• Other effects on smooth muscle are contraction in: Ureter Uterus (when pregnant): this is minor compared to the relaxing effects of the β2 receptor, agonists of which-notably albuterol/salbutamol-were formerly[citation needed] used to inhibit premature labor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil), terbutaline (Brethine, Brethaire) and metaproterenol (Metaprel, Alupent) are classified as β 2 -selective adrenergic agonists and as such reduce smooth muscle tone. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. (lookformedical.com)
  • The present study examined the combined effects of an antihypertensive (S-Amlodipine) and an insulin-sensitizing agent, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists (Pioglitazone and Ragaglitazar), on cardiovascular risk factors in aged diabetic and insulin-resistant Zucker fa/fa rats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PPAR-gamma agonists, also known as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone increase insulin sensitivity, reduce levels of blood glucose, insulin and triglycerides with a concomitant reduction in BP and improvement in endothelial function [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PPAR-alpha agonists in the form of fibrates have been in use for the treatment of dyslipidemia [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The crystal structure of the α1B-adrenergic receptor subtype has been determined in complex with the inverse agonist (+)-cyclazosin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist believed to reduce IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow. (medscape.com)
  • It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
  • Oxymetazoline is an example of a non-selective α-adrenergic receptor agonist. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Isoproterenol (Isuprel, Isoprenaline) is a classical nonselective β-adrenergic agonist, with prominent actions at β 1 and β 2 receptors. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Fentanyl is a potent µ-opiate receptor agonist. (anesthesiaexam.com)
  • Half of the animals were treated with compound 21 (C21), a selective AT2R agonist, (1 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. (met-vasc.com)
  • During exercise, α1-adrenergic receptors in active muscles are attenuated in an exercise intensity-dependent manner, allowing the β2-adrenergic receptors which mediate vasodilation to dominate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitric oxide is a chemical messenger that causes blood vessel vasodilation (expansion). (priceplow.com)
  • this agent is a non-selective receptor blockers. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • However, it is reasonable to conclude that ACEIs, thiazide diuretics and angiotension II receptor blockers may be the preferred first-line agents for treatment of hypertension in diabetes. (jbclinpharm.org)
  • Doxazosin belongs to the family of medications called antihypertensives , specifically the alpha-1 receptor antagonists (alpha blockers) . (rxhealthmed.ca)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, b-adrenergic receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists target the inhibition of renin--angiotensin--aldosterone system and adrenergic nervous system and have become a standard component of therapy for heart failure (HF). (docksci.com)
  • The non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) finerenone (FIN) improves kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). (met-vasc.com)
  • α1-adrenergic receptors are subdivided into three highly homologous subtypes, i.e., α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenergic receptor subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes increase inhibition in the olfactory system, suggesting a synaptic mechanism for noradrenergic modulation of olfactory driven behaviors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenoxybenzamine (PB) has been used to probe α-adrenergic receptor subtypes. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • [8] Other neurokinin subtypes and neurokinin receptors that interact with SP have been reported as well. (wikidoc.org)
  • Selective alpha2-receptor that reduces aqueous humor formation and may increase uveoscleral outflow or inhibit inflow. (medscape.com)
  • An example of an 'irreversible' non-selective α-receptor blocker is phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Yohimbine is classified as a selective α 2 -adrenergic receptor antagonist. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Investigation of stretching behaviour induced by the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, Ro 04-6790, in rats. (lookformedical.com)
  • 1. The present study examined the effects of the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist 4-amino-N-(2, 6 bis-methylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-benzene sulphonamide (Ro 04-6790) on locomotor activity and unconditioned behaviour in male Sprague Dawley rats (230-300 g). 2. (lookformedical.com)
  • 4. Pretreatment (30 min) with the non-selective muscarinic antagonists scopolamine (0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and atropine (0.3, 1 or 3 mg kg(-1), s.c.) but not methylatropine (1, 3 or 10 mg kg(-1), s.c) significantly inhibited stretching induced by Ro 04-6790 (30 mg kg(-1), i.p.). 5. (lookformedical.com)
  • Therefore, one possible explanation for our findings is a selective distribution of auxiliary 1 subunits to the somatic and dendritic compartments and 4 to the terminal compartment. (health-e-nc.org)
  • α1-Adrenergic receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • High resolution crystal structure of human β 2 -adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
  • G2A is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in immune regulation. (ashpublications.org)
  • alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) associated with the Gq heterotrimeric G protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • [7] It belongs to the tachykinin receptor sub-family of GPCRs . (wikidoc.org)
  • Unlike most GPCRs, including the chemokine receptors, coupling to G i is not required for LPC/G2A-mediated chemotaxis, but coupling to G q/11 and G 12/13 is necessary as judged by inhibition with dominant negative forms of these alpha subunits or with regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) constructs. (ashpublications.org)
  • 2 The mechanism of lysophospholipid-mediated cell migration recently has been shown to require the expression of specific GPCRs, such as the receptors for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and LPC. (ashpublications.org)
  • This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
  • Abrupt discontinuation of alcohol results in over-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA glutamate) pathways, down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and increased noradrenergic and dopaminergic transmission [5] . (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
  • α1-receptors primarily mediate smooth muscle contraction, but have important functions elsewhere as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it remains unknown whether the pineal gland is able to respond to inflammatory mediators or whether it contains the receptors and the downstream mechanism(s) that mediate the pro-inflammatory agent-induced suppression of the nocturnal melatonin surge. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, evidence is now accumulating for rapid corticosteroid actions 25 , 26 , and the existence of membrane-bound steroid receptors that may mediate these rapid actions 27 , 28 . (ersjournals.com)
  • This section focuses on disease management using pharmacological interventions, namely -receptor antagonists. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Pharmacological effects include an increase in blood pressure and a cholinergic-system (parasympathetic) mediated reduction in heart rate. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • The biophysical and pharmacological properties of somatic and dendritic versus nerve terminal channels are consistent with the characteristics of exogenously expressed 1 versus 4 channels, respectively. (health-e-nc.org)
  • This is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic effects that binds to H1 receptors in the CNS and the body. (medscape.com)
  • 2 IgE binds to high-affinity receptors on tissue mast cells and circulating basophils. (respiratory-therapy.com)
  • In contrast to α2-adrenergic receptors, α1-adrenergic-receptors in the arterial vasculature of skeletal muscle are more resistant to inhibition, and attenuation of α1-adrenergic-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction only occurs during heavy exercise. (wikipedia.org)
  • These agents act by competitive inhibition of histamine at the H1 receptor. (medscape.com)
  • In the tracheobronchial (airway) vasculature, these include the inhibition of inflammatory hyperperfusion, microvascular hyperpermeability, mucosal oedema formation, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). (ersjournals.com)
  • Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that lowers IOP by reducing aqueous humor production and possibly increasing outflow of aqueous humor. (medscape.com)
  • The effectiveness of adrenergic antagonists in this setting is likely due to reduced outflow tract pressure gradients. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Activation of this receptor type centrally reduces sympathetic outflow, which is the proposed mechanism that accounts for antihypertensive actions noted following clonidine administration. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • adrenergic receptor antagonists i.e. typically propranolol (Inderal) are used in management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • I: The distress of heart responsiveness to the blood of conditions that cannot Excrete together determined by the common health. (augenta.net)
  • In subjects with asthma, there is a correlation between serum IgE concentrations and both airway responsiveness and the number of high-affinity receptors. (respiratory-therapy.com)
  • Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system. (lookformedical.com)
  • The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. (lookformedical.com)
  • A lower dose of 1.25 mg twice daily may be needed for those who experience low blood pressure as a result of taking the medication. (medbroadcast.com)
  • The following side effects have been reported by at least 1% of people taking this medication. (pharmasave.com)
  • The recommended adult dose of ramipril ranges from 2.5 mg to 20 mg daily in 1 or 2 divided doses, depending on the dose and individual circumstances such as your response to the medication. (rxhealthmed.ca)
  • If ischemia is detected, medication should be titrated to specific endpoints of heart rate and blood pressure or until the ischemia resolves. (medscape.com)
  • At one time, there was a subtype known as α1C, but it was found to be identical to the previously discovered α1A receptor subtype. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that TNF receptors of the subtype 1 (TNF-R1) are expressed by astrocytes, microglia, and pinealocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Angiotensin II type 2 receptor as a novel activator of brown adipose tissue in obesity. (met-vasc.com)
  • The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) exerts vasorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. (met-vasc.com)
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors belonging to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Selectively blocks beta1-adrenergic receptors with little or no effect on beta2-receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Phenylephrine and methoxamine are examples of drugs that selectively activate α 1 -adrenergic receptors (adrenomimetic). (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Dobutamine is an example of a drug that selectively stimulates the heart via β 1 receptors, although dobutamine also has activity at α adrenergic receptors as well. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • In an ovalbumin-sensitized anesthetized anaphylactic shock rat model, the authors investigated (1) plasma AVP concentrations and (2) the dose versus mean arterial pressure response for exogenous AVP and terlipressin and compared them with those of epinephrine. (silverchair.com)
  • Blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and arterial collagen deposition were lower in D-FIN, associated to an improvement in endothelial function due to a reduction in pro-contractile prostaglandins, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα and TGFβ) in perivascular and perirenal adipose tissue (PVAT and PRAT, respectively). (met-vasc.com)
  • Comparisons of mean arterial blood pressures in rats (closed circles, solid lines) and humans (open circles, broken lines) during progressive lower body negative pressure (A) and controlled hemorrhage (B). (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • Recording of the temporal relationship of repeating oscillatory pattern between arterial blood pressure (BP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) obtained from a healthy human during simulated hemorrhage of an estimated 25% blood loss induced by 70 mmHg LBNP. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • Illustration of changes in features of an integrated arterial waveform when progressing from a normal blood volume to a state of central hypovolemia such as hemorrhage. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • By analyzing specific amino acid mutations of the α 2A - receptor with respect to changes in PB binding, certain sites were identified that may serve as the molecular target for phenoxybenzamine-mediated receptor blockade. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • This cysteine (at position 117) appears important in the association of phenoxybenzamine with receptor with PB likely covalently coupled to this amino acid. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • [1,2] Therefore, the amino acid may also help with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. (priceplow.com)
  • The central theme of this methodology is the formation of alpha -aminoalkyl radicals from existing amino acid and alpha -amino alcohol derivatives by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer and the subsequent trapping of these radicals with appropriate radicalphiles, thus generating quaternary centres with high efficiency and excellent stereocontrol. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Amino acid residues that are responsible for the binding of SP and its antagonists are present in the extracellular loops and transmembrane regions of NK-1. (wikidoc.org)
  • The dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist, haloperidol (0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg(-1), s.c.) given at the same time as Ro 04-6790 (30 mg kg(-1), i.p.) had no effect on the stretching induced by the 5-HT6 antagonist. (lookformedical.com)
  • There is no evidence for dopamine D2-like receptor involvement in this behaviour. (lookformedical.com)
  • It seems to do this by activating the D2 and D3 Dopamine receptors in the brain. (nootropicsexpert.com)
  • The most cardiovascular vessels of prodrome feed den and artery intake. (xtenddigital.com)
  • Hypertension is an extremely common comorbidity of diabetes aff ecting 20-60% of people with diabetes and it is also a major risk factor for cardiovascular events as well as for diabetic microvascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy and possibly neuropathy [ 1 , 2 ]. (jbclinpharm.org)
  • Finerenone protects against progression of kidney and cardiovascular damage in a model of type 1 diabetes through modulation of proinflammatory and osteogenic factors. (met-vasc.com)
  • Ephedrine increases post-synaptic noradrenergic receptor activity by (weakly) directly activating post-synaptic α-receptors and β-receptors, but the bulk of its effect comes from the pre-synaptic neuron being unable to distinguish between real adrenaline or noradrenaline from ephedrine. (wikidoc.org)
  • Cytokines and other factors produced by cells of the immune system can cross the blood-brain barrier to induce the release of neurotransmitters and hormones from the brain and pituitary, leading to several central nervous system (CNS)-dependent responses such as sleep, depression, thermogenesis, and anorexia [2-4]. (brainimmune.com)
  • Neovascular glaucoma is a secondary glaucoma occurring as a result of severely reduced blood flow to the eye as may be observed in central retinal vein occlusion or with severe diabetic retinopathy. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Urethral sphincter Bronchioles (although minor to the relaxing effect of β2 receptor on bronchioles) Iris dilator muscle Seminal tract, resulting in ejaculation Activation of α1-adrenergic receptors produces anorexia and partially mediates the efficacy of appetite suppressants like phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine in the treatment of obesity. (wikipedia.org)
  • For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
  • Furthermore, a robust reduction of total and phospho-alpha-CaMKII was found in the hippocampus of rats prenatally exposed to WIN 55,212-2. (researchgate.net)
  • The number of stretches observed following treatment with either Ro 04-6790 (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.) or Ro-04-6790 (30 mg kg(-1), i.p.) was significantly greater than that observed in saline-treated rats. (lookformedical.com)
  • In combination, S-Amlodipine and Pioglitazone significantly reduced blood glucose (115.1 ± 6.6 vs. 81.7 ± 4.2), BP (184.4 ± 5.0 vs. 155.1 ± 5.0), serum triglycerides (362.5 ± 47.5 vs. 211.1 ± 23.7) and glucose intolerance when compared with vehicle treated Zucker fa/fa rats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchial wall 1 , histological analysis of endobronchial biopsy specimens and new methods of blood flow measurements have revealed prominent alterations of the tracheobronchial (airway) vasculature in patients with asthma. (ersjournals.com)
  • and 3) the interactions of corticosteroids and airway blood vessels by which inflammatory changes of the airway vasculature can be reversed in patients with asthma. (ersjournals.com)
  • Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine - that is, its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct and indirect actions on the adrenergic receptor system, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system or SNS . (wikidoc.org)
  • Central nervous system or CNS involvement is present, but the predominant clinical effects are caused by involvement with the sympathetic segment of the peripheral nervous system due to the fact that while ephedrine does cross the blood-brain barrier, it doesn't do this very efficiently (efficient crossers with similar modes of action would include amphetamine and methamphetamine). (wikidoc.org)
  • If more than 1 ophthalmic drug is being used, administer the drugs at least 10 min apart. (medscape.com)
  • Whereas the above two example drugs show α-adrenergic receptor selectivity (α 1 vs. α 2 ), oxymetazoline activates both α 1 and α 2 adrenergic receptors. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Norepinephrine also stimulates serotonin release by binding α1-adrenergic receptors located on serotonergic neurons in the raphe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reversible blockade suggests that the inhibitor dissociates from the receptor relatively easily. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • 6. These data suggest that systemic injection of the 5-HT6 antagonist, Ro 04-6790, produces a stretching behaviour that appears to be mediated by an increase in cholinergic neurotransmission in the CNS and which could be a useful functional correlate for 5-HT6 receptor blockade. (lookformedical.com)
  • In smooth muscle cells of blood vessels the principal effect of activation of these receptors is vasoconstriction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, norepinephrine decreases glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials by the activation of α1-adrenergic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activation of membrane receptors leads to NFKBI phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and its subsequent proteasomal degradation. (frontiersin.org)
  • To avoid confusion, naming was continued with the letter D. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α1-adrenergic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroendocrine system and autonomic nervous system are the two pathways that connect the central nervous system to the peripheral immune system [1]. (brainimmune.com)
  • In non-quantified behavioural observations, animals treated with Ro 04-6790 (3, 10 or 30 mg kg(-1), i.p) showed no overt behavioural signs except a dose-dependent reduction in locomotor activity and a behavioural syndrome of stretching, yawning and chewing. (lookformedical.com)
  • A variety of clinical conditions are associated with the development of edema, including heart failure, cirrhosis, and the nephrotic syndrome ( table 1 ). (medilib.ir)
  • Improving dietary intake by replacing a HF diet with a standard diet improves AMPK-mediated responses due to the upregulation of the AMPK/CREB/HO-1 signaling pathway. (met-vasc.com)
  • The protein levels of AMPKα, p-CREB and antioxidant systems (heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and catalase) were significantly reduced in HF but normalized in HF-Chow mice. (met-vasc.com)
  • It also induces contraction of the internal urethral sphincter of the urinary bladder, although this effect is minor compared to the relaxing effect of β2-adrenergic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Binding of SP to NK-1 results in internalization by the clathrin -dependent mechanism to the acidified endosomes where the complex disassociates. (wikidoc.org)
  • This read poems in context greek poetry is that mechanism gland exhibits been in unique blood heart( CHF) and may lead potent device. (seabaygame.com)
  • The α-adrenergic receptor is described by seven α-helical transmembrane (TM) domains which form a 'crevice' for ligand binding. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Compensatory mechanisms such as neurohormonal systems and the adrenergic nervous system (ANS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of HF [5]. (docksci.com)
  • electric stimulation with high intensity at 6 Hz frequency and 1-ms pulse duration served as a contrast in the other group. (maxwellmagneticmeds.co.za)
  • It is a multifactorial process resulting in the accumulation of lipids throughout the vessel wall, associated with mononuclear cell infiltration and clean muscle proliferation. (ehd.org)
  • 1 Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylactic shock, and guidelines for the management of anaphylactic shock are derived from those developed for cardiac arrest and vasodilatory shock. (silverchair.com)
  • We are generally a effective test among platelets in proteins and isotope capacity hearts with angina system conditions to define for the Indirect teaching clinical oils under Myocardial mechanisms with everything cells of Carboxylic disease and endovascular slow compounds to be whether infection Method is intermediate and is improperly to warm-blooded class function plasma. (seabaygame.com)
  • Cardinal signs of resolution are: (1) limitation/cessation of PMN infiltration, (2) sequestration and counter-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators, (3) apoptosis of PMN and removal (e.g., by efferocytosis), (4) clearance of pathogens, inflammatory stimuli, and cell debris, and (5) tissue repair. (frontiersin.org)
  • The inflammatory process in asthma involves the increased expression of various pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, lipid mediators, adhesion molecules, enzymes, and receptors for the same inflammatory mediators 21 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Because these regions are related to complexed signal transduction pathways mediated by cytokines , it has been proposed that cytokines and neurotropic factors can induce NK-1. (wikidoc.org)
  • Also, SP can induce the cytokines that are capable of inducing NK-1 transcription factors. (wikidoc.org)
  • The major structural and functional changes related to the airway circulation include the proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis) 2 - 4 , increased blood flow 5 , 6 , increased microvascular permeability 7 , 8 , and oedema formation in the airway wall 9 . (ersjournals.com)
  • After signaling the research treatment, you include three systems:( 1) IBIDS Consumer Database,( 2) Full IBIDS Database, or( 3) Peer Reviewed interventions So. (seabaygame.com)
  • 9 Indirect costs, which include costs resulting from missed work or school and days with restricted activity at work, account for nearly $1 billion. (respiratory-therapy.com)
  • that is, of the 182 amino acids defining the TM domains of the human α 2A -adrenergic receptors, about 40% are identical with the human β 2 -adrenergic receptors. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • The α1-adrenergic receptor has several general functions in common with the α2-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific effects of its own. (wikipedia.org)
  • Benzodiazepines can be introduced to patients with moderate-to-severe withdrawal symptoms (CIWA-Ar score ≥15) because they modulate GABA receptors, effectively replacing the inhibitory effects of ethanol. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
  • adrenergic receptor antagonists have also shown helpful in management of acute dissecting aortic aneurysm due to -blocker-mediated reduction in myocardial contractility and reduced rate of force development . (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Calculated slope predicts a 2% reduction in stroke volume for every 1% reduction in blood volume. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • Several studies show that 1 subunits are localized primarily in clean muscle mass, showing less manifestation in the brain (Jiang et al. (health-e-nc.org)