• The cells in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms are termed amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells because they have a high amine content, are capable of amine precursor uptake, and contain an amino acid decarboxylase. (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • They were historically thought to be derived from neural crest cells, but this has since been shown to be untrue (see neuroendocrine tumor).The term dates back to at least 1975. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] VIPoma Carcinoid tumor Welbourn RB (1977). (wikipedia.org)
  • The first report of a hormone-producing pancreatic tumor syndrome was published in 1927, when Wilder et al described insulinoma syndrome in a patient with a metastatic islet cell tumor who had hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Subsequently, four other classic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes have been described. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with pancreatic neoplasms that have the histologic characteristics of a pancreatic endocrine tumor but no associated elevation in plasma hormone levels (excluding the pancreatic polypeptide level) and those without a recognizable clinical syndrome are considered to have nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Although the term islet cell tumor is often used to identify neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas, this is a misnomer because many pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not develop directly from islet cells. (medscape.com)
  • Malignant carcinoid syndrome occurs in fewer than 10% of patients with a carcinoid tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Follow-up assays of other bioactive substances vary according to the location of the carcinoid tumor. (medscape.com)
  • The somatostatin analogs (SSAs) octreotide and lanreotide are used to control carcinoid symptoms and tumor progression in advanced inoperable disease. (medscape.com)
  • Although the term carcinoid tumor has been broadly used to refer to many neoplasms derived from the DNS ( 9 ), this term is being replaced by neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • However, to communicate effectively with clinicians, the term carcinoid tumor can still be used in parenthesis for neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Rare catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. (preparingtobecome.com)
  • [ 15 ] Instead, the tumors arise from APUD stem cells, which are pluripotential neuroendocrine cells located within the ductular epithelium of the exocrine pancreas and elsewhere in the distal foregut. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoids do not produce the malignant carcinoid syndrome until they are no longer confined to the small bowel or mesentery, perhaps because the liver breaks down the secretory products of tumors restricted to those locations. (medscape.com)
  • The name was chosen to separate these tumors from ordinary malignancies (carcinomas), but by the 1950s, the fact that carcinoids could be malignant was obvious, thanks to Erspamer and Asero (1952), who identified serotonin production by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • [ 13 ] APUD cells were once believed to originate from the embryologic neural crest, but current evidence suggests that these cells-and thus endocrine tumors of the pancreas and other endocrine tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (eg, carcinoid tumors)-actually develop from the embryologic endoderm. (medscape.com)
  • Typically, 90% of carcinoid tumors originate from the distal ileum or appendix (the embryologic midgut. (medscape.com)
  • Neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas can be divided into functional and nonfunctional varieties. (medscape.com)
  • Most pancreatic endocrine neoplasms discovered clinically are functional-that is, they secrete one or more hormonal products into the blood, which leads to a recognizable clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Several other rare clinical syndromes have been proposed as possible functional endocrine syndromes associated with pancreatic neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Functional pancreatic endocrine neoplasms cause physiologic derangements related to the normal action of the hormonal product that the tumors overproduce. (medscape.com)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a product that appears to be a marker for pancreatic endocrine tumors, but it is not a mediator of any specific PP-related clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • If a patient is thought to have carcinoid syndrome, blood and urine tests must be performed to determine levels of bioactive substances secreted by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Bochemical diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is based on the measurement of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in urine. (medscape.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • [ 12 ] Pearse first used the term APUD in 1968 to unify a group of functionally and structurally similar neuroendocrine cells that are present throughout the body. (medscape.com)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • and asthma attacks-caused by vasoactive hormones secreted by metastases from carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The production of somatostatin by the pancreatic islets, which regulates insulin and glucagon production in neighboring islet cells, is an example of paracrine regulation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • [ 11 ] Other nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors likely secrete unknown products that are of little or no clinical significance. (medscape.com)
  • The DNS consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs ( Table 11.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • These cells share the ability to produce many biologically active amines, peptides, and other substances. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The cells of the DNS have also been referred to historically as paraneurons ( 1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Scintigraphy with indium-111 diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) octreotide (In-111 DTPA Octr), or OctreoScan, localizes the primary carcinoid and eventual recurrences, as well as other neuroendocrine tumors, with high sensitivity and specificity. (medscape.com)
  • High risk of acute pulmonary toxicity with both myeloablative and non-myeloablative total body irradiation-based conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • Nodules are composed of irregularly large cells and sparse colloid. (teknon.es)
  • [ 4 ] but Oberndorfer called a group of small, benign-appearing tumors karzinoide tumoren (carcinoid) for the first time in 1907. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • [2] This was then disproven by the concept of the origin of APUD cells from multipotent stem cells before being implanted in different body organs, hence the diffuse endocrine system. (statpearls.com)
  • 13. Successful therapy of an ACTH-producing gastric carcinoid APUD tumor: report of a case and review of the literature. (nih.gov)
  • In the gastric or intestinal wall , carcinoids may occur as firm white , yellow, or gray nodules and may be intramural masses or may protrude into the lumen as polypoid nodules . (wikidoc.org)
  • and asthma attacks-caused by vasoactive hormones secreted by metastases from carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Serotonin and kallikrein are inactivated in the liver and the manifestations of carcinoid syndrome do not occur until there are liver metastases . (wikidoc.org)
  • The definitive diagnosis requires (1) the presence of secretory diarrhea, (2) elevated serum VIP levels, and (3) the identification of a pancreatic endocrine tumor. (medscape.com)
  • The disease can easily be missed if the diagnosis is based solely on immunocytochemistry, because pancreatic endocrine tumors frequently synthesize multiple peptides. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors Neuroendocrine tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. (lecturio.com)
  • The somatostatin analogs (SSAs) octreotide and lanreotide are used to control carcinoid symptoms and tumor progression in advanced inoperable disease. (medscape.com)
  • A section (on the right) of an intestinal carcinoid mass arising from the mucosa (150 X). Image courtesy of Professor Pantaleo Bufo, University of Foggia, Italy. (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • 10. [Ectopic endocrine syndromes]. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Ectopic production of antidiuretic hormone (adh), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) by an oat cell carcinoma of the lung. (nih.gov)
  • Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via apud cells), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition. (lecturio.com)
  • Typically, 90% of carcinoid tumors originate from the distal ileum or appendix (the embryologic midgut. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome is most commonly caused by neuroendocrine tumors of midgut . (wikidoc.org)
  • It has been postulated that human lung tumors with endocrinelike properties, namely, bronchial carcinoids and lung small cell carcinomas, may originate from lung neuroendocrinelike cells. (nih.gov)
  • However, a more plausible explanation, based on cytokinetic studies of epithelial neuroendocrinelike cells in the lung and other organs, is that these cells originate from a nonneuroendocrine population. (nih.gov)
  • In pathology, an apudoma is an endocrine tumour that arises from an APUD cell from structures such as the ampulla of Vater. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bochemical diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is based on the measurement of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in urine. (medscape.com)
  • Scintigraphy with indium-111 diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) octreotide (In-111 DTPA Octr), or OctreoScan, localizes the primary carcinoid and eventual recurrences, as well as other neuroendocrine tumors, with high sensitivity and specificity. (medscape.com)
  • Apparent hyperplasia of lung neuroendocrinelike cells can occur readily in hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine. (nih.gov)
  • Carcinoid tumors are normally found throughout the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus , with the highest concentration of cells in the appendix and small intestine . (wikidoc.org)
  • Although the frequency of both populations is considered low, solitary-type cells with dense-core granules can be found in as high as 5% of epithelial cells in the cricoid region of the guinea-pig larynx. (nih.gov)
  • Benign Bone Tumors are from the exocrine pancreas Exocrine pancreas The major component (about 80%) of the pancreas composed of acinar functional units of tubular and spherical cells. (lecturio.com)
  • Furthermore, neuroendocrine cells typically have neurosecretory granules. (statpearls.com)
  • Measurement of these granules in the blood is used to determine the degree of differentiation of NETs, such as only chromogranins and synaptophysin are present in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, while chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule) are present in the lung NETs. (statpearls.com)
  • 8. Hormonal polypeptides and amine metabolites in small cell carcinoma of the lung, with special reference to stage and subtypes. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Two cases of multiple hormone-producing small cell carcinoma of the lung: coexistence of tumor ADH, ACTH, and beta-MSH. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Hormone production by cultures of small-cell carcinoma of the lung. (nih.gov)
  • 15. [Two cases of human chorionic gonadotropin-producing large cell carcinoma of the lung accompanied with gynecomastia]. (nih.gov)
  • Neuroendocrinelike (small granule) epithelial cells of the lung. (nih.gov)
  • The presence of neuroendocrinelike epithelial cells in the lung of numerous species has been demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. (nih.gov)
  • The function of lung neuroendocrinelike cells is not known, but morphological and cytochemical studies suggest that the NEBs are intrapulmonary chemoreceptors that can respond to changes in airway gas composition. (nih.gov)
  • Immunohistochemical studies have suggested that some lung epithelial cells may contain a known neuropeptide(s), but further investigation is needed to confirm the presence of such compounds in lung neuroendocrinelike cells and their physiochemical properties. (nih.gov)
  • They were historically thought to be derived from neural crest cells, but this has since been shown to be untrue (see neuroendocrine tumor).The term dates back to at least 1975. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, they are rarely found in carcinoid tumors. (statpearls.com)
  • The solitary cells can be found throughout the airways of mammals, whereas the NEBs are confined to the intrapulmonary airways. (nih.gov)
  • [ 4 ] ) Carcinoid tumors represent 90% of appendiceal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Histochemical methods used to identify these cells have included staining with silver, amine-type fluorescence (APUD cell), periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-lead hematoxylin, and immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase. (nih.gov)
  • A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD CELLS series, irrespective of their specific identification. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hypoxia or hypercapnia has been shown to decrease the amine cytofluorescence in these organoids and apparently to increase the exocytosis of dense core vesicles from the basal region of the cell. (nih.gov)