• The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Through the actions of interglomerular circuitry, principal neurons respond to odors with complex patterns of action potentials. (nih.gov)
  • Further, spikes from many principal neurons tend to fire together in oscillatory synchrony that is required for precise discrimination of odors. (nih.gov)
  • Reporting in Nature on July 1, researchers describe for the first time how relationships between different odors are encoded in the olfactory cortex, the region of brain responsible for processing smell. (harvard.edu)
  • By delivering odors with carefully selected molecular structures and analyzing neural activity in awake mice, the team showed that neuronal representations of smell in the cortex reflect chemical similarities between odors, thus enabling scents to be placed into categories by the brain. (harvard.edu)
  • Datta, along with study first author Stan Pashkovski , research fellow in neurobiology at HMS, and colleagues approached this challenge by focusing on the question of how the brain identifies related but distinct odors. (harvard.edu)
  • Moreover, functional imaging disclosed a LH region tuned to repulsive odors comprised exclusively of third-order neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)
  • Locusts, on the other hand, employ a temporal approach to encoding information about odors. (elifesciences.org)
  • shows that certain qualities of odors are contained in a spatial map in a specific brain region of the fly. (elifesciences.org)
  • The sense of smell influences many behaviors, yet how odors are represented in the brain remains unclear. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • Neural encoding of odors during active sampling and in turbulent plumes. (izn-frankfurt.de)
  • 1. This book incorporates both non-human animal and human models of reciprocity among odors, olfaction, neuroendocrinology, and behavior. (microrna.pro)
  • The message encoded by receptors for taste relays through several subcortical structures before reaching the thalamus and then the cortex. (mhmedical.com)
  • DFG Priority Programme SPP1392: 'Integrative Analysis of Olfaction' (first funding period), subproject ' Testing olfactory bulb chemotopy and deorphanizing olfactory receptors by combining in vivo functional imaging and virtual screening ' in collaboration with Hartwig Spors (MPI for Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main). (fu-berlin.de)
  • A common clade in the phylogenetic tree of 68 Gr s, which includes the cluster of Gr64 and Gr5a , encodes sugar receptors. (molcells.org)
  • Each olfactory division contains several types of sensory cell identified by the receptors and other proteins they express, the connections they make in the olfactory part of the brain, and the chemical stimuli to which they respond. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
  • These receptors are present on dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons found in the main olfactory or vomeronasal sensory epithelia, and are involved in the odorant, trace amineassociated receptor and vomeronasal type 1 receptor superfamilies. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
  • The prevailing theory has the olfactory bulbs combining the information from our noses' six million receptors, comprised of some 400 different types, and encoding a unique "odor" signal to be passed on. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • Perhaps not surprisingly, I was interested in searching for genes encoding neuronal cell surface receptors. (tatulo.pl)
  • A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. (wikipedia.org)
  • To address this, we developed a genetic method in Drosophila called olfactogenetics in which a narrowly tuned odorant receptor, Or56a, is ectopically expressed in different olfactory neuron types. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • Schmuker M, de Bruyne M, Hähnel M and Schneider, G (2007): Predicting olfactory receptor neuron responses from odorant structure, Chemistry Central Journal, 1:11. (fu-berlin.de)
  • It further indicated that, in the olfactory epithelium, neurons that detect the same odorant are dispersed and those that detect different odorants are interspersed. (tatulo.pl)
  • Since scientists first became capable of recording from single neurons 60 years ago, they've known that brain activity is highly variable, even when there's no obvious reason it should be. (quantamagazine.org)
  • It is therefore thought that all of the information a sensory neuron encodes about the outside world can be inferred by the pattern of its spikes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because neural responses are inherently variable (that is, their spiking pattern may depend on more than just the stimulus which is presented, although not all of this variability may be true noise, since factors other than the presented stimulus may affect the sensory neuron under study), often the same stimulus protocol is repeated many times to get a feel for the variability a neuron may have. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the receptive field of a sensory neuron can vary in time (i.e. latency between the stimulus and the effect it has on the neuron) and in some spatial dimension (literally space for vision and somatosensory cells, but other "spatial" dimensions such as the frequency of a sound for auditory neurons), the term spatio temporal receptive field or STRF is often used to describe these receptive fields. (wikipedia.org)
  • We are presently applying the "toolkit" we have used to study olfaction (relatively simple experimental systems, tight control over stimulus timing, simultaneous recordings from multiple neurons, point-to-point analysis of information flow, and statistical tests of information content) to study gustation. (nih.gov)
  • The Younger lab develops and uses a combination of modern neuroscience approaches newly developed for use in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to study olfaction. (bu.edu)
  • Here, we show that intrinsic neuronal excitability in BLA pyramidal neurons is differentially modified by positive and negative olfactory learning and explore the cellular mechanisms of such bidirectional intrinsic neuronal plasticity. (haifa.ac.il)
  • We used online position tracking, high-density extracellular recordings and closed-loop manipulations to trigger optogenetic silencing of a subset of CA1 pyramidal neurons, selectively during SPW-Rs at goal locations. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • This is important since computations are performed within the dendrites of individual neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • And once you can map the genes, that is, determine the neurons that they're expressed in, you can couple that with genetic alterations in animals to study what happens when you turn a gene on or turn it off, and in that way you can learn more about the roles of individual neurons in the neural circuit. (tatulo.pl)
  • In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
  • We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. (elifesciences.org)
  • found that a subset of neurons called inhibitory projection neurons processes information about whether the odor is attractive or repulsive, and that a second subset of these neurons process information about the intensity of the odor. (elifesciences.org)
  • Projection neurons partnering with these OSNs share a region of innervation in the lateral horn, suggesting that oviposition site selection might be encoded in this brain region. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • The circle marks the synapsis to the sister projection neurons (PNs), which serve as a kind of "extension cords" that convey the signal to the rest of the fly. (mappingignorance.org)
  • In Figure 1 b you can see what you get when you measure the spikes from the projection neurons (post-synaptic). (mappingignorance.org)
  • DM6 and DM1 are two different neuronal glomeruli to which the ORNs connect (each "likes" a certain odour better), and what they measured was the rate at which the projection neurons (that came after the synapsis, remember) fired when stimulated. (mappingignorance.org)
  • We develop and use CRISPR-based gene editing approaches to label different neuron types, complemented by functional imaging and electrophysiology during precise odor delivery and quantification. (bu.edu)
  • We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans egl-2 gene encodes an eag K + channel and that a gain-of-function mutation in egl-2 blocks excitation in neurons and muscles by causing the channel to open at inappropriately negative voltages. (jneurosci.org)
  • They are similar to the four known olfactory receptor gene classes, these genes encode seven-transmembrane proteins, and are characterized by monogenic transcription and a punctate expression pattern in the sensory neuroepithelium. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
  • Moreover, though there are many environmental influences on genes, mammalian pheromones are the only known social-environmental stimuli that appear to activate gene expression in neurosecretory cells of tissue in the brain, an organ that is essential to any organ system involved in behavior. (microrna.pro)
  • Now, by analyzing both the neural activity and the behavior of mice in unprecedented detail, researchers have revealed a surprising explanation for much of that variability: Throughout the brain, even in low-level sensory areas like the visual cortex, neurons encode information about far more than their immediately relevant task. (quantamagazine.org)
  • Over decades of study, researchers have gradually found each region of the brain to be less specialized than labels might suggest: The visual cortex of people who are blind or visually impaired, for instance, can process auditory and tactile information. (quantamagazine.org)
  • green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions revealed egl-2 expression in a subset of neurons and muscles that could explain the mutant behavioral defects. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
  • REHOVOT, ISRAEL-November 6, 2019- Is a pair of brain structures called the olfactory bulbs, which are said to encode our sense of smell, necessary? (weizmann-usa.org)
  • The findings of this research, which were published in Neuron , could shake up certain conventional theories that describe the workings of our sense of smell. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • Although the centrality of the olfactory bulbs in olfactory perception is the "textbook" view, in the 1980s and 1990s some researchers removed the olfactory bulbs from the brains of rodents and found their sense of smell to remain functional. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • One of the subjects, who had stated that her sense of smell was normal, was found to be lacking olfactory bulbs in her brain. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • Olfaction, the sense of smell, is a versatile and sensitive mechanism for detecting and discriminating thousands of volatile odorants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Olfaction is the sense of smell . (wikipedia.org)
  • The findings of this research, which were published today in Neuron , may shake up certain conventional theories that describe the workings of our sense of smell. (bioengineer.org)
  • Neurons in sensory regions of the brain respond to stimuli by firing one or more nerve impulses (action potentials) following stimulus presentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical single neuron experiment will consist of isolating a neuron (that is, navigating the neuron until the experimenter finds a neuron which spikes in response to the type of stimulus to be presented, and (optionally) determining that all of the spikes observed indeed come from a single neuron), then presenting a stimulus protocol. (wikipedia.org)
  • One common way to find the receptive field is to use linear regression to find which stimulus characteristics typically caused neurons to become excited or depressed. (wikipedia.org)
  • To internally reflect the sensory environment, animals create neural maps encoding the external stimulus space. (elifesciences.org)
  • And the other thing they found was that the ipsilateral neurons of the bilateral pair, that is, the neurons that were on the same side of the body that the stimulus was coming from, reacted faster and more frequently than the contralateral ones (the ones on the opposite side), thus allowing the lateralizationbehaviour. (mappingignorance.org)
  • What the data show instead is a marked bias, in both glomeruli, towards the ipsilateral (same side as the stimulus) neurons. (mappingignorance.org)
  • Sensory neurons in the nose detect odor molecules and relay signals to the olfactory bulb, a structure in the forebrain where initial odor processing occurs. (harvard.edu)
  • More specifically, we seek to understand how neurons interpret social signals, both individually and as members of circuits, producing specific behaviors in C. elegans . (wpi.edu)
  • Some thousands (correct me if I'm wrong) of olfactory neurons, that hang on the top border of your nose ( ethmoid bone ), send signals through the olfactory tract all the way to the olfactory or piriform cortex. (radevic.com)
  • Although the neurons between the limbic system parts go into an loop, the system has several cut-points, points where the axons are connected with other neurons, therefore points where new signals take place in the loop. (radevic.com)
  • T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. (thermofisher.com)
  • The new findings were unexpected: Drs. Tali Weiss and Sagit Shushan of Prof. Noam Sobel's lab in the Department of Neurobiology were at Weizmann's Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging, conducting MRI scans of subjects' brains. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • The new findings were unexpected: Drs. Tali Weiss and Sagit Shushan in the lab of Prof. Noam Sobel of the Institute's Neurobiology Department were conducting MRI scans of subject's brains in the Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research on campus. (bioengineer.org)
  • When the signal (odour) starts, the ipsilateral neuron (green) reacts earlier and more frequently (with more spikes, see the enlarged segment) than the contralateral neuron (in black). (mappingignorance.org)
  • Across species, large numbers of odor receptor neurons with diverse sensitivities line peripheral structures. (nih.gov)
  • The receptor neurons project brain-ward, sorting by receptor type, and converging upon relatively small numbers of inter-connected glomeruli. (nih.gov)
  • We further observed that Ras plays an essential role in the regulation of GLR-1 glutamate receptor localization in RMD neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The L-type or S-type hair sensillum contains four gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) that respond to sugar, water, and salt concentration. (molcells.org)
  • The newly described formyl peptide receptor-related genes and vomeronasal sensory neurons, are found in multiple mammalian species. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
  • von der Weid B, Rossier D, Lindup M, Tuberosa J, Widmer A, Col JD, Kan C, Carleton A , Rodriguez I . Large-scale transcriptional profiling of chemosensory neurons identifies receptor-ligand pairs in vivo. (neurotree.org)
  • this is no novelty, and at the single-molecule and single-neuron level the mechanism (how a molecule triggers a specific receptor which in turn fires a set of neurons, provoking a physiological response) is fairly understood. (mappingignorance.org)
  • However, the hope is that there are unifying principles which govern how the brain encodes and processes information. (wikipedia.org)
  • focused on a population of interneurons in the LH [LHIs, a subtype of LH neurons (LHNs)] that extends processes to the MB and appears to be GABAergic. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our recent results suggest that gustation may operate in a similar fashion, thus providing new opportunities to better understand how the brain processes complex information, and how multiple sensory modalities are combined. (nih.gov)
  • Mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) is a specialised pre-cortical area of the brain that processes smell and can be modulated by the affective states. (nature.com)
  • Sensory neuroscience is a subfield of neuroscience which explores the anatomy and physiology of neurons that are part of sensory systems such as vision, hearing, and olfaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical experiment in sensory neuroscience involves the presentation of a series of relevant stimuli to an experimental subject while the subject's brain is being monitored. (wikipedia.org)
  • One recent trend in sensory neuroscience has been the adoption of natural stimuli for the characterization of sensory neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • His study in Neuroscience concentrates on Ventral tegmental area, Dopamine, Rostromedial tegmental nucleus, Odor and Neuron. (research.com)
  • His study in Olfactory system, Odor, Neuron, Sensory system and Olfaction are all subfields of Neuroscience. (research.com)
  • article{Lungu2017, abstract = {Neurons in the mammalian motor cortices encode physical parameters of voluntary movements during planning and execution of a motor task. (computational-systems-neuroscience.de)
  • These neurons are found in brain tissue responsible for integrating, coordinating, and directing reproductive endocrine function in organs that comprise the organ systems known to influence mammalian reproductive sexual behavior and human sexuality. (microrna.pro)
  • In rodents, olfaction is a major modality that guides goal-directed behavior. (haifa.ac.il)
  • Olfaction is a central sensory modality in rodents as it supports an array of crucial behaviors such as predator avoidance, feeding, reproduction, maternal behavior and social interactions. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • Abbott, L.F. and Svoboda, K., editors (2020) Brain-wide Interactions Between Neural Circuits. (columbia.edu)
  • To find out, the authors expressed a genetically-encoded calcium indicator called GCaMP3.0 in the ORNs (pre-synaptic). (mappingignorance.org)
  • Female mosquitoes rely heavily on human-derived chemosensory cues as they search for a blood meal and understanding how mosquitoes detect and encode human odor would provide a major inroad to preventing mosquito biting behavior and disease transmission. (bu.edu)
  • The central approach of the Younger lab is to combine neurophysiology, anatomy, genetics, and behavior in order to understand the principles of olfaction across mosquito species. (bu.edu)
  • Thus, human pheromones may fulfill the biological criteria required to link at least one aspect of a sensory-based, nurturing, social environment: olfaction, to the genetic nature of human behavior through a five-step pathway common to all terrestrial mammals and to many other vertebrates. (microrna.pro)
  • Stimulation with geosmin (the only known Or56a ligand) in an Or56a mutant background leads to specific activation of only target olfactory neuron types. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • Below is a coronal MRI following bilateral subthalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • Postoperative coronal magnetic resonance image (MRI) demonstrating desired placement of bilateral subthalamic nuclei-deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) leads. (medscape.com)
  • Looking at early sensory processing is advantageous since brain regions that are "higher up" (e.g. those involved in memory or emotion) contain neurons which encode more abstract representations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results are inconsistent with widely accepted views on the composition of the LH, on the mechanisms underlying the sparseness of odor representations and the decoding of the PN input in KCs, and on the role of different LHNs in encoding innate preferences. (jneurosci.org)
  • Unlike light or sound, stimuli easily controlled by tweaking characteristics such as frequency and wavelength, it is difficult to probe how the brain builds neural representations of the small molecules that transmit odor. (harvard.edu)
  • The fact that we all think a lemon and lime smell similar means that their chemical makeup must somehow evoke similar or related neural representations in our brains," Datta said. (harvard.edu)
  • experimental findings suggest that MC and mTC may encode parallel and complementary odor representations. (yale.edu)
  • You and I both think lemon and lime smell similar and agree that they smell different from pizza, but until now, we didn't know how the brain organizes that kind of information," said senior study author Sandeep Robert Datta , associate professor of neurobiology in the Blavatnik Institute at HMS. (harvard.edu)
  • This is the first demonstration of how the olfactory cortex encodes information about the very thing that it's responsible for, which is odor chemistry, the fundamental sensory cues of olfaction," Datta said. (harvard.edu)
  • Given the degree of neuronal pathway conservation between C. elegans and vertebrates, understanding how social recognition occurs in the worm nervous system can provide insights into how vertebrate neural systems encode social information. (wpi.edu)
  • This practice enabled them to make incredible strides toward a better understanding of the brain, but it also "led to a highly distorted view of neuronal processing," said David Kleinfeld , a neurophysicist at the University of California, San Diego. (quantamagazine.org)
  • To address these questions, we use a combination of advanced methods that allow monitoring and manipulating in real-time neuronal ensembles in freely moving animals towards a deep mechanistic understanding of brain functions. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • In conjunction with its social-behavioral repertoire, we can understand how the nervous system detects, encodes, and transmits sensory information underlying social behaviors: such as finding a mate, avoiding unfavorable conditions or parenting and bonding. (wpi.edu)
  • In the bulb, the axons of olfactory sensory neurons synapse in about 2,000 spherical structures, called glomeruli. (tatulo.pl)
  • We suggest that positive and negative changes in BLA excitability contribute to the encoding of opposite odor-value behaviors. (haifa.ac.il)
  • They took functional MRI (fMRI) scans of the subject's brain and compared them with those of a control group. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • A paper by Riviere et al in Nature May 2009 ) describes the identification of a chemosensory neuron in the rodent nose that responds to stimuli associated with cell damage, disease and inflammation, These results should help us to understand how animals identify pathogens or assess the health status of potential partners. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
  • instead, it appears that another mechanism, feedback inhibition from the giant GABAergic neuron, serves this function. (jneurosci.org)
  • They took functional MRI (fMRI) scans of her brain and compared them with those of a control group. (bioengineer.org)
  • The primary focus of the lab is to learn about how mosquitoes detect and encode human odor and how this drives their search for a human to bite. (bu.edu)
  • fMRI measures changes in blood flow which related to the level of neural activity and provides low spatial and temporal resolution, but does provide data from the whole brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ongoing advances in genetics permit targeting specific neurons for optogenetic or electrophysiological recording or manipulations of activity. (nih.gov)
  • Compared to the vertebrate, the insect nervous system contains relatively few neurons, most of which are readily accessible for electrophysiological study. (nih.gov)
  • Schmuker M, Schneider G (2007): Processing and classification of chemical data inspired by insect olfaction. (fu-berlin.de)
  • His Sensory system study combines topics from a wide range of disciplines, such as Theta rhythm, Olfaction, Olfactory perception and Communication. (research.com)
  • The Younger lab studies olfaction in mosquitoes. (bu.edu)
  • Although it is known that olfactory centres are entwined with limbic brain regions, olfactory dysfunctions under conditions of ELA remain elusive. (nature.com)
  • Somewhere in your brain, there's a Hippocampus is one of the main parts of the Limbic System , controlling emotion expression and memory. (radevic.com)
  • Each sniff you take is "encoded" to several bits of local depolarisations, if they're enough they're added up and create an action potential and finally sent towards your brain, an impulse to the limbic system in our case. (radevic.com)
  • Such efforts have generated news headlines but scant success, due in part to a limited understanding of how the brain translates odor chemistry into perceptions of smell - a phenomenon that in many ways remains opaque to scientists. (harvard.edu)
  • The results open new avenues of study to better understand how the brain transforms information about odor chemistry into the perception of smell. (harvard.edu)
  • Their finding - that around 0.6% of women, and more specifically, up to 4% of left-handed women, have completely intact senses of smell despite having no olfactory bulbs in their brains - calls into question the accepted notion that this structure is absolutely necessary for the act of smelling. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • From there, the amygdala send direct orders to the brain to bring me a sense of euphoria or satisfaction and the hippocampus retrieves the information from the long-term memory "database" about the specific smell. (radevic.com)
  • [4] Inside the olfactory region of the brain, the firing of neurons produces the perceived smell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each of those with no olfactory bulb in their brains scored better on the smell test than their intact twin sisters," says Soroka. (bioengineer.org)
  • Rodent studies showed that during SPW-Rs, neurons coding for specific locations in space ("place cells") replay previous waking activity patterns, corresponding to entire spatial trajectories. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • Interestingly, centrifugal projections from more caudal brain areas are deeply involved in modulating both main and accessory sensory processing. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our results of our physiological and behavioral experiments suggest the gustatory system encodes information not about basic taste categories, but rather about the identities of individual tastants. (nih.gov)
  • that is, to try to determine which stimuli cause the neuron to fire in what ways. (wikipedia.org)