UDS activity in the rat liver of the human carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl, and the rodent carcinogens 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and direct black 38. (cdc.gov)
The effect of hormones on 2-AAF carcinogenicity is discussed, and research findings are reviewed on 2-AAF carcinogenic antagonists, metabolic fate, and species differences in carcinogenic response. (cdc.gov)
The author concludes that 2-AAF has been proven to be carcinogenic in rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, hamsters, and fowl, and should probably be considered as a human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
Metabolic1
Exposure to these carcinogens can increase metabolic rates, if the exposure is repeated several times. (wikipedia.org)
NIOSH1
Respirator selections in the Pocket Guide are based on NIOSH policy, which considers the 13 chemicals to be potential occupational carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
19731
1973. Carcinogens are mutagens: A simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. (cdc.gov)
Mutagenic3
When inserted into Salmonella, it was noted that 2-AF was metabolized and created a mutagenic strain of Salmonella. (wikipedia.org)
Visualizing sequence-governed nucleotide selectivities and mutagenic consequences through a replicative cycle: processing of a bulky carcinogen N2-dG lesion in a Y-family DNA polymerase. (neb.com)
Mutagenic nucleotide incorporation and hindered translocation by a food carcinogen C8-dG adduct in Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4): modeling and dynamics studies. (neb.com)
Adduct5
Accommodation of an N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene adduct in the active site of human DNA polymerase iota: Hoogsteen or Watson-Crick base pairing? (neb.com)
Following an environmental carcinogen N2-dG adduct through replication: elucidating blockage and bypass in a high-fidelity DNA polymerase. (neb.com)
Increased flexibility enhances misincorporation: temperature effects on nucleotide incorporation opposite a bulky carcinogen-DNA adduct by a Y-family DNA polymerase. (neb.com)
Molecular dynamics of a food carcinogen-DNA adduct in a replicative DNA polymerase suggest hindered nucleotide incorporation and extension. (neb.com)
The spacious active site of a Y-family DNA polymerase facilitates promiscuous nucleotide incorporation opposite a bulky carcinogen-DNA adduct: elucidating the structure-function relationship through experimental and computational approaches. (neb.com)
Bulky2
2-Aminofluorene is a relatively bulky molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Altering DNA polymerase incorporation fidelity by distorting the dNTP binding pocket with a bulky carcinogen-damaged template. (neb.com)
Vitro2
In vitro evaluation of some derivatives of the carcinogen butter yellow: Implications for environmental screening. (cdc.gov)
Consequently, this study was initiated to investigate the effects of separated, low doses of a chemical carcinogen in vitro. (ndltd.org)
Fibroblasts1
Monolayer cultures of human skin fibroblasts were exposed to 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide (4NQ0) and were challenged at varying intervals (1 1/2, 2, 3, 5, 9 and 13 hours) with a second 4NQ0 treatment. (ndltd.org)
Liver4
2-Acetylaminofluorene is able to cause tumors in mice and other animals in the liver and kidney. (wikipedia.org)
Other studies are summarized on the incidence of eye, mammary, ear duct, and liver tumors in rats fed 2-AAF, and on the effects of other dietary components on 2-AAF carcinogenicity including casein (9000719), tryptophane (73223), indole (120729), vitamin-B6 (8059243), and liver powder. (cdc.gov)
The most frequent types of primary liver cancer in adults are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), constituting HCC the 70-85% of cases and CCA the 30-15%, depending on the country [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Liver cancer also appears in children and adolescents, accounting hepatoblastoma (HB) and HCC for 67-80% and 20-33% of cases, respectively [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Polymerase1
A new anti conformation for N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF-dG) allows Watson-Crick pairing in the Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4). (neb.com)
Metabolism1
The leukocytes, in particular, were able to uptake this foreign particle and the researchers were able to conclude that the metabolism of 2-AF was the precursor to the tumor formation. (wikipedia.org)
Occupational2
Without establishing PELs, OSHA promulgated standards in 1974 to regulate the industrial use of 13 chemicals identified as potential occupational carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
Quantitative risk assessment and chemical carcinogens in occupational environments. (cdc.gov)
Toxicity1
Several experiments have been conducted that have suggested 2-aminofluorene be treated with care and with an overall awareness of the toxicity of this compound. (wikipedia.org)
Toxic1
2-AF can undergo a reaction to become a toxic carcinogen to animals. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular1
In molecular biology, 2-AF is able to induce frameshift mutations, by deleting 2 bases in the DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Human1
For example, it has been shown that human leukocytes are able to metabolize 2-AF into a human mutagen. (wikipedia.org)
Compounds2
Therefore, it is mostly used as a model compound that can help researches study carcinogens and the functionality of such compounds that are similar in structure to 2-AF. (wikipedia.org)
The recent Encyclopedia of studies in the 1950s and 1960s in Escherichia coli and then by DNA Elements (ENCODE) project showed binding of carcinogens to nu- Szybalski (1958) , who tested more indicates that at least 80% of the cleic acids ( Wiest and Heidelberger, than 400 compounds in E. coli . (who.int)
Rats1
clarification needed] 2-AF is able to induce tumors in the livers of male and female rats. (wikipedia.org)
Addition2
The addition of these side groups to 2-AF are very dangerous in biological systems. (wikipedia.org)
The peak of repair synthesis was evident in the second and third hour after addition of the carcinogen. (ndltd.org)
Model1
The model carcinogen N-2-acetylaminofluorene covalently binds to the C8 position of guanine to form two adducts, the N-(2'-deoxyguanosine-8-yl)-aminofluorene (G-AF) and the N-2-(2'-deoxyguanosine-8-yl)-acetylaminofluorene (G-AAF). (cnrs.fr)
Undergo1
Furthermore, it has been suggested that 2-aminofluorene can undergo acetylation reactions that causes these reactive species to undergo such reactions in cells. (wikipedia.org)
Species2
There have been experiments carried out using 2-AF as a possible mutagen that can be introduced into a host species. (wikipedia.org)
In other species, 2-AF was also the cause of mutations in the host genome. (wikipedia.org)
Animals1
Concentrations for 20 substances were listed under the headings: (1) Rapidly fatal to man and animals, (2) Dangerous in 0.51 h, (3) 0.51 h without serious disturbances, and (4) Only minimal symptoms observed (3). (cdc.gov)
Dangerous1
There is evidence that 2-aminofluorene is a carcinogen and an intercalating agent that is extremely dangerous to genomic DNA that potentially can lead to mutation if not death. (wikipedia.org)
Research1
2-Aminofluorene is used in laboratory research settings, in which it is converted into differentiating substances that can be harmful to deoxyribonucleic acids. (wikipedia.org)