteins1
- Hormones are recognised by either cell surface receptors (modified amino acids, peptides, proteins) or cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors (steroids). (edu.au)
Glucose1
- Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). (wikipedia.org)
Regulation2
- Hormones produced by adipose tissue play a critical role in the regulation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The purpose of the present review is to summarize the most important aspects of the biology, actions, and regulation of these hormones and to serve as an update of new information published during the past ∼18 months. (diabetesjournals.org)
Rodents1
- In primates , pigs, and dogs, resistin is secreted by immune and epithelial cells, while, in rodents, it is secreted by adipose tissue . (wikidoc.org)
Growth hormone1
- Ghrelin, growth hormone-releasing peptide, is a hormone which is secreted by the food-deprived stomach and stimulates food intake during starvation [4]. (researchgate.net)
Fatty2
- Cardiovascular exercise and low-moderate carbohydrate diets containing essential fatty acids are recommended for reducing triglyceride levels. (bodybuilding.com)
- Conversely, fasting initiates the lipolytic pathway, prompting the breakdown of TGs and the subsequent release of fatty acids from adipose stores. (biyokimya.vet)
Receptors1
- resistin increases the production of LDL in human liver cells and also degrades LDL receptors in the liver . (wikidoc.org)
Amino acid1
- Mature mouse Resistin shares 56% and 72% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with human and rat Resistin, respectively. (rndsystems.com)
Obese1
- In an obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a panniculus. (wikipedia.org)
Systemic1
- The systemic intake of food triggers the activation of the lipogenic pathway, encouraging TG storage in adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)
Organs1
- Adipose tissue is the only organ that stores lipids and prevents lipotoxicity in other organs. (bvsalud.org)
Steroid1
- oestrogens or œstrogens ) are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle , and functioning as the primary female sex hormone . (wikidoc.org)
Cells1
- Recently, the endocrine activity of adipose tissue cells has been intensively studied. (123dok.org)