• Besides the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6), the increased expression of receptor repertoire (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) on APCs, mostly macrophages and dendritic cells, occurs as a result of the release of endogenous and exogenous antigens (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). (hindawi.com)
  • The innate immune system includes macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and natural killer (NK) cells, which respond quickly to an immunological threat. (nature.com)
  • The pathognomonic characteristic of HPS is the activation of well-differentiated macrophages, phagocyting erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and other organs, which can infiltrate almost anybody district and may account for many of its systemic features [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IL-11 is an anti-inflammatory factor that can inhibit inflammation by directly acting on macrophages and NK cells. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • These features may be responsible for the recruitment and activation of T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, characterizing the stromal component of this lymphoma, and may point towards innate immunity and a tumor tolerogenic immune response in T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma. (haematologica.org)
  • We found that bone marrow-derived macrophages were indeed stimulated by TACI-Fc and BAFFR-Fc, but not by an irrelevant decoy receptor, Fn14-Fc, that target Fangchinoline the TNF family ligand TWEAK. (bso14.org)
  • 14. Zizzo G, Hilliard BA, Monestier M, Cohen PL. Efficient clearance of early apoptotic cells by human macrophages requires M2c polarization and MerTK induction. (southernbiotech.com)
  • Comparative functional multiomics showed that blood proteins induce distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional programs in microglia and macrophages, such as redox, type I interferon and lymphocyte recruitment. (nature.com)
  • They proliferate to activate B cells to make antibody responses and macrophages to destroy microorganisms that either invaded the macrophage were ingested by it. (nutritionfit.org)
  • These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Ly6G is expressed differentially during development by cells in the myeloid lineage including monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and neutrophils. (bioxcell.com)
  • At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Through biochemical signaling and by physically acquiring antigens from the immune synapses, the BCR controls the activation of the B cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • B cells are able to gather and grab antigens by engaging biochemical modules for receptor clustering, cell spreading, generation of pulling forces, and receptor transport, which eventually culminates in endocytosis and antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
  • Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The production of such "class switched" antibodies is important for optimizing the immune response to particular antigens, since the antibody class defines its effector functions, such as complement activation, opsonization, neutralization of bacterial toxins and mast cell activation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • In the presence of antigens, LSECs can induce the differentiation of T cells into regulatory T cells (Treg). (tempobioscience.com)
  • Prospective analysis of antigen-specific immunity, stem cell antigens and immune checkpoints in monoclonal gammopathy. (myeloma.org.uk)
  • Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Interestingly, the number of CD80 + pDC positively correlates with the presence of IL-10-producing regulatory type 1 cells (Tr1), an important cell type for maintaining peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. (hindawi.com)
  • To perform this function, DC are capable of capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them on the cell surface complexed to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, for example, human leukocyte antigen- (HLA-) DR. Along with that, context-dependent expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, and secretion of cytokines occurs. (hindawi.com)
  • cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sixty percent of cases express 1 or more T-cell antigens (CD3 + , CD43, or CD45RO). (medscape.com)
  • Halting prosurvival autophagy by TGFβ inhibition in bone marrow fibroblasts overcomes bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma patients. (myeloma.org.uk)
  • The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Aggressive, transformed or transfected mesenchymal cells containing proto-oncogenes can act in the absence of lymphocytes, but whether these cells represent regressed fibroblasts, chondrocytes or bone marrow stem cells is unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. (intechopen.com)
  • In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)
  • Notch Increased Vitronection Adhesion Protects myeloma cells from drug induced Apoptosis. (myeloma.org.uk)
  • Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells by inducing them to undergo apoptosis, these cells like a "killer" or cytotoxin because they kill cells of interest that produce a particular antigen. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Natural product anticancer agents enhance intracellular levels of ceramide, a sphingolipid that promotes cell apoptosis. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • Firstly, the overexpression of miRNA‑375 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, increased lactate dehydrogenase activity and induced apoptosis in HPV‑18(+) cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It affects cell proliferation, differentiation and inhibits apoptosis, and its role in tumor development has received attention ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Overexpression of IGF-1 in serum and tissue alters the growth of normal cells and causes uncontrolled proliferation, inhibits differentiation and reduces apoptosis, resulting in the incidence and development of malignant tumors ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • GCs are transient structures which arise after challenge with a T cell-dependent antigen within secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The localization and differentiation status of the donor B cells within spleen, bone marrow and mesenteric lymph nodes of recipients were determined during one week after transfer via flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane protein on the surface of a B cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • A B-cell receptor is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. (wikipedia.org)
  • The former forms a type 1 transmembrane receptor protein, and is typically located on the outer surface of these lymphocyte cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A B cell is activated by its first encounter with an antigen (its "cognate antigen") that binds to its receptor, resulting in cell proliferation and differentiation to generate a population of antibody-secreting plasma B cells and memory B cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The B cell receptor (BCR) has two crucial functions upon interaction with the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The B-cell receptor is composed of two parts: A membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule of one isotype (IgD, IgM, IgA, IgG, or IgE). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ly6C high MC exhibited activated neutrophil degranulation, lysosome, cytokine production/receptor interaction and myeloid cell activation pathways, and Ly6C low MC presented features of lymphocyte immunity pathways in both mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
  • Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
  • In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
  • CD20 is also associated with lipid rafts, but the intensity of this association depends on extracellular triggering, employing CD20 conformational change, and/or BCR (B cell antigen receptor) aggregation. (thermofisher.com)
  • After the receptor ligation, BCR and CD20 colocalize and then rapidly dissociate before BCR endocytosis, whereas CD20 remains at the cell surface. (thermofisher.com)
  • It is a part of B-cell Receptor Complexes (BCR) on the cell surface together with CD21, CD81 and CD225. (nordiqc.org)
  • CXCL12 is a constitutively expressed chemokine which binds primarily to the CXCR4 receptor and regulates cell growth, chemotaxis, myelopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and development of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. (haematologica.org)
  • Although these results do not formally rule out the existence of BAFF or APRIL reverse signalling (via pathways not tested in this study), they provide no evidence in support of reverse signalling and point to the importance of using appropriate specificity controls when working with Fc receptor-expressing myeloid cells. (bso14.org)
  • BAFF and APRIL also promote plasma cell survival by engagement of BCMA, a receptor expressed during the latest B cell differentiation stages [8], [9]. (bso14.org)
  • 17. Melchers, F., Andersson, J.: Immunoglobulin production in B-lymphocytes: synthesis of the membrane-bound receptor and the secreted serum glycoprotein immunoglobulin M. Biochem. (uni-mainz.de)
  • 19. Melchers, F.: Changes in receptor immunoglobulin turnover during B-lymphocyte differentiation. (uni-mainz.de)
  • A mitogen receptor complex which influences reactions leading to proliferation and differentiation. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Sustained signaling through the B-cell receptor induces Mcl-1 and promotes survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. (southernbiotech.com)
  • We report a blood-induced microglia gene network and show that blood proteins elicit distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional changes and signaling programs in innate immune cells. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, there are several ways by which exosomes are taken up by recipient cells: receptor- or lipiddraft-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, or fusion with the plasma membrane of a target cell, For transportation, exosomes mainly originate from multivesicular bodies (MVB's) in the cells which are produced by the invagination of endosomal limiting membrane (Pfrieger et al . (bbrc.in)
  • Fig. 1 Canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways in resting vs. receptor-stimulated cells. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • In various proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated cells, ligand-receptor interactions initially activate TAK1. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • The overexpression of miRNA‑375 significantly suppressed the levels of protein expression of ubiquitin‑protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) and Insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R) in HPV‑18(+) cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
  • CD19 regulates intrinsic B lymphocyte signal transduction and activation through a novel mechanism of processive amplification. (nordiqc.org)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been prominently associated with HPS, with clonal proliferation and the hyperactivation of EBV-infected T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. (haematologica.org)
  • Ly6C low MC manifested activated T-cell signaling pathways and potentially can adapt the function of lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • In this chapter, we will focus on IL-21's biological effects and signaling pathways as well as discuss the potential implications and applications of IL-21 in leukemia cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Genetic HPS is heterogeneous and arises from defects in the critical regulatory pathways responsible for the natural termination of immune responses that lead to the failure of the homeostatic removal of cells that are superfluous or dangerous to the host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upregulate the expression in various malignant diseases, and play a role in promoting cancer proliferation, tumor survival and metastasis by activating JAK / STAT3, RAS / ERK, PI3K / mTOR and other signaling pathways. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • It is considered a positive regulator of both intrinsic and stimulus-dependent pathways in B-lymphocytes. (nordiqc.org)
  • In the thymus, developing T cell, known as thymocytes, proliferate and differentiate along developmental pathways that generate functionally distinct subpopulations of mature T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The expression of genes through miRNA is regulated by endogenous regulatory pathways, resulting in high stability and biocompatibility ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The first checkpoint in the development of a B cell is the production of a functional pre-BCR, which is composed of two surrogate light chains and two immunoglobulin heavy chains, which are normally linked to Ig-α (or CD79A) and Ig-β (or CD79B) signaling molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • IL-11 can enhance the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells under the growth factor, and promote the differentiation of B cells that produce immunoglobulin under T cell dependence. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • BAFF is important for supporting B cell survival also in human, and administration of atacicept in patients reduces B lymphocyte numbers and immunoglobulin levels [16], [17]. (bso14.org)
  • 8. Melchers, F.: Biosynthesis, transport and secretion of immunoglobulin in plasma cells. (uni-mainz.de)
  • 11. Melchers, F.: Synthesis, transport and secretion of immunoglobulin in lymphoid cells. (uni-mainz.de)
  • 18. Melchers, F., Lafleur, Anderson, J.: Immunoglobulin M synthesis in resting (Go) and in mitogen-activated B-lymphocytes. (uni-mainz.de)
  • 20. Melchers, F.: Biochemical characterization of immunoglobulin-producing B-lymphocytes at different stages of their differentiation.In: 'Regulation of Growth and Differentiated Function in Eukaryotic Cells,' eds. (uni-mainz.de)
  • 22. Melchers, F.: Immunoglobulin synthesis and mitogen reactivity: markers for B lymphocyte differentiation. (uni-mainz.de)
  • They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. (lookformedical.com)
  • The use of cell lines does, however, introduce a risk the immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cell in the spleen, of obtaining cell line-specific features as a result of the trans- gut, or BM [1, 2]. (lu.se)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • Besides, IL-11 can increase the production of proteins in the liver during acute inflammation, and inhibit the formation of fat cells. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • LSECs regulate liver inflammation in two key ways. (tempobioscience.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated whether reverse signalling through membrane-expressed BAFF and/or APRIL can be detected in primary mouse cells in the presence of adequate controls, and whether this may provide a potential explanation for some of the effects of atacicept in CNS inflammation. (bso14.org)
  • Inflammation leads to excessive uptake of calcium by cells, and is a factor in obesity, depression, and the degenerative diseases. (raypeat.com)
  • It is involved in regulating multiple important biological processes, including inflammation and host immune response. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • DC are professional antigen-presenting cells with the unique capacity to polarize the differentiation of T cells, thereby regulating the balance between inflammation and tolerance [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly specialized liver endothelial cells that form a physical barrier between the blood and hepatocytes. (tempobioscience.com)
  • Bone marrow derived sinusoidal endothelial cells do not participate in LSEC turnover in a healthy liver, but are the main triggers of liver regeneration. (tempobioscience.com)
  • LSECs maintain hepatic stellate cell function, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contributes to maintaining LSEC differentiation. (tempobioscience.com)
  • Angiocrine signals: These signals are paracrine factors produced by endothelial cells that ensure cellular homeostasis and balance stem cell growth and regeneration. (tempobioscience.com)
  • Tempo-iLSEC™ are human iPSC-derived liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. (tempobioscience.com)
  • Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: Physiology and role in liver diseases. (tempobioscience.com)
  • TGF-β-dependent induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Journal of Hepatology, 61(3): 594-599. (tempobioscience.com)
  • Human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs) are adult stem cells, located in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. (intechopen.com)
  • These cells can be differentiated into mature endothelial cells, which are involved in processes of angiogenesis and vessel regeneration. (intechopen.com)
  • Different phenotypes and subtypes of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), such as early and late EPCs, have been described according to their functionality. (intechopen.com)
  • Thus, it has been shown that early EPCs release cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and neovasculogenesis, whereas late EPC and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) contribute to the formation of blood vessels and stimulate tube formation. (intechopen.com)
  • Human endothelial cells regulate survival and proliferation of human mast cells. (southernbiotech.com)
  • Although the aetiology of these disorders remains unknown, in this review we analyse the pathogenic mechanisms by cell of interest (fibroblast, fibrocyte, myofibroblast, endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells and immune competent cells). (ersjournals.com)
  • Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
  • In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
  • In hematological malignancies, tumor-derived EVs might reprogram the bone marrow environment, suppress antileukemic immunity, mediate drug resistance and interfere with immunotherapies. (nature.com)
  • The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adipocytes can regulate adaptive immunity, which is involved with various metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since there have been many reports on the regulation of metabolic diseases through adaptive immunity ( 9 - 11 ), we focus on how adipocytes regulate adaptive immunity in this review. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
  • To discover the molecular programs controlling microglial and macrophage polarization by blood proteins, we developed an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline consisting of deep sequencing of blood-induced transcriptomes, functional single-cell and oxidative stress transcriptomics, global phosphoproteomics and integration with innate immune signatures from AD and MS models (Extended Data Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
  • With antibody, B cell and T cell analytics, we show correlates of adaptive immunity at reinfection, including a differential response in neutralizing antibodies to a D614G pseudovirus. (stanford.edu)
  • Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Recent evidence also suggests involvement of innate immunity, including dendritic cells (DC), in the initiation and maintenance as well as progression of MS [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • Although NK precursors and immature NK cells have been identified in mice and humans, the precise sites where NK cell maturation take place are not yet fully defined. (scielo.br)
  • Tightly regulated HSPGs expression is a requirement for normal B cell maturation, differentiation and function [ 4 ] and the conformation of their HS polysaccharide chains is crucial for recruitment of factors that control plasma cell survival [ 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Supposedly, such a scheme could lead to faster affinity maturation and a higher diversity of GC B cells. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Human MC were initially divided into three subsets based on the cell surface expression of CD14 and CD16, and recently classified based on CD40 expression ( 2 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Murine MC are divided into three subsets based on surface expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C (Ly6C) ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
  • This work delivers a deeper insight into the mentioned topics by performing the following analyses: i) A kinetic of the GC B cell subsets was conducted by means of flow cytometric analyses and immunofluorescence microscopy methods. (fu-berlin.de)
  • ii) To monitor the migratory behavior of GC B cell emigrants, different B cell subsets, corresponding to distinct stages of GC B cell ontogeny were isolated and enriched from blood. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Cell differentiation is essential to create multiple subsets. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The past decade has seen the discovery of an ever-growing number of CD4 T helper cell subsets, with unique transcriptional programs governed by lineage-defining transcription factors. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Results: The BIgH-IMM antibody panel allowed identification of 117 different B-lymphocyte and PC subsets. (bvsalud.org)
  • New insights into the complex cellular contributions and interactions will be provided, comparing the role of cell subsets in the pathogenesis of IPF and systemic sclerosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • They sense the shift in shear stress, and orchestrate the regeneration of different cell types by interacting with sinusoidal progenitor cells, platelets, and inflammatory cells. (tempobioscience.com)
  • However, it can be challenging to differentiate when they are connected with wounded tissue, opposed to when they instruct tissue-specific progenitor cells responsible for the redevelopment of damaged tissue. (techscience.com)
  • B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
  • Next, an overview of several current models of hematopoietic lineage trees to identify developmental branching points between the lymphoid and myeloid cell compartments is discussed. (scielo.br)
  • Hematological malignancies, which include lymphoid, myeloid, histiocytic, and mast cell neoplasms, are a heterogeneous group of diseases of diverse incidence, pathogenesis and prognosis (Kornblau et al . (bbrc.in)
  • however, they are responsible for the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and infectious diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, hashimoto thyroiditis, sjogren syndrome, multiple sclerosis, HIV and chronic hepatitis C. It is, therefore, of significant importance to understand the dynamic of GCs and the regulating mechanisms which underlie their progress and termination. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The signaling mechanisms of IL-21 in different cell types have been identified. (intechopen.com)
  • However, we know less about the biological effects of IL-21 and its signaling mechanisms in leukemia cells and monocytes. (intechopen.com)
  • While the mechanisms responsible for aberrant plasma cell expression of CXCL12 remain to be determined, studies in other systems suggest a role for hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. (haematologica.org)
  • These cells gauge the class of the ingested microbe and generate signals that direct naïve T cells to differentiate into the subset that mobilizes the appropriate immune defense mechanisms. (nutritionfit.org)
  • This study was aimed to observe if thrombin could stimulate FN secretion by human bone marrow MSCs and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the regulatory mechanisms of HPV infection and consequent immune escape reaction, persistent infection and cell proliferation and the regulatory mechanisms of vascular proliferation are poorly understood and require additional investigation ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • IgAD is commonly associated with normal B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, normal CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, and, usually, normal neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. (medscape.com)
  • The detection of GC B cells within blood led to the postulation of the "recirculation" hypothesis, which states that a fraction of GC B cells exits the GCs and enters the peripheral blood without losing the GC B cell phenotype. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Applications Tested: This 2H7 antibody has been pre-titrated and tested by flow cytometric analysis of normal human peripheral blood cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • 3 - 5 CXCL12 is highly expressed by MM plasma cells, 6 and circulating levels of CXCL12 are higher in the peripheral blood of MM patients than in age-matched normal donors and MGUS patients. (haematologica.org)
  • Ly6C high MC presented downregulated co-stimulatory receptors (CD2, GITR, and TIM1) which direct immune cell proliferation, and upregulated co-stimulatory ligands (LIGHT and SEMA4A) which trigger antigen priming and differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma signature is hallmarked by up-regulation of CCL8, interferon-γ, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, VSIG4 and Toll-like receptors. (haematologica.org)
  • 27. Melchers, F.: Receptors for the regulation of growth and differentiation of murine B-lymphocytes. (uni-mainz.de)
  • T cells cannot recognize antigen alone, as for T cell receptors (TCRs), they can recognize only antigen bound to cell-membrane proteins (MHC molecules). (nutritionfit.org)
  • In activating cells, NF-κB signaling is activated through a series of signaling cascades, following the ligation of various cell surface receptors with paired ligands. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • 5′-aza-dC and/or Trichostatin A resulted in transcriptional upregulation of the genes, suggesting that low expression of ECM components, proteoglycan core proteins and HS biosynthetic system is due to epigenetic suppression in type I cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • IL-11 can regulate the expression of plasma protein genes in hepatocytes and induce acute phase protein production. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • 14 , 15 HIF-1 and HIF-2 mediate adaptive responses to hypoxia by inducing the transcription of genes associated with erythropoiesis, glycolytic metabolism, cell survival and angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
  • In: 'Regulation of the Immune System: Genes and the Cells in which They Function,' Vol. VI, eds. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Innate immune cells integrate environmental signals to rapidly activate target genes and perform specialized cellular functions 5 . (nature.com)
  • 2 , 3 These NF-κB subunits form various homodimers or heterodimers that bind to κB enhancers of target genes and regulate their transcription. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • The BCR for an antigen is a significant sensor that is required for B cell activation, survival, and development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rates of complete remission (CR), prognosis and survival depend on the grade of anemia, thrombocytopenia, white blood cell expansion and karyotypes. (nature.com)
  • Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • A number of micro-evolutionary processes occur within the GCs, leading to the production of high-affinity B cells which acquire the necessary survival signals from T cells and leave the GCs in order to differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells. (fu-berlin.de)
  • mice display Fangchinoline strongly impaired T cell-independent type II antibody responses, in line with data showing that TACI engagement is required for survival of B cells activated by T-independent type II stimuli [6], [7]. (bso14.org)
  • Preferential expansion and survival of B lymphocytes based on VH framework 1 and framework 3 expression: "positive" selection in appendix of normal and V H -mutant rabbits. (southernbiotech.com)
  • During the immune response activated B cells migrate to the T cell zones within the secondary lymphoid organs and acquire help from the residing antigen-specific, activated T cells. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The obtained results showed that the blood derived GC B cells immigrate into secondary lymphoid organs and are recruited to the already existing GC reaction. (fu-berlin.de)
  • 3\. To address the question whether the capability to immigrate into secondary lymphoid organs is a GC B cell specific feature, additional transfer experiments were conducted with blood derived CD38hiIgG1+ and CD38hiIgM+ potential memory B cells, which correspond to later stages of GC B cell ontogeny. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. (lookformedical.com)
  • immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)
  • CD20 is expressed on mature and most malignant B cells, in a subpopulation of T lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • Occurrence and function: CD19 is expressed only on B-cells and follicular dendritic cells. (nordiqc.org)
  • Follicular dendritic cell tumours are reported CD19 positive. (nordiqc.org)
  • It appears to be potentially useful additional marker of follicular dendritic cell tumours. (nordiqc.org)
  • Tonsil and appendix are both appropriate controls: The mantle zone B-cells, the germinal centre B-cells and the follicular dendritic cells must show a strong staining reaction. (nordiqc.org)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
  • It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Since recent evidence supports a crucial role of dendritic cells (DC) in the pathogenesis of MS, we investigated the effect of a 12-week combined exercise program in MS patients on the number and function of DC. (hindawi.com)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Conclusions The gene expression profile of T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma, in comparison with that of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, shows features suggestive of a distinct tolerogenic host immune response that may play a key role in the aggressive behavior of this lymphoma, and that may serve as a potential target for future therapy. (haematologica.org)
  • Conclusions Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 is a newly identified regulator of CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells and a major contributor to multiple myeloma plasma cell-induced angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
  • They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. (lookformedical.com)
  • HPV promotes latency and consequently does not cause a disease phenotype following initial infection by an immune evasion response reaction, featuring binding to epithelial cells and integrating into the host genome, resulting in the proliferation of epidermal cells containing the viral genome and neovascularization ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
  • Monocytes (MC) are bone marrow (BM) derived mononuclear phagocytes that play an important role in innate immune response and are the major immune cell population in chronic tissue inflammatory ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, the quantity of MSCs is very low in bone marrow (about 0.001 to 0.01% of the mononuclear cells) and in vitro expansion is the prerequisite for their clinical application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Graft versus host disease (GVHD), a severe immunogenic complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), represents the most frequent cause of transplant-related mortality (TRM). (hindawi.com)
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers the only curative modality for many hematological disorders. (hindawi.com)
  • Risk-adapted therapies for AML, ALL, and CLL patients consist of chemotherapy with/without stem cell transplantation (SCT), but the rate of early failures and relapses is still unsatisfying. (nature.com)
  • For the reconstruction of bone marrow hematopoietic function after bone marrow transplantation and radiotherapy Sexual blood cell deficiency is of great value. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • In SCIDs bone marrow transplantation is the most effective treatment. (lu.se)
  • The flow cytometric analysis revealed that these cells consist of mature B cells of a follicular GC origin. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Results We observed that the microenvironment in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma is molecularly very similar to a lymph node characterized by follicular hyperplasia, while the microenvironment in T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma is clearly different. (haematologica.org)
  • Like antibody responses, T cell responses are exquisitely antigen-specific, and they are at least as important as antibodies in defending vertebrates against infection. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Spheromers reveal robust T cell responses to the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and attenuated peripheral CD8+ T cell responses post SARS-CoV-2 infection. (stanford.edu)
  • T cells are a critical component of the response to SARS-CoV-2, but their kinetics after infection and vaccination are insufficiently understood. (stanford.edu)
  • We also found that previous SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in decreased CD8+ T cell activation and expansion, suggesting that previous infection can influence the T cell response to vaccination. (stanford.edu)
  • HHV-6, which can produce acute infection in CD4 + T lymphocytes, causes roseola infantum , a febrile illness that affects young children. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
  • Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gingiva and bone that supports the teeth. (bvsalud.org)
  • The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells and eosinophils. (cusabio.com)
  • Monocytes typically express Ly6G transiently during development while mature granulocytes and peripheral neutrophils retain expression making Ly6G a good cell surface marker for these populations. (bioxcell.com)
  • The current understanding of aGVHD pathogenesis can be summarized as (1) initial tissue damage induced by the conditioning regimen followed by the denudation of auto- and alloantigens accompanied by massive inflammatory cytokine secretion ("cytokine storm") activating APCs, (2) auto- and alloantigen presentation mediated by APCs together with the costimulatory signaling prime donor's cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their proliferation, and (3) the migration of activated cellular effectors toward GVHD target tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, other cells at the interface of the innate and the adaptive immune system (e.g cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) or invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT)) are important mediators in antitumor-, autoimmune-, and antimicrobial responses and tumor surveillance. (nature.com)
  • Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is clinically defined as a combination of fever, liver dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, pancytopenia, progressive macrophage proliferation throughout the reticuloendothelial system, and cytokine over-production, and may be primary or secondary to infectious, auto-immune, and tumoral diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interleukin (IL) -11 is an IL-6 family cytokine found in primate bone marrow stromal cells with a molecular weight of 23KD. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • IL-11 is a cytokine produced by hematopoietic microenvironmental stromal cells with multiple functions. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Regularly, anergy of T cells or other immune cells can be regularly reverted to anti-leukemic functionality. (nature.com)
  • Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that adipocytes have immunological functions capable of recruiting and activating immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, how blood proteins polarize innate immune cells remains largely unknown. (nature.com)
  • CCL5 is a key player in the recruitment and activation of immune cells, with research emphasizing its role in various immune responses and inflammatory processes [1] . (cusabio.com)
  • 2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)
  • Design and Methods We collected 33 cases of T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma and 56 cases of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma and performed microarray gene expression profiling on ten cases of each lymphoma, to obtain a better understanding of the lymphoma host response. (haematologica.org)
  • Gene expression profiling of lymphomas clearly illustrated that apart from the characteristics of the tumor cells, the microenvironment of the tumor also defines the profile of the lymphoma, and, more importantly, plays a role in predicting the prognosis. (haematologica.org)
  • Differentiating cells undergo programmed alterations in their patterns of gene expression, which are regulated by structural changes in chromatin. (nutritionfit.org)
  • MicroRNA (miRNA) molecules, a series of single-stranded non-coding RNA chains measuring 20-25 nucleotides in length, regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level by complementary pairing with target gene mRNA ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In an excellent issue, J.P. Di SANTO focuses on murine NK cells, although parallels to human NK cell biology are also made. (scielo.br)
  • Neonatal murine epidermal cells express a functional multidrug-resistant pump. (southernbiotech.com)
  • Development of B cell memory and generation of high affinity antibodies are crucially dependent on germinal centers (GC). (fu-berlin.de)
  • These memory B cells are able to produce antibodies other than IgM. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Small increase in CD19 density on the cell surface is associated with production of specific autoantibodies (against single- and double-stranded DNA, histone, rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies). (nordiqc.org)
  • In the human monocyte cell line THP1, different anti-BAFF antibodies, but not a control mouse IgG antibody, induced, among others, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2, activation of the transcription factor NF-B, secretion of the matrix metallo-protease 9 (MMP9), secretion of the chemokine IL-8 and upregulation of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 [12]. (bso14.org)
  • Similar observations were made in THP1 cells stimulated with anti-APRIL antibodies [13]. (bso14.org)
  • When they receive the same antigenic stimuli as they once again, they can proliferate as functional T cells against antigen or plasma cells that produce antibodies. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Simultaneously, adipocytes secrete various cytokines including leptin, resistin, TNF-α and IL-6 to regulate the differentiation and function of T and B lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • 4 In the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of 2001, T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) is defined by the presence of a limited number of scattered large B cells in a background rich in T cells, with or without histiocytes. (haematologica.org)
  • There was dense fibrosis and numerous IgG4-positive plasma cells (100-120/hpf), admixed with lymphocytes and few histiocytes. (bvsalud.org)
  • HHcy in Cbs -/- mice reinforced inflammatory features in Ly6C high MC by upregulating inflammatory TFs ( Ets1 and Tbx21 ) and strengthened lymphocytes functional adaptation in Ly6C low MC by increased expression of CD3, DR3, ICOS, and Fos . (frontiersin.org)
  • HHcy reinforced inflammatory feature in Ly6C high MC and strengthened lymphocytes functional adaptation in Ly6C low MC. (frontiersin.org)
  • They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Memory T cells consist of both CD4 and CD8 T cells that can rapidly acquire effector functions to kill infected cells and/or secrete inflammatory cytokines that inhibit replication of the pathogen. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The presence of fibrosis and increased IgG4-positive plasma cells as a major inflammatory component in LP meningioma, as demonstrated in the present case and some other previous studies raise suspicion of its association with IgG4-related disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on previous efforts focusing on the role of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of MS, it is currently well established that autoreactive T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells mediate the inflammatory processes in the CNS [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Inflammatory cells, most especially neutrophils, can be a necessary component of the antitumor activity occurring after administration of photodynamic therapy. (bioxcell.com)
  • This chronic inflammatory disease results from the response to bacteria in dental biofilm and may remain confined to the gingival tissues with minimal tissue alterations or this disease may progress to extreme periodontal destruction with the loss of attachment and alveolar bone. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aggressive T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma and the indolent nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma are both characterized by a paucity of tumor cells embedded in an overwhelming background. (haematologica.org)
  • 8 , 10 - 12 Recently, genome-wide analysis of isolated tumor cells from NLPHL and THRLBCL revealed further similarities between the tumors cells of the two lymphomas. (haematologica.org)
  • 12 It is well established that hypoxia is an important selective force in the evolution of tumor cells, 13 and elevated expression of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 has been documented in several human cancers. (haematologica.org)
  • Exosomes, which are 30- to 120-nm vesicles, are released by most types of cells, including tumor cells. (bbrc.in)
  • Previous studies have identified that UBE3A exhibits abnormal expression in numerous tumor cells, including prostate, cervical and breast cancer ( 6 , 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles produced by all cells under physiological and pathological conditions. (nature.com)
  • However, how microglia integrate extracellular signals at sites of cerebrovascular damage and the specificity of blood proteins controlling innate immune cell polarization in disease remain poorly understood. (nature.com)
  • Organisms usually contain large numbers of sphingolipid subspecies (for a pathway based compilation, see www.sphingomap.org) and knowledge about the types and amounts is imperative because they influence membrane structure, interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, vesicular traffic and the formation of specialized structures such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, as well as participate in intracellular and extracellular signaling. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • Moreover, thrombin-treated MSCs maintained the phenotypic features, in vitro osteogenesis and adipogenesis capacities, and inhibitory activity on Phytohemagglutinin-induced allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The TGF-β family forms an important group of growth factors, consisting of three isoforms in man, and is important for matrix deposition because it modulates fibroblast recruitment and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells that were initially isolated from bone marrow[ 1 ] and characterized by the fibroblast-like appearance in culture and the capacities to form bone, adipose and cartilage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were asynchronous, with the peak CD4+ T cell responses occurring 1 week post the second vaccination (boost), whereas CD8+ T cells peaked 2 weeks later. (stanford.edu)
  • Adipocytes are the main constituent cells of adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells usually isolated from bone marrow, endometrium, adipose tissues, skin, and dental pulp. (techscience.com)
  • Ly6C high MC expressed higher levels of macrophage (MΦ) markers, whereas, Ly6C low MC highly expressed lymphocyte markers in both mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2 , 3 , 9 Indeed, the atypical B cells of NLPHL and THRLBCL share many characteristics, including expression of pan-B-cell markers, germinal center B-cell origin and common chromosomal imbalances. (haematologica.org)
  • Tumor-infiltrating plasma cells were analyzed via immunohistochemistry using the plasma cell markers CD38 and IgκC. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, we established 3 groups of transcriptional models to describe Ly6C high to Ly6C low MC subset differentiation, immune checkpoint regulation, Ly6C high MC to MΦ subset differentiation and Ly6C low MC to lymphocyte functional adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Myeloma cells can corrupt senescent mesenchymal stromal cells and impair their anti-tumor activity. (myeloma.org.uk)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells capable of self-renewal and exhibit multilineage differentiation properties. (techscience.com)
  • VEGF also famously regulates angiogenesis (Hint: tumorigenesis! (tempobioscience.com)
  • This chapter provides an overview of the key role of hEPC in promoting angiogenesis and their potential use for cell therapy. (intechopen.com)
  • 6 , 7 CXCL12 is an important mediator of several aspects of MM biology including transendothelial migration, 8 , 9 MM plasma cell migration and retention within the bone marrow, 10 , 11 angiogenesis, 7 and osteoclastic bone resorption. (haematologica.org)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
  • We have previously shown that TACI stimulation in primary mouse B cells is inefficient using soluble trimeric BAFF or APRIL, but requires higher-order multimeric forms of the ligands that probably mimic the membrane-bound ligand [10]. (bso14.org)
  • Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a potentially fatal condition due to dysregulated lymphocyte activation and proliferation, mainly characterised by impaired or inactive natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells, which leads to macrophage hyperactivation and over-expression of cytokines [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The syndrome was first described in 1939 as poorly-controlled histiocyte proliferation, but has since also been called hemophagocytic histiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome [ 5 - 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even secondary HPS occurs as an imbalance between insufficient host defense, obstinate hyperinflammation, and a heterogeneous triggering event, which can be of infectious, rheumatic or neoplastic nature: therefore, the clinical disease results as the signature of a dysregulated immune activation, leading to macrophage proliferation and widespread hemophagocytosis in the reticuloendothelial system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • T cells (T lymphocytes) derive their names from the organs in which they develop in the thymus. (nutritionfit.org)
  • They arise in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus gland to mature.The diverse responses of T cells are collectively called cell-mediated immune reactions. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee, which belongs to the International Society for Cellular Therapy, stated that plastic-adherent properties are the minimum criteria for determining MSCs. (techscience.com)
  • Fibronectin (FN) is commonly used in the development of serum-free media for the expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD20 expression on B cells is synchronous with the expression of surface IgM and it regulates transmembrane calcium conductance, cell cycle progression and B-cell proliferation. (thermofisher.com)
  • Recently, it has been reported by many workers that the potential functions of exosomes contributed to various aspects of hematological tumorigenesis, particularly with a focus on the exosome-mediated tumor progression, metastasis, drug resistance and immune escape by altering the function of receiver cells via diverse exosomal cargoes including proteins, DNA, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and microRNAs) (Whiteside and Boyiadzis, (2017). (bbrc.in)
  • Embryonic stem cells isolation primarily requires the consent of donors and can include the killing of fertilized eggs. (techscience.com)
  • Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)
  • In order for membrane mIgM molecules to transport to the surface of the cell, there must be a combination of Ig-α and Ig-β with the mIgM molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
  • These molecules are stored in the space of Disse, which contains a paravascular part of the blood plasma volume. (tempobioscience.com)
  • Therefore, a critical role may exist for short-range acting factors, such as cell surface molecules. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The production of luminol signal was not associated with the influx of Ly6G(+) cells, but was related to oxidative burst, as an indicator of neutrophil function. (bioxcell.com)
  • Taken together, this research supports an important role for early activity by Ly6G(+) cells in the generation of long-term PDT responses in mesothelioma, and it points to luminol chemiluminescence as a potentially useful approach for preclinical monitoring of neutrophil activation by PDT. (bioxcell.com)