• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) have been used to treat glaucoma since 1954, when Becker 1 first demonstrated the clinical efficacy of systemically administered acetazolamide. (entokey.com)
  • In the mid-1970s, Dr. Maren returned to his early work on glaucoma medication, convinced that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors could be applied topically to the eye. (ufl.edu)
  • Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Somatostatin , peptide with 14 amino acids, 3 mg per day, injected slowly in the evening after supper, subcutaneously or intravenously with a 12-hour timed syringe (evening administration is indispensable since this coincides with the nocturnal peak in GH and GH-dependent growth factors). (beatingcancercenter.com)
  • Octreotide , peptide with 8 amino acids, in a 1 mg ampoule/day administered as above (alternatively, the delayed formulation of Octreotide can be administered intramuscularly at the same doses). (beatingcancercenter.com)
  • Tunable inhibition and denaturation of alpha-chymotrypsin with amino acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles, 5966 (2003) 84. (allforexindicators.com)
  • It is non-pathogenic, non-pigmented, and used for the production of amino acids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Where: 6.1 is the dissociation constant of carbonic acid in body fluids, 0.03 is the CO 2 solubility constant (as a conventional evaluation of H 2 CO 3 ). (vin.com)
  • Stewart based his model on three principles: (1) the sum of all positive charges equals the sum of all negative charges (principle of electroneutrality), (2) the dissociation equilibria of all incompletely dissociated substances must always be satisfied and (3) the total mass of a non-completely dissociated substance can be calculated by summarizing the amount of dissociated and non-dissociated forms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The strength of an acid may be understood by this definition by the stability of hydronium and the solvated conjugate base upon dissociation. (wikidoc.org)
  • Dr. Maren then returned to industry at the chemotherapy division of the American Cyanamid Company, where he began studying carbonic anhydrase and its inhibitors. (ufl.edu)
  • Forty years back, prior to the arrival of histamine receptor-2 blockers and proton-pump inhibitors, gastric disorders had been treated with antacids and the preferred was Maalox? (irjs.info)
  • Metabolic acidosis occurs as a consequence of the use of bicarbonate to buffer endogenous organic acids or as a consequence of external bicarbonate loss. (aneskey.com)
  • Loss of glomerular function (associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate [GRF]) results in the retention of many end products of metabolism, including the anions of various organic and inorganic acids and urea. (medscape.com)
  • This concept of acidity is used frequently for organic acids such as carboxylic acid . (wikidoc.org)
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a dehydrating reagent in the synthesis of many organic compounds. (scienceready.com.au)
  • Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. (lookformedical.com)
  • Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride that is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other Brønsted-Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair, however, and are therefore not Lewis acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples include molecular substances such as hydrogen chloride and acetic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common examples include acetic acid (in vinegar ) and sulfuric acid (used in car batteries ). (wikidoc.org)
  • If we remember vinegar contains the common weak acid acetic acid. (scienceready.com.au)
  • Acetic acid (ethanoic acid, CH 3 COOH) in vinegar is used to kill bacteria and inhibit bacterial growth. (scienceready.com.au)
  • The body's balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. (medmuv.com)
  • The potential of hydrogen, or pH, refers to a solution's acidity or alkalinity - properties based on the concentration of hydronium ions. (jove.com)
  • The alkalinity of toothpaste helps neutralise acids produced by bacteria in our mouths. (scienceready.com.au)
  • The ions which impart acidity and alkalinity to water are weak acids and bases, and as such, the direct effects of drinking water pH are negligible at best. (svalbardi.com)
  • Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary endpoint is to maintain a stable concentration of weak acids [A - ] according to the Stewart approach of acid-base balance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pH buffer systems are combinations of a weak acid and weak base that exist in balance under normal pH conditions. (medmuv.com)
  • Artificial flavouring - citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ) is a triprotic weak acid that is naturally found in citric fruits, lemon and lime. (scienceready.com.au)
  • Antacid tablets (containing magnesium hydroxide) are used to neutralise gastric acid in patients who experience heart burn and indigestion. (scienceready.com.au)
  • The compound contains lightweight aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide to neutralize or decrease gastric acid. (irjs.info)
  • Hydronium ions are acids according to all three definitions. (wikipedia.org)
  • An Arrhenius acid is a substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H+ ions in the water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, an Arrhenius acid can also be described as a substance that increases the concentration of hydronium ions when added to water. (wikipedia.org)
  • An Arrhenius base, on the other hand, is a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide (OH−) ions when dissolved in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • This decreases the concentration of hydronium because the ions react to form H2O molecules: H3O+ (aq) + OH− (aq) ⇌ H2O(liq) + H2O(liq) Due to this equilibrium, any increase in the concentration of hydronium is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • The carbonic acid formed dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. (europa.eu)
  • Note that chemists often write H + ( aq ) and refer to the hydrogen ion when describing acid-base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a proton, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the hydronium ion, H 3 O + . Thus, an Arrhenius acid can also be described as a substance that increases the concentration of hydronium ions when added to water. (alchetron.com)
  • Lewis acids include substances with no transferable protons (ie H + hydrogen ions), such as iron(III) chloride , and hence the Lewis definition of an acid has wider application than the Brønsted-Lowry definition. (wikidoc.org)
  • The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3 O + ). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10 −7 moles of hydronium ions. (jove.com)
  • In non-mathematical terms, pH measures the relative equilibrium between positively and negatively charged ions in a solution. (svalbardi.com)
  • In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O+ and are known as Arrhenius acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Brønsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H+. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties that provide a practical description of an acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely, many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or Brønsted-Lowry acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions are the most relevant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, an Arrhenius acid could also be said to be one that decreases hydroxide concentration, while an Arrhenius base increases it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arrhenius used this belief to develop this definition of acid. (wikidoc.org)
  • Accordingly, in CKD, bone mineral mobilisation would serve as a buffer system to acid accumulation. (cambridge.org)
  • In his 1949 Proctor Award Lecture of the Association for Research in Ophthalmology, Friedenwald 2 initially theorized that aqueous humor formation was an active process involving transport into the posterior chamber of electrolytes and ascorbic acid and requiring large quantities of HCO3- as a buffer. (entokey.com)
  • The pH buffer systems work chemically to minimize changes in the pH of a solution by adjusting the proportion of acid and base. (medmuv.com)
  • This study aims to investigate the effects of a modified, balanced crystalloid including phosphate in a perioperative setting in order to maintain a stable electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis in the patient. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Secondary endpoints are measurement of serum phosphate levels, other acid-base parameters such as the strong ion difference (SID), the onset and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), electrolyte levels and their excretion in the urine, monitoring of renal function and glycocalyx components, haemodynamics, amounts of catecholamines and other vasopressors used and the safety of the infusion regime. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sulfuric acid is used to make phosphoric acid, which in turn is used to make phosphate fertilisers. (scienceready.com.au)
  • Primary metabolic acidoses that occur as a result of a marked increase in endogenous acid production (eg, lactic or keto acids) or progressive accumulation of endogenous acids when excretion is impaired by renal insufficiency are characterized by decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration and increased anion gap without hyperchloremia. (medscape.com)
  • Our data provide evidence that the structure of RG-II itself determines which apiofuranosyl residues are esterified with borate and that in the presence of boric acid and certain cations, two RG-II monomers self-assemble to form a dimer. (lookformedical.com)
  • AIM: To investigate the effect on urine culture results and their clinical interpretation of delaying the processing of urine samples in which boric acid had been used as a preservative. (lookformedical.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Boric acid urine preservation used for overnight delayed processing of samples is associated with a significant alteration in culture results and the attendant clinical interpretation of such specimens. (lookformedical.com)
  • A new ELISA kit for measuring urinary 2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, and their ratio: reproducibility, validity, and assay performance after freeze-thaw cycling and preservation by boric acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • In this report, we present findings on the new kit with regard to reproducibility of the 2-OHE1 and 16alpha-OHE1 measurements, comparability of results with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy values, and with regard to the stability of the metabolites after repeated freeze-thaw cycles and after preservation by boric acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • Compensatory mechanisms for acid-base disturbances function to alter the ratio of HCO3 -to PCO2, returning the pH of the blood to normal. (europa.eu)
  • Management of perioperative acid-base disturbances requires an understanding of the four simple acid-base disorders-metabolic alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and respiratory acidosis-as well as more complex combinations of disturbances. (aneskey.com)
  • The advantage of Stewart's concept is its quantitative analytical approach that permits one to diagnose and differentiate between specific forms of acid-base disturbances that conventional methods have not been able to describe before [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a consequence of underlying diseases and of therapeutic manipulations, surgical patients develop potentially harmful disorders of acid-base equilibrium, intravascular and extravascular volume, and serum electrolytes. (aneskey.com)
  • Total serum bile acid (TSBA) concentrations can sensitively detect cholestatic disorders and conditions associated with portosystemic shunting, including microvascular dysplasia in small dog breeds. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • This reaction is accelerated by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme present in high concentrations in red blood cells. (europa.eu)
  • Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). (lookformedical.com)
  • The circulating pool quantities to 7.6 mmol and is in equilibrium with bone magnesium which is 530 mmol, muscle magnesium 270 mmol, other intracellular areas 190 mmol and erythrocytes 5 mmol. (irjs.info)
  • Increasing or decreasing stability of the conjugate base will increase or decrease the acidity of a compound. (wikidoc.org)
  • to him it's nothing more than a "poisonous acidic liquid" in which normal cells " spoiled by acid ," and the tumor is the body's protective reaction to these cells. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Precise perioperative management of acid-base status, fluids, and electrolytes may limit perioperative morbidity and mortality. (aneskey.com)
  • This section will review the pathogenesis, major complications, physiologic compensatory mechanisms, and treatment of common perioperative acid-base abnormalities. (aneskey.com)
  • Perioperative fluid replacement with the use of currently available crystalloid preparations still fail to maintain a stable acid-base balance and experts agree that common balanced solutions are still not ideal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aims to investigate the effectivity and safety of a new crystalloid solution by adding sodium glycerophosphate to a standardized crystalloid preparation in order to maintain a balanced perioperative acid-base homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. (wikipedia.org)
  • A process that involves a gain of acids, a loss of bicarbonate, or both.This results in decreased pH. (vin.com)
  • Renal mechanisms are usually sufficient to restore the acidbase balance (McEvoy, 1994). (europa.eu)
  • The body uses different mechanisms to control the blood's acid-base balance. (medmuv.com)
  • The rationale, the aims, the components, the biochemical and physiological bases and the molecular biology mechanisms of action of the DBM are described. (beatingcancercenter.com)
  • Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. (wikipedia.org)
  • An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as "acid" (as in "dissolved in acid"), while the strict definition refers only to the solute. (wikipedia.org)
  • These drugs inhibit carbonic anhydrase (CA), one of the enzymes that regulate aqueous humor formation. (entokey.com)
  • In modern terminology, an acid is implicitly a Brønsted acid and not a Lewis acid, since chemists almost always refer to a Lewis acid explicitly as a Lewis acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemists often write H+(aq) and refer to the hydrogen ion when describing acid-base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a proton, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the hydronium ion (H3O+) or other forms (H5O2+, H9O4+). (wikipedia.org)
  • Around 1800, many French chemists, including Antoine Lavoisier , incorrectly believed that all acids contained oxygen . (wikidoc.org)
  • English chemists, including Sir Humphry Davy at the same time believed all acids contained hydrogen. (wikidoc.org)
  • Due to this equilibrium , any increase in the concentration of hydronium is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxide. (alchetron.com)
  • The word "acid" comes from the Latin acidus meaning "sour," but in chemistry the term acid has a more specific meaning. (wikidoc.org)
  • Lewis bases are also ligands in coordination chemistry . (wikidoc.org)
  • This is part of the HSC Chemistry course under the topic Properties of Acids and Bases. (scienceready.com.au)
  • However, ~15%-20% of dogs and 5%-10% of cats have higher TSBA concentrations before meal ingestion than after, likely reflecting physiologic variables influencing the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (ie, the rate of gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit of bile acids to the ileum, where they are actively resorbed). (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) can increase measured TSBA concentrations and should be suspended at least 1 day prior to testing (UDCA is measured by the bile acid assay). (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Current studies target to find the "ideal physiologic" crystalloid preparation, resembling plasma concentrations, maintaining electrolyte concentrations within normal range and stabilizing acid-base balance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. (jove.com)
  • The kidneys maintain acid-base balance by bicarbonate reclamation and acid excretion. (medscape.com)
  • This hypothesis posits that foods associated with an increased urinary acid excretion are deleterious for the skeleton, leading to osteoporosis and enhanced fragility fracture risk. (cambridge.org)
  • Comparative physiology gave him particular insight into the roles of carbonic anhydrase in humans, especially the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid. (ufl.edu)
  • Notwithstanding this questionable role of bone mineral in systemic acid-base equilibrium, not only in CKD but even more in the absence of renal impairment, it is postulated that, in healthy individuals, foods, particularly those containing animal protein, would induce 'latent' acidosis and result, in the long run, in osteoporosis. (cambridge.org)
  • In a historical perspective, the present review dissects out speculation from experimental facts and emphasises the essential role of the renal tubule in systemic acid-base and Ca homeostasis. (cambridge.org)
  • As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases. (wikipedia.org)
  • This definition limits acids and bases to substances that can dissolve in water. (wikidoc.org)
  • Lewis considered this as a generalization of the Brønsted definition, so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs either directly or by releasing protons (H+) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although alcohols and amines can be Brønsted-Lowry acids, they can also function as Lewis bases due to the lone pairs of electrons on their oxygen and nitrogen atoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • An acid and the corresponding base are referred to as conjugate acid -base pairs. (wikidoc.org)
  • Furthermore it should be realised that an oral uptake of sodium bicarbonate will result in a neutralisation in the stomach due to the gastric acid. (europa.eu)
  • Arsenic metabolism is affected by tissue and blood levels of zinc, selenium, arginine, choline, methionine, taurine, and quaniacetic acid, all of which affect methyl-group metabolism and polyamine synthesis which is the site of arsenic function in human physiology. (mighty-90.com)
  • The nutritional acid load hypothesis of osteoporosis is reviewed from its historical origin to most recent studies with particular attention to the essential but overlooked role of the kidney in acid-base homeostasis. (cambridge.org)
  • Based on these data reported in the literature, we decided that it was appropriate to propose the new biological, physiological and rational therapy protocols of the DBM with greater efficacy and lower toxicity. (beatingcancercenter.com)
  • Aspirin (IUPAC name: acetylsalicylic acid) is used to reduce inflammation by inhibiting biological enzymes and prevent clotting to reduce chance of stroke. (scienceready.com.au)
  • In the beginning of the 1990s it was shown that the (excessive) administration of isotonic saline resulted in an acid-base dysbalance, a hyperchloraemic acidosis [ 5 ] that can effectively mask perfusion deficits or result in inadequate therapeutic interventions if this condition is mistaken as tissue hypoxia [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The second category of acids are Lewis acids, which form a covalent bond with an electron pair. (wikipedia.org)
  • An example is boron trifluoride (BF3), whose boron atom has a vacant orbital that can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a base, for example the nitrogen atom in ammonia (NH3). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfur oxides form acid rain when mixed with the water in clouds. (scienceready.com.au)
  • Studies on the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. (cdc.gov)
  • The kidneys are also able to affect blood pH by excreting excess acids or bases. (medmuv.com)
  • An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron ( proton or hydrogen ion H + ), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid). (alchetron.com)
  • An acid (often represented by the generic formula HA [H + A - ]) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water , gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity greater than in pure water, i.e. a pH less than 7.0. (wikidoc.org)
  • That approximates the modern definition of Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry , who independently defined an acid as a compound which donates a hydrogen ion (H + ) to another compound (called a base ). (wikidoc.org)