• The cells in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms are termed amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells because they have a high amine content, are capable of amine precursor uptake, and contain an amino acid decarboxylase. (medscape.com)
  • 1,2,3] They originate in amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system and in adrenal or extra-adrenal neurogenic sites. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with pancreatic neoplasms that have the histologic characteristics of a pancreatic endocrine tumor but no associated elevation in plasma hormone levels (excluding the pancreatic polypeptide level) and those without a recognizable clinical syndrome are considered to have nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a product that appears to be a marker for pancreatic endocrine tumors, but it is not a mediator of any specific PP-related clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 ] Other nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors likely secrete unknown products that are of little or no clinical significance. (medscape.com)
  • [ 13 ] APUD cells were once believed to originate from the embryologic neural crest, but current evidence suggests that these cells-and thus endocrine tumors of the pancreas and other endocrine tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (eg, carcinoid tumors)-actually develop from the embryologic endoderm. (medscape.com)
  • Although the term islet cell tumor is often used to identify neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas, this is a misnomer because many pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not develop directly from islet cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] Instead, the tumors arise from APUD stem cells, which are pluripotential neuroendocrine cells located within the ductular epithelium of the exocrine pancreas and elsewhere in the distal foregut. (medscape.com)
  • Functional pancreatic endocrine neoplasms cause physiologic derangements related to the normal action of the hormonal product that the tumors overproduce. (medscape.com)
  • They may manifest as sporadic tumors or as part of certain syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. (medscape.com)
  • Although nonfunctional islet cell tumors are not uncommon at autopsy, most islet cell tumors with clinical manifestations are functional. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic islet cell tumors may secrete 2 or more polypeptide hormones. (medscape.com)
  • Islet cell tumors in this group are often multiple and malignant. (medscape.com)
  • This article reviews the role of imaging in the management of islet cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • No universally agreed-upon algorithm exists in the radiologic investigation of pancratic neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence has shown that endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be used to accurately diagnose and localize primary endocrine tumors of the pancreas, especially insulinomas and gastrinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine. (medscape.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • Amyloid deposits are not uncommon in endocrine neoplasms and can also occur in pituitary tumors. (scirp.org)
  • Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the SKIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the LUNG. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND. (lookformedical.com)
  • Neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas can be divided into functional and nonfunctional varieties. (medscape.com)
  • Most pancreatic endocrine neoplasms discovered clinically are functional-that is, they secrete one or more hormonal products into the blood, which leads to a recognizable clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Several other rare clinical syndromes have been proposed as possible functional endocrine syndromes associated with pancreatic neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Islet cells commonly are referred to as APUD cells, a name derived from their high amine content and capacity for amine precursor uptake with decarboxylation. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Subsequently, four other classic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes have been described. (medscape.com)
  • They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm . (handwiki.org)
  • [4] This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, [4] although their function is not entirely known. (handwiki.org)
  • Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi . (handwiki.org)
  • [7] Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium , in which Paneth cells play a critical role. (handwiki.org)
  • When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens , Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins and lysozyme ) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide , lipoteichoic acid , muramyl dipeptide and lipid A . [9] They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load. (handwiki.org)
  • Pancreatic islet cells are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system of the gut and pancreatic endocrine system. (medscape.com)
  • APUD cells are considered part of the neuroendocrine system, and share many staining properties with neuroendocrine cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are hypothetically involved in regulating localized epithelial cell growth and regeneration through a paracrine mechanism, whereby their signaling peptides are released into the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. (handwiki.org)
  • Unlike the other epithelial cell types, Paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it. (handwiki.org)
  • insulin-secreting cells, the basolateral membrane of intestinal and kidney absorptive cells, in hepatocytes and in a subset of neurons (21,31,44). (justia.com)
  • The first report of a hormone-producing pancreatic tumor syndrome was published in 1927, when Wilder et al described insulinoma syndrome in a patient with a metastatic islet cell tumor who had hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
  • These cells can be the source of several types of lung cancer, most notably small cell carcinoma of the lung, and bronchial carcinoid tumor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumor Neuroendocrinology Neurohormone Chromophobe cell Melanotroph Chromophil Acidophil cell Basophil cell Oxyphil cell Oxyphil cell (parathyroid) Pituitary gland Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical features of the syndrome depend on tumor cell type. (medscape.com)
  • Microscopy: Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a monotonous population of round to polygonal tumor cells with round to oval nuclei and variable amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm. (scirp.org)
  • An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases adrenaline to the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) Hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are specialized airway epithelial cells that occur as solitary cells or as clusters called neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in the lung. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days). (handwiki.org)
  • Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are also known as Kulchitsky cells or K cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • This area controls most anterior pituitary cells and thereby regulates functions in the entire body, like responses to stress, cold, sleep, and the reproductive system. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are carried by portal vessels to the pituitary cells where they may stimulate, inhibit, or maintain the function of a particular cell type. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
  • Other pathologies such as hyperthyroidism refractory to medical treatment, large and / or symptomatic goiter and thyroid cancer are surgical treatment. (teknon.es)
  • In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the innate immune system. (handwiki.org)
  • The objective of the surgeon who should indicate thyroid surgery should be in cases of non-response to medical treatment, cases that present symptoms, are usually large goiters (dysphagia, airway obstruction, etc.) and thyroid cancer. (teknon.es)
  • Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. (handwiki.org)
  • [4] There are on average 5-12 Paneth cells in each small intestinal crypt. (handwiki.org)
  • Neural crest cells are precursors of APUDoma and neurogenic cells. (medscape.com)
  • Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium , alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. (handwiki.org)
  • These cells are bottle- or flask-like in shape, and reach from the basement membrane to the lumen. (wikipedia.org)
  • This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. (handwiki.org)
  • [11] Surprisingly, murine Paneth cells do not express mRNA transcripts for TLR4 . (handwiki.org)
  • cell lines, these transcripts are translated into immunodetectable cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. (justia.com)
  • 8] Approximately 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. (handwiki.org)
  • In contrast, the lamina propria is composed of immune cells such as dendric cells, T cells, and macrophages. (handwiki.org)
  • Primary interests include clinical trials design and the design and analysis of biomarker and imaging studies especially in the areas of GI cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, transplant and cancer immunotherapy. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • [10] For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9 . (handwiki.org)
  • High risk of acute pulmonary toxicity with both myeloablative and non-myeloablative total body irradiation-based conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • [ 12 ] Pearse first used the term APUD in 1968 to unify a group of functionally and structurally similar neuroendocrine cells that are present throughout the body. (medscape.com)
  • In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
  • Pancreatic non-beta-cell hyperplasia is rare but has been reported in children. (medscape.com)
  • [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. (handwiki.org)
  • Specialized groups of neuroendocrine cells can be found at the base of the third ventricle in the brain (in a region called the hypothalamus). (wikipedia.org)
  • U.K. Whether the download drugs law and legal practice of page is MRI, PET, cancer, SPECT, CT, or one of a treatment of contour visitations, server memory is a own book in defaulting the functional 1st or first months. (mdiemar.de)