Calmodulin green fluorescent proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is a synthetic fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP), calmodulin (CaM), and M13, a peptide sequence from myosin light-chain kinase. (newsbasis.com)
A mechanism for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II clustering at synaptic and nonsynaptic sites based on self-association. (ulaval.ca)
The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays an integral role in regulating synaptic development and plasticity. (ulaval.ca)
and would depend on calmodulin activation and phosphorylation of AQP1 at two threonine residues by proteins kinase C. This immediate mechanism offers a rationale for the adjustments in drinking water transportation that are needed in response to continuously changing local mobile drinking water availability. (healthanddietblog.info)
The very best studied exemplory case of this is actually the legislation of AQP2 translocation in individual kidney cells, which would depend on vasopressin-mediated activation of proteins kinase A with the G protein-coupled receptor, vasopressin V2 receptor (15). (healthanddietblog.info)
We recently confirmed that elevated translocation of AQP1 is certainly triggered upon this speedy timescale by hypotonic stimulus in a particular proteins kinase C (PKC)- and microtubule-dependent way (19). (healthanddietblog.info)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
Smooth muscle cells express Kv7.4 and Kv7.5 voltage-dependent potassium channels, which have each been implicated as regulators of smooth muscle contractility, though they display different sensitivities to signaling via cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). (aspetjournals.org)
The activation of the PCP pathway stimulates Rho GTPases and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate cell morphogenesis and movement [ 29 ], whereas the activation of the Wnt/Ca 2+ pathway causes Ca 2+ to activate protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [ 30 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) but not mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors abolished this Wnt5a synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Cardiac contractility is regulated by dynamic phosphorylation of sarcomeric proteins by kinases such as cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA). (biomedcentral.com)
Efficient phosphorylation requires that PKA be anchored close to its targets by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). (biomedcentral.com)
The phenotypic spectrum among girls with heterozygous mutations in the X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) gene CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) includes postnatal microcephaly, ponto-cerebellar hypoplasia, seizures, optic nerve hypoplasia, growth retardation and hypotonia. (biomedcentral.com)
CASK is an evolutionarily conserved gene which encodes for a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family [ 31 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we performed a comparative study of the ubiquitous CMV promoter and three neuron-specific promoters, chicken Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase (cCaMKII), chicken Nestin (cNestin), and human synapsin I. We explored the possibility of manipulating gene expression in chicken embryonic brain cells using in ovo electroporation with the selected promoters. (biomedcentral.com)

To date, three major classes of Ca 2+ -binding proteins, including calcium dependent protein kinases (CDPK), calmodulins (CaM) and CaM-like proteins (CaML) and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL), have been characterized in higher plants [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We designed a live-cell-imaging approach to monitor an activity-dependent clustering of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-CaMKII holoenzymes, termed self-association, a process that we hypothesize contributes to the translocation of CaMKII to synaptic and nonsynaptic sites in activated neurons. (ulaval.ca)
However, the mechanisms by which the expression of Wnt proteins is regulated in neurons are unclear. (biomedcentral.com)

The researchers sought to improve the function of proteins known as green fluorescent protein/calmodulin protein (GCaMP) sensors, an amalgam of various natural proteins that are a popular form of sensor proteins known as genetically encoded calcium indicators, or GECIs. (princeton.edu)
Red fluorescent genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have expanded the available pallet of colors used for the visualization of neuronal calcium activity in vivo. (mdpi.com)

The faster protein that the Princeton researchers developed could pair with work in other laboratories to improve other areas of GCaMP function, Wang said. (princeton.edu)
Calcium-sensitive fluorescent molecules called GCaMP emit a fluorescent signal that indicates neural activity, and are useful for following the dynamics of neural networks. (bestinscience.com)
It's the same domain that scientists added to fluorescent proteins to make calcium-responsive GCaMP sensors. (bestinscience.com)

Our data display that manipulating quick AQP1 translocation, which may be observed in main astrocytes aswell as model cell lines, modulates adjustments in cell quantity and that quick subcellular localization of AQP1 needs extracellular calcium mineral influx, TRP stations, calmodulin, and particular phosphorylation at two known PKC sites, Thr-157 and Thr-239. (healthanddietblog.info)
FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
Characteristic early signaling events include Ca 2+ influx, protein phosphorylation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (biomedcentral.com)
Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C (cMyBPC) and cardiac troponin I (cTNI) are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)-causing sarcomeric proteins which regulate contractility in response to PKA phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)

He also developed fluorescent indicators of calcium ions and other ions important in biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. (nature.com)
Fura Red is a visible light-excitable fura-2 analog that offers unique possibilities for ratiometric measurement of calcium ion in single cells by microphotometry, imaging or flow cytometry when used with single excitation, green-fluorescent calcium indicators. (newsbasis.com)
Ratiometric, or dual-wavelength, ion indicators are a subcategory of fluorescent dyes utilized for their ability to quantitatively measure intracellular ion concentrations. (newsbasis.com)
Fluorescent Dyes - Loading Calcium indicators are unable to cross lipid membranes due to their nature, making necessary the use of physical or chemical methods to load them inside the cell. (newsbasis.com)

Baird, G. S., Zacharias, D. A. & Tsien, R. Y. Circular permutation and receptor insertion within green fluorescent proteins. (nature.com)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)

Intensiometric genetically encoded biosensors, based on allosteric modulation of the fluorescence of a single fluorescent protein, are powerful tools for enabling imaging of neural activities and other cellular biochemical events. (nature.com)
The versatile fluorescence from engineered, genetically encodable FP variants greatly enhances cellular imaging capabilities, which are dictated by excited-state structural dynamics of the embedded chromophore inside the protein pocket. (jostchemical.com)
Fluorescence is an essentially background-free signal, to the point that single fluorescent molecules can be observed. (ibs.fr)
Eos emits a green fluorescence until it is exposed to violet light, which permanently alters the protein so that it fluoresces in red. (bestinscience.com)
To find a useful protein that switches the color of its fluorescence only in the presence of both calcium and an activating violet light, the researchers made and screened tens of thousands of subtly different proteins. (bestinscience.com)
Mutations in calmodulin part of GCaMP6 created several variants which showed different calcium fluorescence decay rate (fast - GCamP6f, slow - GCaMP6f and medium - GCaMP6m). (signagen.com)

However, since these kinases regulate a broad range of cellular responses, their compartmentalization in close proximity to their sarcomeric targets is required to facilitate control over which proteins are phosphorylated in response to second messenger signalling [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

As such, CaMKII may form a scaffold that, in combination with other synaptic proteins, recruits and localizes additional proteins to the postsynaptic density. (ulaval.ca)

At the same time, co-compartmentalization of enzymes or proteins that generate or terminate these second messenger metabolites, such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) which degrade cAMP and cGMP, with the relevant responsive kinases helps to optimise the precision and speed of response to second messenger signaling [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been shown to play important roles in various physiological processes, including plant growth and development, abiotic and biotic stress responses and plant hormone signaling in plants. (biomedcentral.com)

Note gained (e.g., green arrowhead), lost (blue arrowhead), and stable (yellow arrowheads) putative synaptic terminals (A. Holtmaat, personal communication). (jneurosci.org)

Timelines of GFP-development involved by Tsien: 1994: Tsien showed the mechanism that GFP chromophore is formed in a chemical reaction which requires oxygen but without help from the other proteins. (wikipedia.org)
We report here a mechanism that couples NMDAR activation to Wnt5a protein synthesis in primary cortical cultures. (biomedcentral.com)

Tsien contributed to the fields of cell biology and neurobiology by discovering genetically programmable fluorescent tags, thereby allowing scientists to watch the behavior of molecules in living cells in real time. (wikipedia.org)
The multicolored fluorescent proteins developed in Tsien's lab are used by scientists to track where and when certain genes are expressed in cells or in whole organisms. (wikipedia.org)
To do that, the scientists incorporated the calcium-sensitive protein calmodulin, which makes the color change dependent on the burst of calcium that accompanies neural activity. (photonics.com)
Princeton University researchers have created "souped up" versions of the calcium-sensitive proteins that for the past decade or so have given scientists an unparalleled view and understanding of brain-cell communication. (princeton.edu)

To make CaMPARI, the team started with a fluorescent protein called Eos, which fluoresces in green until it is exposed to violet light, which permanently alters it to fluoresce in red. (photonics.com)
The tool -- a fluorescent protein called CaMPARI -- converts from green to red when calcium floods a nerve cell after the cell fires. (bestinscience.com)
To make CaMPARI, the team started with a fluorescent protein called Eos . (bestinscience.com)

Typically, the gene coding for a protein of interest is fused with the gene for a fluorescent protein, which causes the protein of interest to glow inside the cell when the cell is irradiated with a suitable wavelength of light and allows microscopists to track its location in real time. (wikipedia.org)
In recent years, lipid-coated calcium-phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle has been developed as a versatile platform for delivery of various therapeutics including gene, protein/peptide, chemotherapeutics and theranostic agents. (jostchemical.com)
Direct rules by AQP gene manifestation and/or AQP proteins degradation may be accomplished over a period level from hours to times (9, 10). (healthanddietblog.info)

In 2004, Tsien was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine "for his seminal contribution to the design and biological application of novel fluorescent and photolabile molecules to analyze and perturb cell signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
The barrel structure produces a very tight packing of the interior of the protein, so that the chromophore and water molecules are largely fixed into place by hydrogen bonds, with limited (but not impossible) diffusion of ions or small molecules. (ibs.fr)
In mammals CASK was discovered due to its ability to bind to the cytosolic tail of neuronal adhesion molecules neurexins and therefore is primarily identified as a scaffolding protein at the neuronal synapse [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In fundamental cell biological processes such as signal transduction, enzymatic activity or intracellular fusion during vesicular transport, a large number of proteins are recruited to and released from the cytoplasmic surface of intracellular membranes (Casey et al. (biologists.com)

Molecular brightness (MB) is defined as the product of the QY and Extinction coefficient, and therefore represents capacity of a fluorescent molecule to emit photons under a given intensity and colour of excitation light. (ibs.fr)

However, the direct effects of MCA proteins on osmotic-induced Ca 2+ influx through the plasma membrane and the osmotic signaling pathways are little understood. (biomedcentral.com)

Fura-2, an aminopolycarboxylic acid, is a ratiometric fluorescent dye which binds to free intracellular calcium. (newsbasis.com)
In contrast to the detailed understanding of the intracellular signaling cascades initiated by Wnts, little is known about the upstream mechanisms that control the synthesis of Wnt proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

In 2008, Tsien shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie for "the green fluorescent protein: discovery, expression and development. (wikipedia.org)

The proteins activate after neural signals begin, and mark the end of a signal when brain cells have (by neuronal terms) long since moved on to something else, Wang said. (princeton.edu)
GENIE is an interdisciplinary team dedicated to engineering fluorescent sensors that facilitate the imaging of neuronal activity in living organisms. (bestinscience.com)

From the 13 known AQPs in (-)-Epicatechin IC50 our body, AQP1 (16), AQP3 (17), and AQP5 (18) likewise have been proven to endure translocation towards the plasma membrane in response to hormonal activation of particular G protein-coupled receptors. (healthanddietblog.info)
Using cortical primary cultures, we show here that activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) induces rapid Wnt5a protein synthesis and secretion. (biomedcentral.com)
Wnt proteins bind to receptors to activate the Wnt/β-catenin canonical pathway and β-catenin-independent non-canonical pathways, which include the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the Wnt/calcium (Ca 2+ ) pathway [ 2 , 23 - 26 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
Originally thought to have only a structural role, cMyBPC has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of cardiac contractility [ 1 ], for which the N-terminal region of the protein appears to be crucial. (biomedcentral.com)

A new permanent fluorescent label allows researchers to study complex neural activity in wide swaths of brain tissue in moving animals. (photonics.com)

Using biochemical assay, we also demonstrate that CASK can interact with metabolic proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

He was a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, in collaboration with organic chemist Osamu Shimomura and neurobiologist Martin Chalfie. (wikipedia.org)

Wnt proteins are emerging key regulators of the plasticity and functions of adult brains. (biomedcentral.com)

One of the most interesting features of the GFP chromophore is that it does not require a catalytic system to be formed, but is autocatalytically assembled after protein production, requiring only molecular oxygen as a cofactor for its full maturation. (ibs.fr)

We provide evidence that KRas translocation occurs through sequestration of the polybasic-prenyl motif by Ca 2+ /calmodulin (Ca 2+ /CaM) and subsequent release of KRas from the PM, in a process reminiscent of GDP dissociation inhibitor-mediated membrane recycling of Rab and Rho GTPases. (rupress.org)

By making the sensors a bit more sensitive and fragile - the proteins bond more quickly with calcium and come apart more readily to stop glowing when calcium is removed - the researchers whittled down the roughly 20 millisecond response time of existing GCaMPs to about 10 milliseconds, Wang said. (princeton.edu)
Transient changes in Ca 2+ concentration are sensed by several Ca 2+ sensors or Ca 2+ -binding proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

Gascón, J. A. Finite Temperature Analysis of Inter-Chromophore Electronic Couplings in Different Forms of the Peridinin-Chlorophyll a Protein, POSTER 643, 2020 Biophysical Society Meeting, San Diego, CA, February 15-19, 2020. (uconn.edu)

The calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTA) play critical roles in plant growth and responses to environmental stimuli. (frontiersin.org)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the telomere-associated protein Ndj1 is required for bouquet formation. (biorxiv.org)

The reason for this redundancy is not yet completely understood, but emerging evidence suggests that each variant of the Ca 2+ -controlling proteins has a precise role in the shaping of the Ca 2+ signal. (schoolbag.info)

We further assessed and confirmed these interactions by fluorescent 3D-co-localization in differentiated H9C2 cells as well as by in vivo co-immunoprecipitation. (biomedcentral.com)

However, their calcium-binding domain is restricted by calmodulin from metazoans. (mdpi.com)
In this study, we developed red GECI, called FRCaMP, using calmodulin (CaM) from Schizosaccharomyces pombe fungus as a calcium binding domain. (mdpi.com)
The calmodulin-like domain contains EF-hands for Ca 2+ binding. (biomedcentral.com)

As shown on the figure (so called Jablonski diagram), when a molecule (e.g. a fluorescent protein) in the electronic ground state absorbs a photon of suitable wavelength, it accesses the first electronically excited state. (ibs.fr)

This mutation dramatically improved the fluorescent (both intensity and photostability) and spectral characteristics of GFP. (wikipedia.org)

The researchers made and screened tens of thousands of subtly different proteins to find one that switched color only in the presence of both calcium and violet light. (photonics.com)

Reported July 18 in the journal Nature Communications , the enhanced proteins developed at Princeton respond more quickly to changes in neuron activity, and can be customized to react to different, faster rates of neuron activity. (princeton.edu)
Once introduced into the brain via the bloodstream, GCaMPs react to the various calcium ions involved in cell activity by glowing fluorescent green. (princeton.edu)

Nakai, J., Ohkura, M. & Imoto, K. A high signal-to-noise Ca(2+) probe composed of a single green fluorescent protein. (nature.com)

Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)

Greenwald, E. C., Mehta, S. & Zhang, J. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors illuminate the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks. (nature.com)

That conversion from green to red gives us a permanent signal. (photonics.com)

Many protein components of this signaling cascade have been cloned and characterized: Strikingly, many exist as different isoforms, the number of which is further increased through mechanisms of alternative splicing of the primary transcripts. (schoolbag.info)

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