• The total amounts of terpenes were correlated with total levels of terpene synthase activities, and negatively correlated with levels of phenylpropanoids and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. (myspecies.info)
  • The relative levels of geranyl diphosphate synthase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase activities did not correlate with the total amount of terpenes produced, but showed some correlation with the ratio of monoterpenes to sesquiterpenes. (myspecies.info)
  • Here, we report the 2.6 Å resolution crystal structure of FlvF, which adopts the α-helical fold of a class I terpene synthase. (anl.gov)
  • However, FlvF is not a terpene synthase, as indicated by its lack of enzymatic activity with farnesyl diphosphate and its lack of signature metal ion binding motifs that would coordinate to catalytic Mg ions. (anl.gov)
  • Thus, FlvF is the first example of a protein that adopts a terpene synthase fold but is not a terpene synthase. (anl.gov)
  • Two aspects of the biosynthesis of the non-canonical terpene synthase for 2-methylisoborneol have been studied. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • Implications on the stereochemical course of the terpene cyclisation by 2-methylisoborneol synthase are discussed. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • Overexpression of an isoprenyl diphosphate synthase in spruce leads to unexpected terpene diversion products that function in plant defense. (mpg.de)
  • Terpene synthase is used to mediate the whole biosynthesis process of terpenes and terpenoids. (perfectplant.com)
  • More knowledge is required on the functional and allelic diversity of terpene synthase (TPS) genes responsible for the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes to assist in flavour-directed hop breeding. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Utilising the published H. lupulus genome, 87 putative full-length and partial terpene synthase genes were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Geranyl diphosphate synthase (PbGDPS) is the key enzyme that converts precursors for monoterpene biosynthesis. (springeropen.com)
  • vir4, is responsible for the biosynthesis of volatile terpene compounds in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens. (tamu.edu)
  • The relative levels of specific terpenes in the glandular trichomes of each cultivar were correlated with the levels of transcripts for eight genes encoding distinct terpene synthases. (myspecies.info)
  • Identification and characterization of trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthases involved in herbivory-induced volatile terpene formation in Populus trichocarpa. (mpg.de)
  • Novel family of terpene synthases evolved from trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthases in a flea beetle. (mpg.de)
  • The regulatory function of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases in terpene biosynthesis. (mpg.de)
  • Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa. (pacb.com)
  • Nine cannabis terpene synthases (CsTPS) were identified in subfamilies TPS-a and TPS-b. (pacb.com)
  • Synthetic precursor or intermediate analogues for terpene synthases, to generate expanded product diversity (including novel artemisinin analogues active against malaria) or to probe the reaction mechanism. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Extracts containing these terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs) can inhibit the formation and destabilize preformed fibrils of amyloid β protein (a pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease), and have been shown to improve the cognitive function of mice with Alzheimer-like symptoms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To obtain compounds as diverse as organic acids, aromatics, terpenes, alkaloids, and glycolipids, we need to engineer microbial metabolic profiles according to individual production purposes. (fz-juelich.de)
  • Here, we report the identification of genes encoding enzymes for teleocidin B biosynthesis, including non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (tleA), P-450 monooxygenase (tleB), prenyltransferase (tleC), and methyltransferase (tleD). (ubc.ca)
  • The fungal species produces an alkaloid terpenoid, flavunoidine, through a hybrid biosynthetic pathway combining both terpene cyclase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase enzymes. (anl.gov)
  • Terpenes biosynthesis from geranyl and neryl pyrophosphates by enzymes from orange flavedo. (academicjournals.org)
  • A combination of de novo transcriptome assembly and DGE analysis was shown to be a powerful method for identifying genes encoding enzymes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in a non-model plant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The advent of synthetic biology opens an alternative avenue to produce celastrol with the prerequisite that genes coding for all the enzymes involved in celastrol biosynthesis are available. (techscience.com)
  • However, despite its biological importance, the pathway leading to celastrol biosynthesis is still poorly understood, especially the enzymes occurring on its downstream steps. (techscience.com)
  • The expression of different product-specific enzymes can achieve this in a plug-and-play manner - e.g., for aromatics and terpenes. (fz-juelich.de)
  • The basic requirements for biosynthesis include precursor compounds, chemical energy (ATP, etc.), and catalytic enzymes that may require coenzymes (NADH, NADPH, etc. (ijpcbs.com)
  • However, the experimental evidence demonstrates that this gene cluster is involved in the synthesis of volatile terpene compounds. (tamu.edu)
  • As the chemical synthesis of specialized metabolites is very challenging, the most sustainable way to produce such molecules in the near future will be their biosynthesis in engineered microorganisms. (cvut.cz)
  • [1] When combined with the hydrocarbon terpenes, terpenoids comprise about 80,000 compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Terpenes form a diverse and large class of aromatic organic compounds found in a wide variety of plants including conifers, cannabis, and more. (perfectplant.com)
  • Functional characterization identified mono- and sesqui-TPS, whose products collectively comprise most of the terpenes of 'Finola' resin, including major compounds such as ß-myrcene, (E)-ß-ocimene, (-)-limonene, (+)-a-pinene, ß-caryophyllene, and a-humulene. (pacb.com)
  • Terpenes are a class of organic aromatic compounds that are produced by a wide variety of plants. (legacycultivation.co)
  • There are a number of different terpenes and other compounds that are found in high concentrations in cannabis sativa plants. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Key criteria for efficient small molecule production are the genetic accessibility of the used microbes, their robustness and tolerance towards bioactive compounds, and metabolic suitability for the target biosynthesis. (fz-juelich.de)
  • Enzymology of terpenoid biosynthesis and synthetic biology approaches for expansion of the pool of these secondary metabolites to include novel terpenoid-like compounds with applications as drugs and crop protection agents. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Terpenes, phenolic compounds, and nitrogen compounds are secondary metabolites. (ijpcbs.com)
  • In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted to other compounds, or combined to form macromolecules. (ijpcbs.com)
  • The formation of organic compounds in the body is called biosynthesis. (ijpcbs.com)
  • Biosynthesis represents the production of complex compounds from simpler precursors of an organism. (ijpcbs.com)
  • their structures, biosynthesis and interrelationships as well as examples of asymmetric syntheses and the practical value of these compounds. (dattanibookagency.in)
  • This isomerization is a key step in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids through the mevalonate pathway and the MEP pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the importance of the melavonate pathway in isoprenoid biosynthesis, IPP isomerase is found in a variety of different cellular compartments, including plastids and mammalian mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate is used as a substrate for the identification, differentiation and characterization of procaryotic 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase(s) (Dxr) which catalyze the first committed step of the nonmevalonate pathway (NMP) for isoprenoid biosynthesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Despite the promising activities, the pathway leading to celastrol biosynthesis, especially cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme(s) that occur in its downstream steps, are largely unknown. (techscience.com)
  • This genetic resource will aid in isolating the celastrol biosynthetic genes as well as engineering the celastrol biosynthesis pathway. (techscience.com)
  • The ethylene biosynthesis pathway in higher plants has been well studied. (hindawi.com)
  • Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites derives from the primary metabolic pathway, which consists of the tricarboxylic acid circuit (TCA), the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP), and mevalonic acid, and the shikimate pathway. (ijpcbs.com)
  • We performed extensive functional characterization of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthetic genes in rice, and found that the genes for the biosynthesis of the major diterpenoid phytoalexins, phytocassanes and momilactones, are clustered on chromosomes 2 and 4, and that their expression is coordinately induced in rice cells after elicitation. (go.jp)
  • Myrcene - is the most common terpene and is a reason behind the sedative effects of Cannabis Indica. (perfectplant.com)
  • Myrcene is the most common terpene in cannabis. (legacycultivation.co)
  • There are two main types of terpene biosynthesis: monoterpene biosynthesis and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. (legacycultivation.co)
  • A great number of light-responsive, HY5-interacting, and circadian-responsive elements was enriched on the promoters of both structural genes and transcription factors for monoterpene biosynthesis. (springeropen.com)
  • Taken together, both circadian clock and light factors had positive effects on orchid floral scent emission, and the regulation resided on the control of both structural genes and transcription factors for monoterpene biosynthesis. (springeropen.com)
  • A putative terpene cyclase vir4, which is a member of a secondary metabolite cluster, has been deleted in Trichoderma virens to determine its function. (tamu.edu)
  • Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plants produce and accumulate a terpene-rich resin in glandular trichomes, which are abundant on the surface of the female inflorescence. (pacb.com)
  • Transcriptome analysis of trichomes of the cannabis hemp variety 'Finola' revealed sequences of all stages of terpene biosynthesis. (pacb.com)
  • Transcripts associated with terpene biosynthesis are highly expressed in trichomes compared to non-resin producing tissues. (pacb.com)
  • These trichomes are where the cannabinoids and terpenes are found. (legacycultivation.co)
  • The terpenoids , also known as isoprenoids , are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its derivatives called terpenes , diterpenes , etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • Roman Bushuiev from FIT CTU received the Via Chimica 2022 award for his bachelor thesis entitled Machine-learning prediction of terpene biosynthesis , which he worked on at the Department of Applied Mathematics at FIT CTU, in cooperation with the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS. (cvut.cz)
  • The reaction, which finds its origins in the biosynthesis of polycyclic terpenes, is also attractive for synthetic chemistry, owing to its ability to form products with multiple rings and stereogenic centers in a non-stop process from simple, linear, achiral starting materials. (thieme.de)
  • Biosynthesis is a multi-step enzyme-catalyzed process that transforms a substrate into a more complex product in laboratory. (ijpcbs.com)
  • The latter strategy enables us to feed non-natural monopyrrole precursors to P. putida , which is equipped with a part of a tripyrrole biosynthesis to obtain new-to-nature agents with improved bioactivities. (fz-juelich.de)
  • While sometimes used interchangeably with "terpenes", terpenoids contain additional functional groups , usually containing oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Terpenoids are modified terpenes , [7] wherein methyl groups have been moved or removed, or oxygen atoms added. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some authors use the term "terpene" more broadly, to include the terpenoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Terpenoids, or oxygenated terpenes , are sometimes also termed as terpenes . (perfectplant.com)
  • Both terpenoids and terpenes are a major constituent in essential oils derived from several medicinal flowers and plants. (perfectplant.com)
  • Naringenin 7- O -methyltransferase (OsNOMT) was also identified as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of another major rice phytoalexin, sakuranetin. (go.jp)
  • Structure of the Repurposed Fungal Terpene Cyclase FlvF Implicated in the C-N Bond-Forming Reaction of Flavunoidine Biosynthesis. (anl.gov)
  • Bark beetle attack history does not influence the induction of terpene and phenolic defenses in mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees by the bark beetle-associated fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. (mpg.de)
  • With the aid of NOESY-experiments the relative stereochemistry of the substances named phenalinolactone A - D was determined.In a second part previous studies of the biosyntheses of hexacyclinic acid were continued. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Knowledge of the CsTPS gene family may offer opportunities for selection and improvement of terpene profiles of interest in different cannabis strains and varieties. (pacb.com)
  • Terpenes are responsible for the distinct flavors and aromas of different cannabis strains. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Cannabis cultivars contain more than 100 different isolated terpenes, which are responsible for the plant's distinct smell and flavor. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Cannabis strains have unique terpene profiles which contribute to its therapeutic properties. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Cannabis terpenes interact with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS). (legacycultivation.co)
  • Cannabis terpenes enhance the effects of cannabinoids. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Other terpenes were found in large quantities in only a smaller subset of cultivars, e.g. β-farnesene (in seven cultivars) and α-pinene (in four). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In four contrasting cultivars (Wakatu™, Wai-iti™, Nelson Sauvin™, and 'Nugget'), terpene production during cone development was investigated in detail, with concentrations of some of the major terpenes increasing up to 1000-fold during development and reaching maximal levels from 50-60 days after flowering. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results can be used to develop hop cultivars with novel/improved terpene profiles using marker-assisted breeding strategies to select for, or against, specific TPS alleles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes coding for defense-related transcription activators, reactive oxygen species metabolism, terpene biosynthesis, and energy conversion pathways were upregulated in inoculated samples of L. dendroidea , indicating an integrated defensive system in seaweeds. (asm.org)
  • Our analysis of the Criollo genome has uncovered the genetic basis of pathways leading to the most important quality traits of chocolate -- oil, flavonoid and terpene biosynthesis," said Siela Maximova, associate professor of horticulture, Penn State, and a member of the research team. (phys.org)
  • Caryophyllene is a spicy-scented terpene commonly found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Root-specific transcription factors (TFs) that may play regulatory roles in celastrol biosynthesis were also discussed. (techscience.com)
  • Terpenes: Importance, General Structure, and Biosynthesis 1. (eanso.org)
  • System 1 represents ethylene biosynthesis during the preclimacteric stage of climacteric fruits as well as during the whole ripening process of nonclimacteric fruits. (hindawi.com)
  • Occurrences, Structure, Biosynthesis, and Health Benefits Based on Their Evidences of Medicinal Phytochemicals in Vegetables and Fruits. (novapublishers.com)
  • Understanding the process of terpene biosynthesis is a step toward a new era of pharmaceutical design. (cvut.cz)
  • Terpene biosynthesis is the process by which terpenes are produced in plants. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Extensive research is currently ongoing to discover the various terpenes found in nature and their potential health benefits along with their side effects. (perfectplant.com)
  • Limonene is a citrus-scented terpene commonly found in lemons, limes, and oranges. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Pinene is a woody-scented terpene that is found in pine trees. (legacycultivation.co)
  • Linalool is a floral-scented terpene that is found in lavender. (legacycultivation.co)