Bronchitis chronic disease. Medical search. Frequent questions

Since there is some clinical evidence that the clinical course of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be complicated by thrombosis in the pulmonary vessels, we studied whether a hypercoagulability state (HS) does occur in COPD. (nih.gov)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is estimated to affect 32 million persons in the United States and is the fourth leading cause of death in this country. (medscape.com)
Most of the time COPD is secondary to tobacco abuse, although cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, bronchiectasis, and some rare forms of bullous lung diseases may be causes as well. (medscape.com)
Patients with COPD are susceptible to many insults that can lead rapidly to an acute deterioration superimposed on chronic disease. (medscape.com)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a mixture of three separate disease processes that together form the complete clinical and pathophysiological picture. (medscape.com)
This chronic inflammatory process is associated with tissue repair and remodeling that ultimately determines the pathologic type of COPD. (medscape.com)
The molecular basis for the lung inflammation seen in COPD is still an area of great research and debate, with the potential roles of cytokines, complex autoimmune processes, and immune modulation from chronic infection all under investigation. (medscape.com)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (medscape.com)
With long-standing inflammation, as can be seen in chronic bronchitis, this muscular spasm and inflammation result in a fixed, nonreversible narrowing of the airway, and the condition is termed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ). (medicinenet.com)
Some NIH investigators consider chronic bronchitis a type of COPD . (medicinenet.com)
COPD also includes the entities of emphysema , chronic bronchitis, and chronic asthma . (medicinenet.com)
Statistics from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that about 49% of smokers develop chronic bronchitis and 24% develop emphysema / COPD . (medicinenet.com)
Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? (cdc.gov)
Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis? (cdc.gov)
Thinking about the most recent time you had symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis, how long did the symptoms last? (cdc.gov)
Have you ever had COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)? (cdc.gov)
Animal production, insecticide use and self-reported symptoms and diagnoses of COPD, including chronic bronchitis, in the Agricultur al Health Study. (cdc.gov)
however, few studies consider associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (cdc.gov)
COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema). (cdc.gov)
Farm ers were classified as having a COPD diagnosis, chronic bronchitis symptoms (cough and phlegm for =3 months during 2 consecutive years), or both. (cdc.gov)
Chronic bronchitis is a kind of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). (delveinsight.com)
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the two most common COPD diseases. (delveinsight.com)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. (wikipedia.org)
The two most common types of COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis and have been the two classic COPD phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic bronchitis does not always result in airflow limitation but in young adults who smoke the risk of developing COPD is high. (wikipedia.org)
Many definitions of COPD in the past included emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but these have never been included in GOLD report definitions. (wikipedia.org)
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis remain the predominant phenotypes of COPD but there is often overlap between them and a number of other phenotypes have also been described. (wikipedia.org)
A cardinal symptom of COPD is the chronic and progressive shortness of breath which is most characteristic of the condition. (wikipedia.org)
The most often first symptom of COPD is a chronic cough, which may or may not be productive of mucus as phlegm. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term used to describe chronic lung diseases including emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. (copdfoundation.org)
Some people with COPD also experience tiredness and chronic cough with or without mucus. (copdfoundation.org)
COPD is (currently) an incurable disease, but with the right diagnosis and treatment, there are many things you can do to breathe better and enjoy life and live for many years. (copdfoundation.org)
If you have another health condition in addition to COPD (comorbidity), such as high blood pressure, heart disease, heartburn, depression, or diabetes, this can also affect your COPD and how it is managed. (copdfoundation.org)
If yes, you may have a chronic bronchitis type of COPD that will respond to different medicines. (copdfoundation.org)
Chronic bronchitis (CB) is one of the classic phenotypes of COPD. (biomedcentral.com)
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - is characterized by airflow obstruction and breathing-related problems. (cdc.gov)
The term COPD includes the conditions of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (cdc.gov)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been known to mankind for over 200 year. (news-medical.net)
The disease was initially recognized with the use of the stethoscope and spirometer and spirometry still remains the most effective means of identification and assessment of the course of COPD and responses to therapy. (news-medical.net)
It was much later that chronic bronchitis got included in COPD. (news-medical.net)
Badham in 1814 used the word catarrh to refer to the chronic cough and increased mucus secretion as symptoms of bronchiolitis and chronic bronchitis that could be part of COPD. (news-medical.net)
You could be one of the 24 million Americans who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD. (cdc.gov)
COPD, also referred to as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, is a serious lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. (cdc.gov)
If you are at risk for COPD and have a constant cough, excess mucus production, shortness of breath, or wheezing, you should be tested for the disease. (cdc.gov)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. (cdc.gov)
COPD makes breathing difficult for the 16 million Americans who have this disease. (cdc.gov)
Quick-relief medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) work quickly to help you breathe better. (medlineplus.gov)
Health Care Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). (medlineplus.gov)
It is estimated about 16 million adults in the United States have COPD , and it is the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S. according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (medicinenet.com)
COPD patients may exhibit symptoms of chronic bronchitis , emphysema , and asthma . (medicinenet.com)
Most people with COPD have both emphysema and chronic bronchitis , but the severity of each type can be different for different people. (medicinenet.com)
Infectious diseases that destroy lung tissue in patients with hyperactive airways or asthma also may contribute to COPD. (medicinenet.com)
What other diseases or conditions contribute to COPD? (medicinenet.com)
Our COPD and Emphysema Clinic provides the latest treatment options for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (bidmc.org)
We offer a comprehensive physical therapy program for people with COPD and other lung diseases whose daily activities are limited because of shortness of breath. (bidmc.org)
In the United States, about 16 million people have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (msdmanuals.com)
COPD leads to a persistent decrease in the rate of airflow from the lungs when the person breathes out (exhales), which is called chronic airflow obstruction. (msdmanuals.com)
In some cases, the distinction between chronic obstructive bronchitis and chronic asthmatic bronchitis is unclear, and then the condition may be referred to as asthma COPD overlap. (msdmanuals.com)
Chronic bronchitis is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by the persistent inflammation of your lungs' airways, called bronchi. (healthline.com)
I've been told that since copd is has become one of the leading diseases in the world, some Dr. are assuming that since a person is smoking many years they will likely get it or develop it? (medhelp.org)
In Germany, 13.2% of the population older than 40 are affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (medindia.net)
By 2020, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. (medindia.net)
Childhood measles was found to be associated to increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) later in life, especially in middle age. (medindia.net)
Do you have chronic bronchitis and COPD and want to improve treatment? (nih.gov)
Adults COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe. (trumba.com)
COPD is a progressive disease that affects more than 15 million adults in the U.S. more than half of which are women. (trumba.com)
Dr. Kashif Hussain, board-certified in Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, and on staff at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, will discuss the causes and risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as strategies for living successfully with COPD. (trumba.com)
To Register: Call (631) 324-0222 Ext. 3, Stop by the Adult Reference Desk OR Visit https://www.eventbrite.com/e/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-sbsh-speaker-series-tickets-679702888637?aff=oddtdtcreator A Zoom meeting ID and password will be emailed to all participants 15 minutes prior to the start of the event. (trumba.com)

Patients typically have symptoms of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema, but the classic triad also includes asthma. (medscape.com)
These processes are chronic bronchitis , emphysema and, to a lesser extent, asthma . (medscape.com)
Among 74,072 women, 34 to 68 years of age, who were free of major diseases, we documented 671 incident asthma cases and 798 incident cases of chronic bronchitis during 10 years of follow-up. (nih.gov)
Age-adjusted relative risk estimates for smoking categories were calculated separately for chronic bronchitis and asthma. (nih.gov)
The most likely causes to consider for this patient's condition are reactive airway disease, asthma, an infectious process (viral or bacterial bronchitis, sinusitis, or pneumonia), and chemical irritation (cigarette smoke or air pollution). (cdc.gov)
Asthma or bronchitis would both be high on your list. (cdc.gov)
Wheezing, if present, could be a complication of bronchitis, or it could be a new onset of asthma triggered by infection or exacerbated by smoke from her father's cigarettes. (cdc.gov)
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition, individuals with airway hyper-responsiveness such as those with chronic asthma are at increased risk. (medicinenet.com)
Asthma is a chronic lung condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult. (healthline.com)
Wheezing can occur with asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory disorders that cause tightening in the throat. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder that causes the airways to narrow and inflame. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Aminophylline and theophylline are medicines used to treat lung diseases such as asthma. (limamemorial.org)
Asthma is a chronic disease that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow. (limamemorial.org)
Pulmonary care provides treatment for lung and respiratory conditions, including asthma, bronchitis, certain allergies and chest wall conditions. (healthonecares.com)
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition where the airways can become smaller or narrower, making it hard to breathe. (healthonecares.com)
Chronic bronchitis (49.1%) and asthma (36.1%) were the most common clinical diagnoses. (who.int)
This study will investigate the genes involved in the breathing process and in the development of lung diseases such as asthma or sarcoidosis to improve understanding of the role they play. (nih.gov)
Seniors commonly have chronic medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, which contribute to an increased risk for complications. (medscape.com)

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) that are active against streptococcal species (e.g., levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) have been recommended by numerous national health authorities and international organizations for treating acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia in adults ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Well, it might not be bronchitis or pneumonia from some creepie-crawlies in your regulator, but most likely salt water in your lungs that's to blame. (scuba-doc.com)
Direct effects of influenza include exacerbations of existing conditions, as well as additional problems, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. (medscape.com)

Laënnec went on to describe a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (news-medical.net)
It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (cdc.gov)

Ever use of multiple organophosphates, carbaryl, lindane, and permethrin were positively associated with chronic bronchitis symptoms. (cdc.gov)
While the symptoms may take years to develop and the severity may differ at times, there is still much you can do to slow the progress of the disease. (copdfoundation.org)
Acute bronchitis-is a sudden onset of symptoms. (empowher.com)
Symptoms will depend on the type of bronchitis. (empowher.com)
Treatment for chronic bronchitis aims to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and slow the progression of the disease. (healthline.com)
Consecutive adult patients aged 18 and above with chronic respiratory symptoms (lasting more than 8 weeks) and no evidence of active tuberculosis were recruited. (who.int)
Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high burden of abnormal lung function in patients attending clinics due to chronic respiratory symptoms. (who.int)
4 ings highlight the critical need for spirometry services to identify lung abnormalities in patients with chronic res- piratory symptoms. (who.int)
This study will be testing how well a medicine called ivacaftor that is used to treat cystic fibrosis works also to treat symptoms of chronic bronchitis. (nih.gov)

Retrieved on September 28, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2023 report. (medlineplus.gov)

In the case of chronic bronchitis, fixed airway obstruction, airway inflammation, and retained secretions can result in a mismatch of blood flow and airflow in the lungs . (medicinenet.com)
This means that the disease is located in your lungs. (copdfoundation.org)
Laënnec described emphysema of the lungs in 1821 in his Treatise of diseases of the chest . (news-medical.net)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a slowly progressive obstruction of airflow into or out of the lungs . (medicinenet.com)
In chronic bronchitis, the glands lining the larger airways (bronchi) of the lungs enlarge and increase their secretion of mucus. (msdmanuals.com)
Air becomes trapped in the lungs, resulting in wheezing, shortness of breath, and a chronic cough. (healthline.com)
Heart disease can cause breathing problems, coughing, and fluid in the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The disease can develop over a long period of time without causing shortness of breath. (bidmc.org)

This patient was treated for 2 weeks with levofloxacin, 750 mg/day, for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. (cdc.gov)
Macrolide immunomodulatory effects and symptom resolution in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute maxillary sinusitis: a focus on clarithromycin. (empowher.com)

Early diagnosis and treatment is the best way to help slow the progression of the disease. (cdc.gov)
The information should not be used for either diagnosis or treatment or both for any health related problem or disease. (medindia.net)
Knutson D, Braun C. Diagnosis and management of acute bronchitis. (medscape.com)
Because influenza often exacerbates existing chronic conditions, those conditions may be considered the primary diagnosis, and influenza can go unrecognized, said Andrew. (medscape.com)

GBS is an unusual cause of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis compared with other respiratory pathogens such as S . pneumoniae, but pathologies associated with this bacterium are changing. (cdc.gov)
Jivcu C, Gotfried M. Gemifloxacin use in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. (medscape.com)

DelveInsight's 'Chronic Bronchitis Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2032' report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Chronic Bronchitis, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Chronic Bronchitis market trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. (delveinsight.com)
The Chronic Bronchitis epidemiology section provides insights about the historical and current Chronic Bronchitis patient pool and forecasted trends for individual seven major countries. (delveinsight.com)
The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Chronic Bronchitis epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2019 to 2032. (delveinsight.com)
Epidemiology, and the findings should be factored into clinical decision making and program design for disease prevention, screening, and treatment. (who.int)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is persistent narrowing (blocking, or obstruction) of the airways occurring with emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, or both disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
The NHLBI leads or sponsors studies for patients who have heart, lung, blood, or sleep related diseases or disorders. (nih.gov)

When chronic bronchitis involves airflow obstruction, it qualifies as chronic obstructive bronchitis. (msdmanuals.com)

Chronic asthmatic bronchitis is similar to chronic bronchitis. (msdmanuals.com)

Bronchitis is a term that describes inflammation of the bronchial tubes (bronchi and the smaller branches termed bronchioles ) that results in excessive secretions of mucus into the tubes, leading to tissue swelling that can narrow or close off bronchial tubes. (medicinenet.com)
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Viral and bacterial infections that result in acute bronchitis may lead to chronic bronchitis if people have repeated bouts with infectious agents. (medicinenet.com)
A new journal article from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch describes cases of welder's anthrax, a newly identified, deadly occupational disease. (cdc.gov)

Infiltration of the airways with substances such as polynuclear and mononuclear phagocytes and CD4 T cells increases with each stage of disease progression. (medscape.com)
Chronic coughing develops as the body attempts to open and clear the bronchial airways of particles and mucus or as an overreaction to ongoing inflammation. (medicinenet.com)
Chronic bronchitis causes the airways to narrow. (bidmc.org)
Introduction: Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the airways and lung parenchyma. (who.int)
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of such as age above 50years, being a smoker, being the respiratory airways and lung parenchyma. (who.int)

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a cough that occurs every day with sputum production that lasts for at least 3 months, 2 years in a row. (medicinenet.com)
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a chronic cough that produces sputum for three or more months during two consecutive years. (medicinenet.com)
Chronic bronchitis is defined as cough that produces sputum for at least 3 months during two successive years. (msdmanuals.com)
Purulent sputum is reported in 50% of persons with acute bronchitis. (medscape.com)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
Guidelines for it are given every year from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Immunization Program. (healthy.net)
Many of our imaging centers offer lung cancer screenings for patients at high risk of developing the disease. (healthonecares.com)
This study used data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which is administered by the National Centers for Health Statics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (frontiersin.org)
A study of patients aged 60 and older who presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) in acute care hospital emergency departments found that only 31% of the patients with confirmed influenza met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for ILI (temperature ≥37.8 °C and cough and/or sore throat). (medscape.com)

This is a broad classification of lung diseases that includes chronic bronchitis. (delveinsight.com)

In 1967 the Appalachian Laboratory for Occupational Respiratory Disease (ALFORD) was established within the U.S. Public Health Service (see related blog). (cdc.gov)
Recurrent cough, chronic bronchitis, and respiratory disease subsequent to initial employment at the factory were also frequently reported. (cdc.gov)

There are many causes of chronic bronchitis, but the main cause is cigarette smoke. (medicinenet.com)
Cigarette smoking is thought to be the leading cause of chronic bronchitis. (delveinsight.com)
The primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is cigarette smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke. (medicinenet.com)
Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (msdmanuals.com)

Recurrent incidences of acute bronchitis are the first steps that can lead to developing chronic bronchitis, according to some doctors and researchers. (medicinenet.com)

The Chronic Bronchitis market report provides current treatment practices, emerging drugs, Chronic Bronchitis market share of the individual therapies, current and forecasted Chronic Bronchitis market Size from 2019 to 2032 segmented by seven major markets. (delveinsight.com)

1) chronic bronchitis , 2) emphysema, and 3) infectious diseases of the lung. (medicinenet.com)
Infectious diseases of the lung may damage areas of the lung tissue and contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (medicinenet.com)

Chronic bronchitis is defined by excessive mucus production with airway obstruction and notable hyperplasia of mucus-producing glands, as depicted in the images below. (medscape.com)

Acute bronchitis may be indistinguishable from an upper respiratory tract infection during the first few days, though cough lasting greater than 5 days may suggest acute bronchitis. (medscape.com)

Hypercoagulability state in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (nih.gov)
Patients with chronic bronchitis are often overweight and cyanotic. (medscape.com)

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are thought to be variations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are considered part of the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by many researchers. (medicinenet.com)
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (ersjournals.com)

Many of the bronchi develop chronic inflammation with swelling and excess mucus production. (medicinenet.com)

Bronchitis (brawn-ki-tus) occurs when the bronchial tubes are irritated and swollen. (copdfoundation.org)

The intrauterine and early postnatal origins of cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitis. (bmj.com)
Conditions such as diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease create a low-grade, chronic, systemic proinflammatory state with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. (medscape.com)

New research suggests chronic bronchitis may be due to a problem similar to cystic fibrosis. (nih.gov)

None of these have been found to reduce exposure to toxins or tobacco-related disease. (quit.org.au)
nbsp;This theme asks us is to consider potential workplace hazards that cause injury and disease, and the ways in which these risks can either be eliminated, or at least minimised, by establishing proper workplace exposure standards for WA workers who frequently are working with silica dust. (mauriceblackburn.com.au)
h2>What diseases can be caused by silica dust exposure? (mauriceblackburn.com.au)

Chronic bronchitis is an infection of the trachea and bronchi for at least three consecutive months for more than two consecutive years. (mims.com)
Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (medscape.com)

It is estimated that 90% of the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is related to smoking tobacco and secondhand smoke (tobacco smoke exhaled by a smoker and then breathed in by a non-smoker). (medicinenet.com)
People who smoke tobacco are at the highest risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (medicinenet.com)

In general, three other non-genetic problems related to lung tissue play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (medicinenet.com)
The hallmarks of this lung disease are damage to and scarring of the lung tissue. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms5

Diseases35

Chemicals and Drugs8

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena10

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Humanities2

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care38

Geographicals5

COPD68

Asthma19

Pneumonia3

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis2

Symptoms9

20232

Lungs7

Shortness of bre1

Acute exacerbation2

Diagnosis4

Exacerbation2

Epidemiology4

Disorders2

Obstructive Bronchitis1

Asthmatic bronchitis1

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes2

Bacterial2

Airways5

Sputum4

Centers7

Includes chronic bronchitis1

Respiratory Disease2

Cigarette4

Recurrent1

20191

Infectious Diseases2

Obstruction1

Upper respirato1

Patients with chronic2

Progression of chronic obstruc2

Mucus production1

Bronchial tubes1

Cardiovascular disease2

Cystic Fibrosis1

Exposure3

Infection2

Risk of developing chro2

Lung tissue2