Bird species specificity. Medical search. Frequent questions

and 84.1% for C. pecorum (90.6% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity). (peerj.com)
Parasite detection using these methods was compared using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and Cohen's kappa index. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on the results of this study, selective enrichment media play a substantial role on the sensitivity and specificity of the selective plating media. (scirp.org)
When used with cloacal or fecal smears, the sensitivity and specificity of the test are questioned by some authorities. (cdc.gov)
Influenza has traditionally been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
ABSTRACT A serological study was carried out in Tiaret province in western Algeria on 1032 cows distributed in 95 flocks to estimate the prevalence of Brucella infection and to compare the sensitivity and specificity of a range of agglutination tests. (who.int)
Malaria prevalence was found to be 53% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 46% - 60%), whilst sensitivity and specificity were 29% (95% CI = 20% - 38%) and 89% (95% CI = 83% - 95%), respectively. (bvsalud.org)

50 species of the order Psittaciformes, and immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-PCR, and single cases of a clinically and morphologically largely nucleotide sequence analysis to examine paraffin wax- identical disease have also been found in nonpsittacine spe- embedded or frozen tissue samples of 31 psittacine birds cies ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
PDD is a fatal disease of psittacine birds ganglioneuritis of the vegetative nerve plexuses of the crop, associated with nonsuppurative encephalitis and ganglion- euritis of the upper intestinal tract. (cdc.gov)
Using advanced molecular genetic technolo- frequent disease of predominantly psittacine birds, was gies, they found sequences of at least 5 genetic subgroups reported for the first time in the late 1970s and early 1980s of ABV in clinical specimens from most birds with PDD, but in none of the controls. (cdc.gov)
Giardia psittaci ( 61 ) in psittacine birds, Giardia ardeae in herons ( 62 ) and Giardia microti in voles ( 208 ). (antimicrobe.org)
False-negative results are possible in specimens from small psittacine birds (e.g., budgerigars, young African grey parrots, and lovebirds). (cdc.gov)

Most of the owls are awake at night, their number allows you to meet them in any corner of the planet, and the similarity with parrots only adds specificity. (pettime.net)
At least 25 other species of brainier birds, including parrots and crows , have been observed dunking their food before a meal, and so there may be some instinctual instructions about wet insects that have been inherited from a shared ancestor. (2newthings.com)
As with parrots , it is advisable to choose this bird only if it can be guaranteed a good number of hours in your company. (whatagreenlife.com)

Notable exceptions include various species of Vibrio and Legionella bacteria and protozoan parasites such as the free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba . (nationalacademies.org)
Blood parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa, Trypanosomatidae and Filarioidea are widespread in birds and have been studied extensively. (biomedcentral.com)
We analyzed the impacts of human land-use on host-parasite interactions by sampling the bird community (1735 samples from 30 species) in natural and anthropogenic land use at different elevations, and screened individuals for haemosporidian parasites from three genera (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon). (bvsalud.org)
Some bird species showed low prevalence but harbored high diversity of parasites, while others showed high prevalence but were infected with fewer lineages. (bvsalud.org)
These infection dynamics are most likely driven by host specificity of parasites and intrinsic characteristics of hosts. (bvsalud.org)
Chewing and sucking lice (Phthiraptera) are permanent parasites of birds and mammals that lack free-living stages and, thus, live their entire lives on their hosts. (mdpi.com)

Zoonotic pathogens often infect several animal species, and gene flow among populations infecting different host species may affect the biological traits of the pathogen including host specificity, transmissibility and virulence. (edu.au)
Ixodes ricinus ticks ( 11 ) and is carried by a large variety of ize genetic variations of natural populations of a bacterial hosts, including birds and small- to medium-sized mam- pathogen ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)

In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. (lookformedical.com)
In addition to the four plasmodial species that infect humans, roughly 120 additional species infect various animals from reptiles to birds to higher apes. (nationalacademies.org)
Members of the Papillomaviridae primarily infect mucosal and keratinised epithelia, and have been isolated from fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. (nih.gov)
Long curved claws on large front feet capture and hold insects, other rodents, birds, and reptiles. (mt.gov)

Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] A reassorted H5N1 virus has been reported in the United States among wild birds but is not considered a threat to humans. (medscape.com)
It has been suggested that there is a correlation between the occurrence of TB in pigs and a direct or indirect contact of pigs with tuberculous humans, cattle or birds [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This degree of host specificity suggests a long association between humans and the four malaria species that infect them. (nationalacademies.org)
Poultry products are important transmission vehicles to humans, but the bacterium is common in other domestic and wild animals, particularly birds, which are a potential infection source. (edu.au)
Population genetic studies of C. jejuni have mainly investigated isolates from humans and domestic animals, so to assess C. jejuni population structure more broadly and investigate host adaptation, 928 wild bird isolates from Europe and Australia were genotyped by multilocus sequencing and compared to the genotypes recovered from 1366 domestic animal and human isolates. (edu.au)
Campylobacter jejuni populations from different wild bird species were distinct from each other and from those from domestic animals and humans, and the host species of wild bird was the major determinant of C. jejuni genotype, while geographic origin was of little importance. (edu.au)
or species has high dispersal capability such that extirpated populations soon become reestablished through natural recolonization (unaided by humans). (mt.gov)
If the latter advantage is confirmed, it could mean that dunking is these birds' form of cooking, helping their bodies power their bigger brains in the same way that heated food helps humans . (2newthings.com)
In this cariogenic biofilm are found mutans streptococci, that are the main etiologic agents of dental caries in humans 7,8 and are classified into seven species. (bvsalud.org)

Direct effects are mostly related to temperature and precipitation changes that affect individual organisms, populations, species distribution and ecosystem compositions and functions. (unu.edu)
The broad aims of the thesis were to explore biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships in (1) ecosystems invaded by non-native plant species and (2) tropical forests affected by human exploitation and disturbance. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
2. How do changes in species richness affect this ecosystem service provision? (bournemouth.ac.uk)
3. How do these changes relate to the woodiness and traits of invasive and native dominant species, and the type of ecosystem invaded? (bournemouth.ac.uk)
In addition my results suggest that aboveground carbon storage increases as species richness is reduced, showing the opposite relationship to that shown in many biodiversity ecosystem functioning experiments. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
This is the first time any such relationship has been found between community change and ecosystem level impacts in the context of species invasions. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
In Chapter 3 I investigated the possibility of predicting the impact of non-native invasive plant impacts on ecosystem services by using characteristics and functional traits of both invasive and native species. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
This work suggested that aboveground carbon storage is most easily predicted by traits and characteristics of native and non-native species, with few other ecosystem services well explained by models. (bournemouth.ac.uk)

Even though the number of species that has actually become extinct from the region is small, the relatively recent widespread deforestation and the associated fragmentation of natural habitats is expected to accelerate biodiversity decline in the coming years. (unu.edu)
Climate change is projected to increase the risk of extinction for already vulnerable species with limited climatic ranges and restricted habitats. (unu.edu)
For example, climate change can potentially cause species to move to higher elevations in search of more suitable habitats. (unu.edu)
By contrasting those findings with this new information, we'll be able to better identify the bird species or habitats that are most in need of conservation efforts. (appvoices.org)
However, it seems likely that this relationship depends on the identity and traits of the species, with invasions in open habitats by woody species likely to drive a negative relationship between richness change and biomass change with the opposite true when grassy species invade woodlands. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
We also found marked differences between bird species and habitats. (bvsalud.org)
First, advocate for the preservation of bird habitats - and provide your own by planting native fruiting and flowering plants on your land. (sltrib.com)
Finally, support organizations that advocate for birds and their habitats or promote research on migratory birds, such as the National Audubon Society, the American Bird Conservancy, and the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. (sltrib.com)
The more than 6,000 described species have a global distribution and are found in a variety of habitats. (wikipedia.org)

By comparing current statewide avian populations, breeding status and distribution patterns with information collected during the first study, Peele and her partner organizations will learn more about how migratory and native birds are adapting to changes in the environment that are leading to the rampant decline of many avian species. (appvoices.org)
Wind turbines cause functional habitat loss for migratory soaring birds. (mpg.de)
Closer-to-home" strategy benefits juvenile survival in a longdistance migratory bird. (mpg.de)
But what's happening to migratory birds really tells the story. (sltrib.com)
Climate change adds to the threats for migratory species. (sltrib.com)
Together, we can save the lives of millions of birds, and help ensure that their incredible migratory journeys never end. (sltrib.com)
Experience does not change the importance of wind support for migratory route selection by a soaring bird. (mpg.de)

The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
Each of these species distinctions is also supported by molecular comparisons. (antimicrobe.org)
Different clonal complexes may prefer molecular markers provides a more robust inference on different host species ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)

The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
HPAI A(H5) was detected in wild birds and sea lions in the Antofagasta region of coastal northern Chile where the patient lived ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Potential contact of the patient with wild birds, marine mammals and/or environmental exposures remains under investigation. (cdc.gov)
The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Estimating nest‐switching in free‐ranging wild birds: An assessment of the most common methodologies, illustrated in the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia). (mpg.de)

The Brueelia-complex is an incredibly speciose group of feather lice found mostly on passerine birds across the world. (myspecies.info)

The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
Y pseudotuberculosis infection occurs worldwide but appears to be most common as sporadic disease in northern Europe and Asia, primarily as a zoonotic infection of rabbits and other mammals and birds. (medscape.com)
False-negative results may occur for birds that have acute infection when they are sampled before seroconversion. (cdc.gov)
Titers greater than or equal to 10 in budgerigars, cockatiels, and lovebirds and titers greater than or equal to 20 in larger birds indicate current infection. (cdc.gov)

The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. (lookformedical.com)
While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (lookformedical.com)
The bird then held the bug underwater with its beak, giving it a quick, vigorous shake as if to shake off loose debris, or possibly confirm the insect's mortality. (2newthings.com)
The yellow color of the caruncules and beak is the most distinctive physical trait of these birds and brightens their uniform black plumage. (whatagreenlife.com)

Species-specificity for C. psittaci and C. pecorum LAMP targets was tested against DNA samples from related chlamydial species and a range of other bacteria. (peerj.com)

These serotypic differences result in much of the species specificity due to differences in the receptor usage (specifically sialic acid, which binds to hemagglutinin and which is cleaved by neuraminidase when the virus exits the cell). (medscape.com)
4. What factors drive differences in residual stand damage, biomass loss and species richness change following selective logging? (bournemouth.ac.uk)
Here, we explore sex differences in immunity, oxidative physiology and packed cell volume of wild, adult, breeding birds (97 species, 1997 individuals, 14 230 physiological measurements). (mtak.hu)
We conclude that cross-species differences in physiological sex-bias are largely unrelated to sexual selection and alternative explanations should be explored. (mtak.hu)

The specificity of this behavior suggests that there's a technique being passed from one bird to the next. (2newthings.com)

H5N1 is typically a highly pathogenic virus in birds, resulting in severe disease and death. (medscape.com)
Most influenza strains evolve exclusively in the large reservoir of water birds, but some highly pathogenic avian strains (e.g. (nature.com)

I study behavioural mechanisms related to movement, driving habitat use and their consequences on population dynamics in birds. (cnrs.fr)
I study the behavioral mechanisms related to movements that determine habitat use and their consequences on bird population dynamics. (cnrs.fr)
Apart from habitat destruction, other processes that contribute to biodiversity loss in the region include biodiversity overexploitation and the introduction of invasive species. (unu.edu)
This upward shift occurred irrespective of the habitat specificity of the studied birds. (unu.edu)
We're a partnership of more than 45 state and federal agencies, conservation organizations, and universities working to conserve habitat for birds in 12 states in the core of the Appalachians," explains Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture Coordinator Todd Fearer. (appvoices.org)
The loss of habitat is the main problem for many species, especially grassland birds. (sltrib.com)
Loss of winter habitat in Mexico and Central America also threatens many species. (sltrib.com)
Broad-scale or diverse (general) habitat(s) or abiotic and/or biotic factors are used or required by the species, with all key requirements common in the generalized range of the species in the area of interest. (mt.gov)

The pathogenic Yersinia species possess a wide range of chromosomal and plasmid-derived virulence factors, which allow entry, adherence, invasion, dissemination, and release from the host. (medscape.com)

From the Great Dismal Swamp to the D.C. Beltway and the mountains of far Southwest Virginia, volunteers scoured the commonwealth in search of nests, eggs, fledgling chicks and mating pairs from as many as 205 avian species. (appvoices.org)
A single testing method may not be adequate because of the diversity of reactions with immunoglobulins from the various avian species. (cdc.gov)

This strain has drawn more attention than other HPAI strains because of ongoing reports of bird-to-human transmissions that result in severe disease in the human host. (medscape.com)
The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
They are host-specific , and tend to have a specificity to certain regions of the body. (earthlife.net)
Giardia was initially divided into species on the basis of the host of origin with the resultant description of dozens of species. (antimicrobe.org)
Many of which have substantially different ranges of host specificities ( Table 1 ). (antimicrobe.org)
Noted for its strong host-specificity, the Brueelia-complex serves as a choice model to study coevolution and co-diversification. (myspecies.info)
I then performed cophylogenetic analyses with avian hosts that revealed distinct patterns of host-switching of lice a.) within suboscine birds, and b.) in and out of passerine hosts. (myspecies.info)
Despite a long co-evolutionary history with their hosts, some papillomaviruses are pathogens of their natural host species. (nih.gov)
However, this view has been challenged in recent decades, to the point where the traditional assumption of strict co-speciation and strict host specificity can no longer be maintained. (mdpi.com)
This more nuanced view of louse biology has far-reaching influences on our understanding of the biogeographic and host-association patterns, co-evolutionary history, species identification and limits, and ecology of chewing lice, and will shape our view of lice for the foreseeable future. (mdpi.com)

however, many of the species or genera can be distinguished using morphological characters of the blood stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Throughout these studies, the author described a new subfamily (Crocanthinae Park, 2015), 32 new genera, and over 540 new species of the family. (mdpi.com)
In this article, a historical review for the taxonomic works of the family is briefly summarized, with a comparison of the number of genera/species of each subfamily in each region of the world. (mdpi.com)

Songbirds of many species likewise show a phonotaxic response to conspecific song. (frontiersin.org)

Fleas are small jumping insects that parasitize mammals and birds. (earthlife.net)

Before the birds went on the block, however, he made at least some of the specimens available to William Swainson, who formally described and named the new ones in the Philosophical Magazine for 1827. (birdaz.com)
Spencer Fullerton Baird, the most influential American natural historian of his day, listed the Texas red warbler specimens - Baird, too, owned one, also purchased from Bell - without comment in the list of United States birds he published in 1852 . (birdaz.com)
In fact, specimens of this species love green areas. (whatagreenlife.com)
In live birds, depending on which clinical signs they exhibit, combined cloacal and choanal-swab specimens should be collected, refrigerated, and sent to the laboratory packed in ice, but not frozen. (cdc.gov)
When specimens are obtained from a single bird, serologic testing is most useful when a) signs of disease and the history of the flock or aviary are considered and b) serologic results are compared with the white blood cell counts and liver-enzyme activities. (cdc.gov)

Viral sequences of 2 birds did not match any the past 30 years. (cdc.gov)

Intermediate hosts in nature (eg, birds, rodents, wild game, animals bred for human consumption) become infected after ingesting infective materials. (msdmanuals.com)

In contrast, TLR15 can only be identified in avian and reptilian genomes, suggesting that this receptor arose ~320 million years ago after divergence of the bird/reptile and mammalian lineages. (ox.ac.uk)

Based on many lines of evidence, scientists have concluded that 2.9 billion - yes, billion - breeding adult birds have been lost in the United States since the 1970s. (sltrib.com)

Logging information in an online database curated by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology , ebird.org , volunteers observed more than 684,000 individual birds and 174 breeding species in 2016 alone. (appvoices.org)

RESULTS: Out of the 273 school children, 84(30.8%) were infected with at least one parasite species. (bvsalud.org)

All chapters in this thesis make use of large datasets that I collated from the literature and other authors in order to draw broad conclusions about trade-offs and relationships between services and biodiversity In the section concentrating on invasive species my results suggest that non-native invasive plants generally increase the storage of carbon, whilst reducing water quality and availability. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
Similarly, given that woodiness and size of species are related, there was a positive relationship between the invasive species height and increases in aboveground carbon storage. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
Invasive species like Harmonia axyridis pose a threat to native ones. (wikipedia.org)

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a cold-tolerant bacterial species in the family Enterobacteriaceae that most commonly causes foodborne illness, typically enterocolitis or mesenteric lymphadenitis (pseudoappendicitis) in children. (medscape.com)

There are over 2600 species of lice, all of which are wingless. (earthlife.net)
Mostly parasitic, lice feed off the blood of warm-blooded animals, such as birds and mammals. (earthlife.net)

Many species of insects do have wings. (earthlife.net)
Most coccinellid species are carnivorous predators, preying on insects such as aphids and scale insects . (wikipedia.org)
It's quite possible that the birds consciously teach each other this recipe for eating insects, although there may also be a more general instinct at work. (2newthings.com)
The insects aren't dangerous to the birds, but they do have enough toxins to taste bad. (2newthings.com)
Many of the other species of dunking birds aren't dependent on toxic insects, and so wouldn't need to dunk more benign foods like fruit or nuts. (2newthings.com)

Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
And so we do quite a bit of surveillance in birds, in pigs, and even some pets, like dogs and cats, and other companion animals, like horses, and all of those animals have their own variety of influenza species. (cdc.gov)
Todd Davis] So, I have to go back in history a little bit to explain what we know about influenza virus circulation in birds, and even a little bit in cats. (cdc.gov)
But cats typically aren't expected to get influenza viruses from birds. (cdc.gov)

They typically didn't do much, they didn't cause any other outbreaks in birds, but there are a couple of cases where there have been poultry outbreaks documented in places like Virginia in 2002, North Carolina in 2002. (cdc.gov)

Over the next 5 to 25 days (the length of time depends on the particular malaria species), the sporozoite reproduces by asexual binary fission. (nationalacademies.org)

All investigated animals were bred in an extensive farming system and contact between the different species (cattle, sheep and goats) is not uncommon. (who.int)

Medicago turbinata, the Southern medick, is a plant species of the genus Medicago It is found throughout the Mediterranean basin. (wikipedia.org)
These omnivorous black birds comprise most of the species in the genus Corvus, along with ravens and jackdaws (which are often also referred to as crows). (lookformedical.com)

An order of BIRDS including over 300 species that primarily inhabit coastal waters, beaches, and marshes. (lookformedical.com)
Indeed, it must be considered that in the wild these birds inhabit forests and have great space and freedom at their disposal. (whatagreenlife.com)

G. agilis , which is long and slender and found in amphibians, G. muris , which is nearly round and is found in rodents, and G. duodenalis ( G. lamblia ), which is found in birds and mammals ( 70 ). (antimicrobe.org)

However, it is not suitable for detection of species of Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium . (biomedcentral.com)
The four malaria species that produce human disease are Plasmodium vivax (also called tertian malaria), P. falciparum (also called malignant tertian malaria), P. malariae (also called quartan malaria), and P. ovale . (nationalacademies.org)
Plasmodium falciparum , the most lethal strain, is the most prevalent species throughout the tropics and subtropics. (nationalacademies.org)
FIGURE 6-1 Life cycle of a Plasmodium species that causes human malaria. (nationalacademies.org)

The species diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the terrestrial mammals of Iran. (mpg.de)

The EDGE2 protocol: Advancing the prioritisation of Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species for practical conservation action. (mpg.de)

This cannot be fully operational in the absence of an additional tag to its dimensions of variations: the experience-specificity of consciousness. (frontiersin.org)

Vultures are my main model species. (cnrs.fr)
I work mainly on the four French species of vultures . (cnrs.fr)

BIRDS that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. (lookformedical.com)
The disease affects practically all species of vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)

The outbreak was successfully contained with the slaughter of the entire local chicken population (around 1.5 million birds). (medscape.com)
Radar allows documentation of the magnitude of animals on the move: On a recent night, for example, it was estimated that 5.4 million birds were in the skies over Oregon. (sltrib.com)

However, interestingly aboveground carbon storage also tended to increase where native species were replaced by species of similar woodiness. (bournemouth.ac.uk)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that globally up to 30% of species are at increasing risk of extinction, whereas approximately 15%-40% of ecosystems are being affected by climate change. (unu.edu)

The various species may migrate in search of warmth while avoiding the more desert areas. (whatagreenlife.com)

The species‑specificity of energy landscapes for soaring birds, and its consequences for transferring suitability models across species. (mpg.de)

the specificity Foeex a T cell does not define its functional capa- bilities. (allforexindicators.com)

This bird has bright black plumage and a large head size. (whatagreenlife.com)

major centres of species richness are the Philippines, New Guinea and northern Borneo. (cybertaxonomy.org)

Common name for the largest birds in the order PASSERIFORMES, family Corvidae. (lookformedical.com)
Also known as mynah (or hill myna or myna bird ), it is a member of the starling family (Sturnidae) order Passeriformes. (whatagreenlife.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms47

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs25

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes53

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science4

Health Care18

Geographicals2

Sensitivity7

Psittacine birds5

Parrots3

Parasites6

Pathogen2

Reptiles4

Humans10

Ecosystem8

Habitats9

Migratory7

Molecular3

Wild birds7

Passerine birds1

Infection4

Beak4

Bacteria1

Differences4

Behavior1

Highly pathogenic2

Habitat8

Pathogenic1

Avian species2

Host10

Genera3

Songbirds1

Mammals and birds1

Specimens5

Viral1

Hosts1

Mammalian1

Adult1

20161

Parasite species1

Invasive species3

Bacterial species1

Lice2

Insects5

Influenza4

Outbreaks1

Reproduces1

Cattle1

Genus2

Inhabit2

Rodents1

Plasmodium4

Diversity1

Distinct1

Variations1

Vultures2

Vertebrates2

Million birds2

Native species1

Climate change1

Various species1

Consequences1

Functional1

Plumage1

Richness1

PASSERIFORMES2