DiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
ProtoporphyrinsGriseofulvinPorphyrinsHemeHeme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)Heme Oxygenase-1HemeproteinsBiosynthetic PathwaysMolecular Sequence DataProtoporphyria, ErythropoieticFerrochelatasePorphyria, HepatoerythropoieticPorphyriasPhotosensitivity DisordersPorphyrias, Hepatic
SynthesisPathwayPorphyrinMetal-free protoporphyrinProteinsEnzyme of heme biosynthesisPorphyrinsAccumulationSynthaseFerrochelatasePrecursorPorphyriasErythropoietic protoporphyriaGenesMitochondrialProstheticPPIXHemoglobinErythrocyteSubstrateLipophilic moleculeHepaticCofactorBiliverdinInhibitsPhotosensitivityToxicOxygenaseExcessProximalChlorophyllIronFECHSuperfamilyCytochromesOxygenLiverBileDepositionMetabolismPeroxidasesMRNAMetabolicPlantHeminProteinLevels
Synthesis17
  • C) with low gene expression that only mildly affects heme synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 19 ] ClpX acts to control ALAS activation and degradation during heme synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • Porphyria is the common term for a group of syndromes, largely hereditary, that result from defects in porphyrins (the enzymes involved in heme synthesis). (medscape.com)
  • A tight control of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is required because of the photodynamic risk of accumulating tetrapyrrole intermediates and need of continuously adjusted synthesis of endproducts in response to varying demands during photoperiodic growth. (hu-berlin.de)
  • some compounds in this group may also inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis (fluometuron) or synthesis of anthocyanin, RNA, and proteins (propanil), as well as effects on the plasmalemma (propanil) (Devine et al. (weedscience.com)
  • Benzofuranes (WSSA Group 16), chlorocarbonic acids (Group 26), phosphorodithioates (Group 8), and thiocarbamates (Group 8) are examples of herbicides that are known inhibitors of several plant processes including: 1) biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids which may account for reported reductions in cuticular wax deposition, 2) biosynthesis of proteins, isoprenoids (including gibberellins), and flavonoids (including anthocyanins), and 3) gibberellin synthesis inhibition which may result from the inhibition of kaurene synthesis. (weedscience.org)
  • Iron is essential constituent of numerous enzymes, including iron-sulphur and heme proteins of the respiratory chain, as well as ribonucleotide reductase, which catalyses the rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis [9,10]. (biomedres.us)
  • Biosynthesis of porphyrins and related macrocyles, Part 13, Structure of the protoporphyrin isomer derived from coproporphyrinogen-IV by the action of beef-liver coproporphyrinogenase: Synthesis of protoporphyrin-XIII. (nyu.edu)
  • During iron starvation, HapX represses iron-consuming pathways, including heme biosynthesis and respiration, to spare iron and activates synthesis of ribotoxin AspF1 and siderophores, the latter partly by ensuring supply of the precursor, ornithine. (frontiersin.org)
  • Heme synthesis enhances globin formation, not only because it is the precursor of Hb but also by modulating the machinery of gene expression and globin synthesis and coordinating erythroid cell maturation. (longdom.org)
  • Exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first precursor in the heme biosynthesis pathway, circumvents the rate limiting enzyme ALA synthase, and accelerates the heme synthesis pathway. (longdom.org)
  • Hemoglobin synthesis and assembly is largely dependent on coordinated gene expression control, it is well established that the histone deacetylase inhibitor butyric acid activates transcription of heme synthesis an globin mRNA expression, leading to changes in cell morphology and induction of erythroid differentiation of erythroleukemic cell lines. (longdom.org)
  • The prodrug AlaAcBu undergos enzymatic intracellular hydrolysis releasing ALA, butyric acid and acetaldehyde and these active components induce accelerated heme and hemoglobin synthesis. (longdom.org)
  • Sideroblastic anemias are iron-utilization anemias, which are characterized by inadequate mitochondrial utilization of iron due to impaired heme synthesis despite the presence of adequate or increased amounts of iron. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In both acquired and congenital sideroblastic anemia, heme synthesis is impaired due to the inability to incorporate iron into protoporphyrin IX, leading to the formation of ringed sideroblasts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Each of the porphyrias is due to the deficiency of a specific enzyme involved in heme synthesis. (ashpublications.org)
  • The normal pathway of heme synthesis is shown in Figure 1 . (ashpublications.org)
Pathway11
  • Ferrochelatase catalyses the eighth and terminal step in the biosynthesis of heme, converting protoporphyrin IX into heme B. It catalyses the reaction: protoheme + 2 H+ = protoporphyrin + Fe2+ Ferrochelatase catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX in the heme biosynthesis pathway to form heme B. The enzyme is localized to the matrix-facing side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical manifestations depend on the step in the heme production pathway in which the enzymatic defect occurs. (medscape.com)
  • It serves for essential co-factors of enzymes catalyzing redox reactions (heme), co-factors for the enzymes of the nitrogen fixation pathway (siroheme), leads to the production of the ubiquitous chlorophyll molecules and is involved in plastid-derived retrograde signaling. (hu-berlin.de)
  • The Plant Physiology Group explores complex posttranslational control and the spatio-temporal organization of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway leading to chlorophyll and heme. (hu-berlin.de)
  • The porphyrias are a group of rare metabolic diseases that may present in childhood or adult life and are due to deficiencies of enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Protoporphyrin IX (PRIN9) is transported into the mitochondrial matrix where it becomes available for the last step in the heme biosynthetic pathway. (reactome.org)
  • The porphyrias are caused by loss (or gain, in the case of X-linked erythropoietic protoporphyria [XLP]) of specific enzyme functions in the heme biosynthesis pathway. (arupconsult.com)
  • Porphyrins are formed as intermediates of heme biosynthesis and different metals can exert their effects at different points of this metabolic pathway, leading to changed urinary porphyrins excretion profiles. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited disorder of the haem metabolic pathway characterised by accumulation of protoporphyrin in blood, erythrocytes and tissues, and cutaneous manifestations of photosensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Porphyria is a predominantly inherited metabolic disorder resulting from a deficiency of an enzyme in the heme production pathway and overproduction of toxic heme precursors. (medscape.com)
  • Deficiency of heme, the end-product of heme pathway shown in Figure 1 , which not only represses transcription of the ALA synthase-1 gene, 2 but also blocks translocation of the enzyme into mitochondria and decreases the stability of its mRNA. (ashpublications.org)
Porphyrin5
  • Two tightly regulated biochemical processes, metallation of porphyrin at the last stage of heme biosynthesis and the generation of iron-sulphur clusters (ISC), take place inside the mitochondrial matrix and utilise around 80% of the iron acquired by organisms. (lu.se)
  • Initial testing includes porphobilinogen (PBG) measurement, urine porphyrin fractionation, and erythrocyte protoporphyrin measurements. (arupconsult.com)
  • The core specializes in the UPLC quantification of heme and porphyrin levels, and the measurement of activity of enzymes responsible for heme biosynthesis. (utah.edu)
  • Heme/porphyrin/metal analysis was performed at the Iron and Heme Core facility at the University of Utah, supported in part by a grant from the NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Grant number U54DK110858. (utah.edu)
  • Despite the unprecedented variability of chemical reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450, all the important features of their mechanism can be attributed to the oxidative transformations driven by the main catalytic intermediate, which is a ferryl-oxo heme complex with the porphyrin pi-cation radical, or Compound I (3, 4, 8). (schoolbag.info)
Metal-free protoporphyrin5
  • The resultant accumulated excess of its substrate, metal-free protoporphyrin, causes two principal manifestations: (1) an acute cutaneous photosensitivity typically first appearing during childhood and (2) hepatobiliary disease. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 , 17 ] Like EPP, XLP is caused by bone marrow heme synthetic dysfunction, but most often results in a greater ratio of accumulated erythrocyte zinc-protoporphyrin to metal-free protoporphyrin than is typical for EPP. (medscape.com)
  • [ 21 ] Metal-free protoporphyrin escapes from red blood cells into the plasma, from which it is cleared by the liver and secreted into bile. (medscape.com)
  • Erythrocyte total protoporphyrin is the initial screening exam to diagnose EPP and XLP, if the total is elevated with metal-free protoporphyrin it is suggestive of EPP or XLP. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria are inborn errors of heme biosynthesis that cause elevated circulating levels of metal-free protoporphyrin and phototoxicity. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins6
  • Heme B is an essential cofactor in many proteins and enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
  • On the formation of bile pigments from heme proteins. (nyu.edu)
  • C. Bacteroides fragilis requires the ferrous‐iron transporter FeoAB and the CobN‐like proteins BtuS1 and BtuS2 for assimilation of iron released from heme. (utah.edu)
  • Li T, Bonkovsky HL, Guo J-T. Structural analysis of heme proteins: implications for design and prediction. (porphyria.org)
  • HCV proteins increase expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and decrease expression of Bach1 in human hepatoma cells. (wakehealth.edu)
Enzyme of heme biosynthesis2
  • It is an inherited disorder caused by partial deficiency in mitochondrial ferrochelatase (FECH), the terminal enzyme of heme biosynthesis. (medscape.com)
  • This gene encodes the penultimate enzyme of heme biosynthesis, which catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to form protoporphyrin IX. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Porphyrins1
Accumulation8
  • In less than five percent of cases, accumulation of protoporphyrin in the liver results in cholestasis (blockage of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine) and terminal liver failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a metabolic disorder, leads to the accumulation of protoporphyrin (PPIX). (researchgate.net)
  • The administration of Hexvix®/Cysview®, for example, leads to increased accumulation of fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in the tumor cells. (karlstorz.com)
  • Defective CLPX leads to increased ALAS post-translational stability, which results in excess accumulation of erythrocyte protoporphyrin. (medscape.com)
  • Decreased ferrochelatase activity causes the accumulation of protoporphyrin in the body, and light exposure results in the generation of active oxygen, causing photosensitivity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP) are characterized by skin photosensitivity caused by accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. (bvsalud.org)
  • In EPP, the enzyme deficiency causes accumulation of protoporphyrin in various tissues (skin, liver) and blood (erythrocytes and plasma). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The techniques are based on the application of the heme biomolecule precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid which induces the endogenous accumulation of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX in designated tissues. (thieme-connect.de)
Synthase7
  • XLP arises from C-terminal deletions or alterations in the gene encoding the erythroid-specific enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase-2 (ALAS2), increased function of which leads to overproduction of protoporphyrin. (medscape.com)
  • Imidazolinones, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones, sulfonylureas, and triazolopyrimidines are herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS), also called acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine (LaRossa and Schloss 1984). (weedscience.com)
  • AIP is rare a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene (HMBS) that reduce the function of an enzyme (a type of protein) in the body that is necessary for the production of heme. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Mutation in human CLPX elevates levels of delta-aminolevulinate synthase and protoporphyrin IX to promote erythropoietic protoporphyria. (utah.edu)
  • Lon peptidase 1 (LONP1)-dependent breakdown of mitochondrial 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase protein by heme in human liver cells. (porphyria.org)
  • form caused by a germline mutation in ALAS2 (5'-aminolevulinate synthase 2), a gene involved in heme biosynthesis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Downregulation of ALA synthase-1 by avoidance or removal of inducing drugs and chemicals by nutritional means (high carbohydrate intakes) and by administration of exogenous heme remains the cornerstone of management of the acute porphyrias. (ashpublications.org)
Ferrochelatase5
  • Researchers studying Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase propose a mechanism for iron insertion into protoporphyrin in which the enzyme tightly grips rings B, C, and D while bending ring A 36o. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequent investigation revealed a 100o distortion in protoporphyrin bound to human ferrochelatase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Defects in ferrochelatase create a buildup of protoporphyrin IX, causing erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ferrochelatase catalyses iron insertion into protoporphyrin IX at the terminal step of heme biosynthesis, while IscU assists in the formation of iron-sulphur clusters. (lu.se)
  • Lead poisoning also inhibits the enzyme ferrochelatase which catalyzes the joining of protoporphyrin IX and Fe 2+ to form Heme . (wikidoc.org)
Precursor1
  • In the present work, we found that 5-ALA, a natural precursor of heme, can hinder cell glycolysis, which is the main path of energy production for most cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
Porphyrias2
Erythropoietic protoporphyria2
  • Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an ultra-rare inherited disorder with overproduction of protoporphyrin in maturating erythroblasts. (researchgate.net)
  • Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP) result from genetic defects of heme biosynthesis that cause life-long, painful cutaneous sensitivity to light. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
Genes3
  • The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • Reductions in the mitochondrial ABC transporter Abcb10 affect the transcriptional profile of heme biosynthesis genes. (utah.edu)
  • Reciprocal effects of micro-RNA-122 on expression of heme oxygenase-1 and hepatitis C virus genes in human hepatocytes. (wakehealth.edu)
Mitochondrial1
  • The hydrophobic lips, consisting of the highly conserved residues 300-311, face the inner mitochondrial membrane and facilitate the passage of the poorly soluble protoporphyrin IX substrate and the heme product via the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Prosthetic3
  • Iron is an essential part of prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulphur clusters, which are involved in various redox reactions of central importance for life. (lu.se)
  • It is common prosthetic group composed of protoporphyrin IX and a Fe (II) ion. (biomedres.us)
  • The heme prosthetic group is protoporphyrin IX and the fifth ligand of the heme iron is a histidine (known as the proximal histidine). (expasy.org)
PPIX1
  • We have demonstrated that the activity of the multitargeting ALA prodrug, AlaAcBu in the induction of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and anti-cancer activity following light irradiation. (longdom.org)
Hemoglobin4
  • In particular, heme b plays a key role as the oxygen carrier in hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The malaria parasite feeds on heme, one of the components of hemoglobin. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • ALAD is a zinc-binding protein which is important in the biosynthesis of heme , the co-factor found in hemoglobin . (wikidoc.org)
  • During erythroid differentiation and maturation, three critical components α-globin, β-globin, and heme are critical for the formation of stable α2β2 hemoglobin (Hb) complexes. (longdom.org)
Erythrocyte2
  • At 48-year-old, high erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels, skin biopsy, and genetic tests resulted in a diagnosis of EPP. (bvsalud.org)
  • The less sensitive erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) assay is also used as a measure of blood lead. (medscape.com)
Substrate1
  • Substrate binding at the distal site of the heme brings the target chemical group into the close proximity of the reactive iron-oxygen catalytic intermediate, often in the regiospecific and stereospecific mode, to provide the selectivity of the chemical transformation. (schoolbag.info)
Lipophilic molecule2
  • Protoporphyrin is a lipophilic molecule capable of transformation to excited states by absorption of light energy. (medscape.com)
  • As protoporphyrin is a lipophilic molecule that is excreted by the liver, EPP patients are at risk of cholelithiasis with obstructive episodes, and chronic liver disease that might evolve to rapid acute liver failure. (biomedcentral.com)
Hepatic2
  • [ 22 ] Toxic effects of protoporphyrin deposition in the liver may lead to life-threatening hepatic dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Heme status affects human hepatic messenger RNA and microRNA expression. (wakehealth.edu)
Cofactor2
  • As mono or diiron center as well as incorporated into heme or iron-sulfur clusters, this metal is an indispensable cofactor for a variety of cellular processes including electron transport, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of DNA and sterols. (frontiersin.org)
  • The complex intertwining of iron metabolism and oxidative stress is emphasized by the iron-dependence of detoxification of oxidative stress as, e.g., catalases and peroxidases require heme as cofactor. (frontiersin.org)
Biliverdin3
  • Heme is cleaved by ___ to form biliverdin. (studystack.com)
  • Protoporphyrin (PP) and biliverdin (BV) give rise to the enormous diversity in avian egg coloration. (peerj.com)
  • Using a double-checking liquid chromatography ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry routine, we traced the origin of colored eggs to their non-avian dinosaur ancestors by providing the first record of the avian eggshell pigments protoporphyrin and biliverdin in the eggshells of Late Cretaceous oviraptorid dinosaurs. (peerj.com)
Inhibits1
  • Huang Z, Chen K, Xu T , Zhang J, Li Y, Li W, Agarwal AK , Clark AM, Phillips JD, Pan X. Sampangine inhibits heme biosynthesis in both yeast and human. (porphyria.org)
Photosensitivity1
  • Efficacy will be based on protoporphyrin levels, photosensitivity, and quality of life questionnaires. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
Toxic1
  • Lead's high affinity for sulfhydryl groups makes it particularly toxic to multiple enzyme systems including heme biosynthesis. (cdc.gov)
Oxygenase12
Excess2
  • This excess protoporphyrin leads to incapacitating phototoxic burns in sunlight exposed skin. (researchgate.net)
  • [ 1 , 20 ] Excess protoporphyrin is formed during maturation of erythroid cells in the bone marrow and present at the highest levels in reticulocytes and young erythrocytes. (medscape.com)
Proximal1
  • Our first pattern recognizes the proximal heme-binding site whereas the second pattern surrounded the distal active site. (expasy.org)
Chlorophyll1
  • In my research I try to understand molecular process in plants related to design of plant architecture, time to flowering, chlorophyll biosynthesis and wax biosynthesis. (lu.se)
Iron10
  • Iron and iron salts are poorly water soluble however, it is an essential micronutrient, which is required for numerous biological reactions including mammalian cell growth, heme and DNA biosyntheses, oxygen transport, cell proliferation, cytochrome p450 enzyme activity, and hypoxic response reactions [8]. (biomedres.us)
  • The Iron and Heme Core is at Wintrobe room 621. (utah.edu)
  • You are invited to join a weekly Zoom meeting of of the Iron and Heme Core, where answers for questions regarding sample submission, appropriate testing, data analysis and how to run assays in your home lab will be answered by Hector Bergonia, Director of the core. (utah.edu)
  • The Iron and Heme Core is part of the NIDDK sponsored, Center for Iron and Heme Disorders. (utah.edu)
  • The role of FECH is to catalyse the insertion of iron into protoporphyrin ring to generate the final product, haem (Fig 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the resting state, heme iron is oxidized (Fe 3+ ) and is coordinated with the thiolate sulfur atom of cysteine as the fifth axial ligand with the sixth position vacant or occupied by water. (schoolbag.info)
  • Nonclassic reactions catalyzed by some cytochromes P450, which do not use oxygen, and thus deviate from the main P450 mechanism, include direct reductive processes driven by the heme iron (conversion of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide by CYP55, reductive dehalogenation, reduction of azo compounds and quinines, etc. (schoolbag.info)
  • Recently, the sterol regulatory element binding protein SrbA was found to be essential for adaptation to iron starvation, thereby linking regulation of iron metabolism, ergosterol biosynthesis, azole drug resistance, and hypoxia adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Within the phagocytes, iron is recycled through enzymatic degradation of heme and delivered via ferroportin into the circulation, accounting for approximately 90% of the daily iron needs. (haematologica.org)
  • 12 In addition, the immunity-driven down-regulation of erythropoietin receptors on erythroid progenitor cells and the limited availability of iron for heme biosynthesis negatively affect the biological functions of erythropoetin. (haematologica.org)
FECH1
  • systematic name protoheme ferro-lyase (protoporphyrin-forming)) is an enzyme encoded by the FECH gene in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Superfamily2
  • Cytochromes P450 monooxygenases represent a large superfamily of heme enzymes, which require a dioxygen molecule and two electrons supplied by a NAD(P)H-dependent protein redox partner to form catalytically active high-valent ferryl-oxo intermediate. (schoolbag.info)
  • Cytochromes P450 represent a superfamily of heme enzymes with a common fold and mechanism that requires an atmospheric dioxygen molecule, two electrons from NAD(P)H, and one or two protons available from solvent water to form an active catalytic ferryl-oxo intermediate (1). (schoolbag.info)
Cytochromes2
  • All cytochromes P450 have one heme b (protoporphyrin IX) buried deeply in the protein globule, with molecular masses in the range 45-60 kDa. (schoolbag.info)
  • The former group includes cytochromes P450 involved into the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, antibiotics, and the transformation of vitamins and cofactors such as retinoids, carotenoids, eicosanoids, and fatty acid derivatives as well as those involved in endogenous intracellular and extracellular signaling. (schoolbag.info)
Oxygen1
Liver2
  • Management includes avoidance of exposure to light, reduction of protoporphyrin levels and prevention of progression of possible liver disease to liver failure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heme biosynthesis in a chicken hepatoma cell line (LMH): comparison with primary chick embryo liver cells (CELC). (wakehealth.edu)
Bile1
  • Protoporphyrin-rich bile facilitates gallstone formation. (medscape.com)
Deposition1
  • Some of them play a role in cell-suberization by catalyzing the deposition of the aromatic residues of suberin on the cell wall, some are expressed as a defense response toward wounding, others are involved in the metabolism of auxin and the biosynthesis of lignin. (expasy.org)
Metabolism1
  • These heme enzymes are found in most organisms from all biological kingdoms and catalyze various oxidative chemical transformations important for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, vitamins, signaling molecules, and many other compounds, as well as for the metabolism of xenobiotics. (schoolbag.info)
Peroxidases2
  • Heme-binding peroxidases (EC 1.11.1. (expasy.org)
  • Probing structure-function relations in heme-containing oxygenases and peroxidases. (expasy.org)
MRNA1
  • Differential regulation of human ALAS1 mRNA and protein levels by heme and cobalt protoporphyrin. (wakehealth.edu)
Metabolic1
  • The principle of tumor detection is based on the altered metabolic activity of the tumor cells in heme-biosynthesis. (karlstorz.com)
Plant1
  • Plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is one of the most important processes in chloroplasts. (hu-berlin.de)
Hemin1
  • Hemin (plasma-derived intravenous heme) is the definitive treatment and mainstay of management. (medscape.com)
Protein1
  • The Escherichia coli Protein YfeX Functions as a Porphyrinogen Oxidase, Not a Heme Dechelatase. (porphyria.org)
Levels3
  • Researchers showed that protoporphyrin levels can vary as much as 25% within people with EPP and XLP -meaning there are normal changes in these levels over time, but bigger increases in values should be followed up with a specialist. (porphyria.org)
  • Diagnosis is established by finding increased levels of protoporphyrin in plasma and red blood cells, and detection of a plasma fluorescence peak at 634 nm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4 Navone N M, Polo C F, Frisardi A L, Andrade N E, Battle A M. Heme biosynthesis in human breast cancer - mimetic in vitro studies and some heme enzymic activity levels. (thieme-connect.de)