Metabolic pathwaysEnzymesAminoAntioxidantSynthetaseGlutamateNucleotidesReductive biosynthesisCellularDetoxificationKEGGPentoseGlycolyticEssential metabolic pathwayTranssulfuration pathwayMethionineMitochondrialPhenylpropanoid pathwayGlycolysisGlycineSynthesisReductasePeroxidaseTransferaseBiosyntheticReactionsNADPHApoptosisDegradationGeneInhibitionGenes involvedBiochemicalInsulinEnrichmentCellElectronPrincipal
Metabolic pathways8
- Xenobiotic metabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that chemically modify xenobiotics , which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as drugs and poisons. (bionity.com)
- High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
- Navigating through the biochemical intricacies of the PPP provides a splendid panorama of how cells masterfully exploit metabolic pathways, in a manner that is attuned to their physiological, biosynthetic, and defensive needs, thereby maintaining a harmonious cellular and systemic physiological state. (microbiologynote.com)
- In essence, the PPP is a testament to nature's biochemical prowess, revealing how metabolic pathways, through eons of evolutionary fine-tuning, have been sculpted into multifaceted biochemical networks, proficiently catering to the myriad metabolic and defensive demands of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
- 1 L/d drinking water in healthy, normal weight, young men, 2) identify metabolic pathways potentially impacted by chronic hypotonicity, and 3) explore if effects of chronic hypotonicity differ by type of specimen and/or acute hydration condition. (ppexmed.com)
- Similar metabolic pathways appeared potentially impacted in urine, but the directions of impact differed by specimen type. (ppexmed.com)
- Metabolic alterations can be the consequence of genetic changes in metabolic pathways, but they also reflect control of enzymatic activities by signaling pathways, catabolism (including membrane turnover) and competitive inhibition or activation by small molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
- Comparison of real-time PCR and transcriptomics results showed that the trends of gene expression in glycolytic, carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolic pathways were identical. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes9
- Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ABA treatment around véraison resulted in the upregulation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for both general flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. (scirp.org)
- The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) or γ-glutamylcysteinyl-glycine is the most abundant low molecular weight thiol in most eukaryotic organisms and serves a number of important functions as sulfhydryl-buffer, cofactor for enzymes and for the detoxification of xenobiotics and drugs. (gla.ac.uk)
- To address this question, the knockout of both genes encoding the enzymes of the GSH biosynthesis pathway in P. falciparum was attempted. (gla.ac.uk)
- These changes did not correlate with changes in the expression of enzymes involved in the de novo biosynthesis or consumption of GSH. (gla.ac.uk)
- These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases . (bionity.com)
- Although the activities of most antioxidant and sulfur metabolism-related enzymes and glyoxalase I and the level of reduced glutathione in the Mg-deficient leaves and roots and the level of ascorbate in the leaves were kept in higher levels, the levels of malonaldehyde and MG and/or electrolyte leakage were increased in the Mg-deficient lower and upper leaves and roots, especially in the Mg-deficient lower leaves and roots. (biomedcentral.com)
- Glutathione is synthesized in cells by the consecutive reactions of the enzymes γ-Glutamyl-cysteine (γGlu-Cys) synthetase which uses glutamate and cysteine as substrates to generate γGlu-Cys . (nootropicsexpert.com)
- In the human cell, antioxidant molecules include both nonenzymatic compounds such as glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx), ascorbate, α -tocopherol, β -carotene, and coenzyme Q10 and enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- This increase of SQOR induces the downregulation of the cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, two enzymes of the transsulfuration pathway, the subsequent downregulation of serine biosynthesis and the adaptation of other sulfide linked pathways, such as folate cycle, nucleotides metabolism and glutathione system. (repositoriosalud.es)
Amino6
- Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
- In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
- You can increase your body's glutathione production by eating foods that contain the basic components of these amino acids . (nootropicsexpert.com)
- Fortunately, many of the same foods that contain glutathione also contain the individual amino acids that your body uses to make glutathione . (nootropicsexpert.com)
- Short-term nitisinone discontinuation of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 mice causes metabolic alterations in glutathione metabolism/biosynthesis and multiple amino acid degradation pathways. (github.io)
- They were identified as the core significantly different metabolites between the age groups 6 M vs. 12 M and 8 M vs. 12 M. Half of the enriched pathways were the amino acids metabolism pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Antioxidant7
- Glutathione synthetase is also a potent antioxidant. (wikipedia.org)
- Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
- In the biological realms of reductive biosynthesis, particularly in the synthesis of fatty acids, sterols, and combating oxidative stress, the PPP is an unsung hero, diligently orchestrating cellular anabolic and antioxidant processes. (microbiologynote.com)
- As your "master" antioxidant, Glutathione plays a key role in the defense of brain cells against oxidative stress . (nootropicsexpert.com)
- This review focuses on the effects of oxidative stress and the role of a particular antioxidant system-the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway-on ocular diseases, specifically age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. (hindawi.com)
- The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of a comprehensive and protective antioxidant response [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Furthermore, proteomic and transcriptomic analysis jointly verified that the detoxification and antioxidant defense system was activated by enrichment of glutathione metabolism and cytochrome P450-related pathways in response to acute liver injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Synthetase11
- Glutathione synthetase (GSS) (EC 6.3.2.3) is the second enzyme in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- On the other hand, E. coli glutathione synthetase is a homotetramer. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast to γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione synthetase accepts a large variety of glutamyl-modified analogs of γ-glutamylcysteine, but is much more specific for cysteine-modified analogs of γ-glutamylcysteine. (wikipedia.org)
- Crystalline structures have shown glutathione synthetase bound to GSH, ADP, two magnesium ions, and a sulfate ion. (wikipedia.org)
- Other names in common use include glutathione synthetase, and GSH synthetase. (wikipedia.org)
- Glutathione synthetase stays true to this rule, in that it uses the energy generated by ATP. (wikipedia.org)
- Glutathione synthetase is important for a variety of biological functions in multiple organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- In Arabidopsis thaliana, low levels of glutathione synthetase have resulted in increased vulnerability to stressors such as heavy metals, toxic organic chemicals, and oxidative stress. (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, glutathione synthetase functions in a similar manner. (wikipedia.org)
- The biosynthesis pathway for GSH, consisting of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γGCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS) is present in malaria parasites as well as in their host cells. (gla.ac.uk)
- This dipeptide is combined with glycine to g lutathione in a reaction catalyzed by Glutathione synthetase . (nootropicsexpert.com)
Glutamate2
- This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and glutathione metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- Glutathione synthesis is dependent on the availability of glutamate , cysteine , and glycine . (nootropicsexpert.com)
Nucleotides1
- In addition, increases in GPX, SOD3, G6PD, HK, and PFK at proteomic and transcriptomic levels suggested elevation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, synthesis of glutathione and nucleotides, and antioxidative pathway activity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation, TCA and mitochondrial energy metabolism were reduced. (frontiersin.org)
Reductive biosynthesis1
- Notably, NADPH generated through the oxidative phase is pivotal for counteracting oxidative stress and facilitating reductive biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
Cellular9
- Its product GSH participates in cellular pathways involved in homeostasis and cellular maintenance. (wikipedia.org)
- Redirection of glutamine to cellular energetics destabilizes glutathione homeostasis in glioblastoma cells and other cancer cells [ 9 ]. (degruyter.com)
- Bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomic data was used to determine the knockdown effects, the dysregulated pathways, and to predict cellular phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
- With numerous illustrations and tables, each of the nearly 300 sections of the Guide describes genes involved in a specific pathway, process, or structure from the molecular and cellular levels to developmental and physiological processes. (cshlpress.com)
- In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
- It plays a crucial role in both cellular biosynthesis and the defense against oxidative stress. (microbiologynote.com)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) primarily resides within the cytosol of cells, which is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm, a matrix in which various cellular organelles are suspended and numerous metabolic reactions transpire. (microbiologynote.com)
- Glutathione is so critical to your cellular health that it exists in cells at the same levels as glucose, potassium , and cholesterol . (nootropicsexpert.com)
- This suggests that therapeutic approaches targeting lipid biosynthesis for cellular membranes might be a promising approach in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Detoxification2
- After the final GSH product is made, it can be used by glutathione peroxidase to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 or Glutathione S-transferases in the detoxification of xenobiotics. (wikipedia.org)
- This study revealed that acute inflammatory injury was rapidly triggered by initial infection by C. sinensis juveniles in the host, accompanied by the enrichment of detoxification, inflammation, fibrosis, tumor and metabolism-related pathways in the liver, which provides a new perspective for the early intervention and therapy of clonorchiasis. (biomedcentral.com)
KEGG3
- Genes that were differentially expressed during Mn response and recovery belong to several dominant KEGG pathways. (rhhz.net)
- Gene ontology category and KEGG analysis suggested that 216 upregulated genes in MZ-2 were annotated by 70 GO assignments, 242 upregulated genes were associated with 188 signal pathways, while 321 upregulated genes in MZ-3 were annotated by 56 GO assignments, 322 upregulated genes were associated with 168 signal pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, the KEGG analysis of multi-omics data demonstrated that numerous pathways related to immunity, inflammation, tumorigenesis and metabolism were enriched in the liver. (biomedcentral.com)
Pentose4
- On the other hand, oral administration of MSNs disturbed inflammatory factors and metabolites of ribose-5-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, GSSG, and NADP+ associated with the pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione synthesis and oxidative stress albeit to a lesser extent than intravenous injection despite the administration of a ten-fold greater dose. (frontiersin.org)
- Dietary pentose sugars, a derivative of nucleic acid digestion, can be intertwined with the PPP, thereby revealing another layer of metabolic flexibility and adaptability provided by this pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
- Location of Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Where does pentose phosphate pathway occur? (microbiologynote.com)
Glycolytic1
- Concurrently, the PPP can transmute the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into intermediates apt for glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways, thereby enabling the cell to adeptly navigate through the metabolic intricacies and adapt to varying physiological contexts. (microbiologynote.com)
Essential metabolic pathway1
- Our screens also identify tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis as an essential metabolic pathway upon GPX4 inhibition. (biomed.news)
Transsulfuration pathway1
- Conversely, genetic or metabolic restoration of the transsulfuration pathway in SAA metabolism significantly alleviates the outcomes induced by HNF4α deficiency in liver cancer cells. (biomed.news)
Methionine1
- In this study, we found that C. albicans Hom6p has a homoserine dehydrogenase activity and is probably involved in the pathway for threonine and methionine biosynthesis. (ncl.edu.tw)
Mitochondrial6
- There are two typical apoptotic pathways: The mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The mitochondrial pathway is also referred to as the endogenous apoptosis pathway ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Glutathione is your primary defense against ROS preventing mitochondrial dysfunction . (nootropicsexpert.com)
- Coenzyme Q10 modulates sulfide metabolism and links the mitochondrial respiratory chain to pathways associated to one carbon metabolism. (repositoriosalud.es)
- Abnormalities of one carbon, glutathione and sulfide metabolisms have recently emerged as novel pathomechanisms in diseases with mitochondrial dysfunction. (repositoriosalud.es)
- This finding leads us to hypothesize that the therapeutic effects of CoQ10, frequently administered to patients with primary or secondary mitochondrial dysfunction, might be due to its function as cofactor for sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), the first enzyme in the sulfide oxidation pathway. (repositoriosalud.es)
Phenylpropanoid pathway2
- The color of grape berry is determined by the quantity and composition of anthocyanins [1] - [3] , which belong to the class of flavonoid molecules that are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway ( Figure 1 ). (scirp.org)
- Genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway were differentially expressed in the repair process after Mn treatment. (rhhz.net)
Glycolysis1
- The transcriptomic findings exhibited that the differentially expressed genes of fungus after rosmarinic acid intervention were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway, while the proteomic findings suggested that rosmarinic acid could inhibit the average growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by interfering with the expression of enolase in the glycolysis pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycine4
- It catalyses the condensation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine, to form glutathione. (wikipedia.org)
- Glutathione synthase catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate + glutathione The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine, and glycine, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and glutathione. (wikipedia.org)
- Glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH or L-glutathione) is a tripeptide made up of cysteine, glycine , and glutamine and present in high concentrations in every cell in your body. (nootropicsexpert.com)
- Glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH, or L-glutathione) is found in nearly every cell in your brain and body. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Synthesis2
- Conversely, in tissues where the biosynthetic activities, particularly those related to fatty acid and sterol synthesis, are in full swing, the NADPH produced by the PPP is channeled to support these reductive biosynthetic pathways. (microbiologynote.com)
- Glutathione synthesis in your brain follows the same pathway as in the rest of your body. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Reductase1
- Most of parameters involved in ROS and MG metabolisms had similar variation trends and degrees between the Mg-deficient lower leaves and roots, but several parameters (namely glutathione S-transferase, sulfite reductase, ascorbate and dehydroascorbate) displayed the opposite variation trends. (biomedcentral.com)
Peroxidase1
- Using genetic screens, we compared metabolic genes essential for proliferation upon inhibition of cystine uptake or glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4). (biomed.news)
Transferase2
- Thus, increases in the total amount and composition ratios of petunidin- and malvidin-type anthocyanins were mainly caused by ABA-induced upregulation of uridine diphosphate glucose flavonoid glucosyl transferase , glutathione S-transferase 4, O-methyl transferase and flavonoid 3', 5' hydroxylase expression, resulting in the deep coloration of berry of skin. (scirp.org)
- An essential requirement of glutathione (GSH) transferase GSTE14 in ecdysteroid biosynthesis has been established in Drosophila melanogaster, but its function is entirely unknown. (diamond.ac.uk)
Biosynthetic1
- My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)
Reactions1
- The reactions in these pathways are of particular interest in medicine as part of drug metabolism and as a factor contributing to multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and cancer chemotherapy . (bionity.com)
NADPH1
- A meticulous exploration of its function in these cells unravels its imperative role in generating a substantial amount of NADPH, which is instrumental in maintaining the reduced form of glutathione. (microbiologynote.com)
Apoptosis3
- The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The death receptor pathway plays an important role in cell apoptosis ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Proteomic data showed that apoptosis and junction-related pathways were enriched within 3 days of infection, indicating the occurrence of liver injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Degradation1
- In addition, compared to the common transcriptional response to Pb stress in both cultivars, the regulation of numerous genes including those involved in zeatin biosynthesis, limonene and pinene degradation, phagosome was exclusive to one cultivar. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene2
- Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs were mainly implicated in energy metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and carbohydrate metabolism related pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
- Specifically, we compared genetically driven and thus CAD-causal gene networks and pathways, by using human GWAS of CAD from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium and mouse GWAS of atherosclerosis from the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP) followed by integration with functional multiomics human (STARNET and GTEx) and mouse (HMDP) databases. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibition1
- However, analyses of isogenic parasite lines bearing different forms of PfCRT in this study revealed lower GSH levels and higher susceptibility to inhibition of GSH biosynthesis in the CQ resistant lines. (gla.ac.uk)
Genes involved1
- An early response to Mn toxicity in A. paniculata includes the upregulation of genes involved in glutathione metabolism. (rhhz.net)
Biochemical1
- I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
Insulin1
- Glutathione protects against chronic illness, supports liver health , and reduces insulin resistance . (nootropicsexpert.com)
Enrichment1
- Correspondingly, transcriptomic results showed significant enrichment of cell cycle pathway on day 3 and 7. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell4
- To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
- Glutathione is unique because it can help improve the health of nearly all cell types in your body . (nootropicsexpert.com)
- This imbalance has at least two direct consequences: damage to individual components of the living cell and induction of inflammatory pathways that further perpetuate the damage. (hindawi.com)
- Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
Electron1
- GPxs are members of a multiple-isozyme family that catalyze the reduction of H 2 O 2 or organic hydroperoxides to generate water or corresponding alcohols using reduced glutathione (GSH) as an electron donor [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Principal2
- Principal pathway of flavonid biosynthesis and related Myb transcription factors in grape. (scirp.org)
- Peritoneal stomata constitute the principal pathways for the drainage of intraperitoneal contents from the PERITONEAL CAVITY to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)