The zona pellucida (ZP), a glycoprotein matrix surrounding the egg, is the first structure zinc ions encounter as they diffuse away from the plasma membrane. (northwestern.edu)
The underlying zona pellucida (pellucid = "transparent") is a transparent, but thick, glycoprotein membrane that surrounds the cell's plasma membrane. (lumenlearning.com)
Extracellular matrix2
In mammals, however, the extracellular matrix modified by the cortical reaction is the zona pellucida. (wikipedia.org)
Some sperm undergo a spontaneous acrosomal reaction, which is an acrosomal reaction not triggered by contact with the zona pellucida. (lumenlearning.com)
Rather, hundreds of sperm cells must undergo the acrosomal reaction, each helping to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida until a path is created to allow one sperm to contact and fuse with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. (lumenlearning.com)
When a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions , take place. (opentextbc.ca)
Sperm from fertili2
In contrast to the fast block of polyspermy which immediately but temporarily blocks additional sperm from fertilizing the egg, the cortical reaction gradually establishes a permanent barrier to sperm entry and functions as the main part of the slow block of polyspermy in many animals. (wikipedia.org)
Following fertilization, the ZP undergoes changes described as 'hardening', which prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg and thereby establish a block to polyspermy. (northwestern.edu)
Multiple sperm1
The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization that prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg. (wikipedia.org)
The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization that prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg. (wikipedia.org)
Normally after fertilization, the zona pellucida surrounding early embryos becomes unreceptive to additional sperm which provides a definitive block to polyspermy. (nih.gov)
Thus, MATER plays an important role in tethering cortical granules in the egg cortex to ensure timely exocytosis of ovastacin in the post-fertilization block to polyspermy. (nih.gov)
Effects of anti-zona pellucida monoclonal antibodies on fertilization and early development. (nih.gov)
however, it was unlikely to be involved in fast block to polyspermy in the fertilization process in mammals [9]. (lacteoscienelac.com)
By creating a new barrier and destroying the initial interface between sperm and egg, the cortical reaction prevents polyspermy, or the fertilization of a single egg by multiple sperm. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Fertilization of the egg by more than one sperm, a condition known as polyspermy, results in an offspring with extra sets of chromosomes, which is usually lethal. (lacteoscienelac.com)
prevents polyspermy is essential for fertilization removes the head of the sperm The most significant factors in sperm transport to the vicinity of the oocyte is: sperm flagellum (tail) vaginal cilia an intact zona pellucida smooth muscle contractions gravity The early stages of cleavage are characterized by: formation of a hollow ball of cells 3. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Immediately following fertilization, a rapid block to sperm penetration of the zona pellucida is established that precedes ZP2 cleavage but requires ovastacin enzymatic activity. (nih.gov)
This transient, post-fertilization block to sperm penetration provides a temporal window to complete the cleavage of ZP2, which prevents sperm binding to ensure monospermy. (nih.gov)
The minisymposium, organized by Victor D. Vacquier, included the following presentations: "An Hypothesis to Explain the Evolution of Species-Specific Fertilization" by Victor D. Vacquier, "Molecular Biology of the Zona Pellucida: Genetic Mutations and Fertility" by Jurrein Dean, and "Sperm-Egg Membrane Interactions During Fertilizations" by Janice P. Evans. (bioone.org)
Sexual PAR alleles are expressed in pollen, suggesting that the gene product releases a block on embryogenesis after fertilization in sexual species while in apomictic species PAR expression triggers embryogenesis in the absence of fertilization. (bvsalud.org)
Oocyte4
At ovulation, the oocyte is a large cell surrounded by a thick covering, the zona pellucida, which is believed to be produced (at least largely) by the surrounding follicular cells. (ehd.org)
Processes of the follicular cells and microvilli of the oocyte both extend into the zona. (ehd.org)
The growing murine oocyte is surrounded by an extracellular zona pellucida consisting of three sulfated glycoproteins, ZP-1, ZP-2, and ZP-3. (nih.gov)
The purpose of this review is to open a debate as to whether or not oocytes actively repel supernumerary sperm or in nature final sperm : oocyte ratios are so low that polyspermy preventing mechanisms are not necessary. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Cortical granules3
This block arises from exocytosis of ovastacin (encoded by Astl) from cortical granules located in the periphery of ovulated eggs. (nih.gov)
When cortical granules are released, their contents appear to reinforce the structure of the zona pellucida (Sathananthan and Trounson, 1982). (ehd.org)
This block to penetration is associated with release of zinc from cortical granules coincident with exocytosis. (nih.gov)
Proteins3
Our results show that genes involved in protection from ice damage, including genes encoding antifreeze glycoprotein and zona pellucida proteins, are highly expanded in the icefish genome. (nature.com)
to prevent polyspermy, and enable the acrosome reaction for the successful adhesion and penetration by the sperm cell.The major glycoproteins of the egg coat responsible, are known as sperm-binding proteins. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Teleost oocytes are surrounded by a structure called chorion or egg envelopes, which is composed of zona pellucida (ZP) proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Glycoproteins1
ZP glycoproteins also have a role in preventing polyspermy and protecting the growing embryo till implantation [ 4 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Eggs1
D) sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to block polyspermy because only in sea urchins can there be more than one source of sperm to fertilize the eggs. (easynotecards.com)
Prevents sperm1
This metalloendoprotease cleaves the extracellular zona pellucida protein ZP2 and prevents sperm binding. (nih.gov)
Eighty days later, the monoclonal antibodies could no longer be detected on the zona of ovarian oocytes, and this loss coincided with the resumption of fertility. (nih.gov)
Embryo2
What is the embryo called when fluid begins to leak through the zona pellucid and form a cavity? (freezingblue.com)
In polyspermy, an abnormal number of sperm fertilize a single egg, resulting in an embryo with an abnormal set of chromosomes. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Additional sperm1
In contrast to the fast block of polyspermy which immediately but temporarily blocks additional sperm from fertilizing the egg, the cortical reaction gradually establishes a permanent barrier to sperm entry and functions as the main part of the slow block of polyspermy in many animals. (wikipedia.org)
Membrane1
Preventing polyspermy: Although many sperm attach to the coats surrounding the egg, it is important that only one sperm fuses with the egg plasma membrane and delivers its nucleus into the egg. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Occurs1
When polyspermy occurs, multipolar or extra miotic spindles form, which stop the development of the fertilized egg by causing faulty segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Sperm receptor1
These findings provide molecular evidence for the hypothesis that the immunological block to sperm-egg binding need not involve antibody specific for the sperm receptor, and that antibodies to the zona pellucida block sperm access by steric hinderance. (nih.gov)
Fertility1
Using mouse transgenesis, we document that the N terminus of ZP2 is sufficient for sperm binding to the zona matrix and for in vivo fertility. (nih.gov)
Humans2
A PubMed literature search using the keywords 'zona pellucida', 'mutation' and 'variant' limited to humans was performed, with the last research on June 30, 2022. (biomedcentral.com)
The decline in the numbers of sperm that swim to the oviduct is one of two ways that prevents polyspermy in humans. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Passage2
A hole is made in the zona pellucid to allow passage of the sperm. (freezingblue.com)
High levels of zinc affect forward motility of sperm to prevent their passage through the zona matrix. (nih.gov)
What is polyspermy How do you avoid that what are the consequences of polyspermy? (lacteoscienelac.com)
Species1
Polyspermy, while physiologically possible in some species of vertebrates and invertebrates, is a lethal condition for the human zygote. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Development2
The antibodies were unable to induce the biochemical changes in the zona associated with the postfertilization block to polyspermy and had no detectable effect on preimplantation development. (nih.gov)