• Lignin fills the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin components, especially in vascular and support tissues: xylem tracheids, vessel elements and sclereid cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cellulose biosynthesis is also one of the most ancient and essential life processes of plants. (mtu.edu)
  • However, the last decade has witnessed remarkable progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis using Arabidopsis, a small herb that has been a sweetheart to many plant scientists. (mtu.edu)
  • Cellulose content decreased slightly under higher nitrogen fertilizer, whereas lignin content reduced remarkably. (springer.com)
  • Histochemical staining revealed that high nitrogen application decreased lignin deposition in the secondary cell wall of the sclerenchyma cells and vascular bundle cells compared with the low nitrogen treatments, while it did not alter the pattern of cellulose deposition in these cells in both Wuyunjing23 and W3668. (springer.com)
  • Ambavaram MM, Krishnan A, Trijatmiko KR, Pereira A (2011) Coordinated activation of cellulose and repression of lignin biosynthesis pathways in rice. (springer.com)
  • Secondary cell wall is a dynamic structure mainly composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. (researchgate.net)
  • Lignin, a cheap, nontoxic, and carbon-rich renewable resource, is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose in the nature [ 29 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vitro enzymatic assays and detailed analyses of mutants and transgenic plants altered within the expression of lignin biosynthesis genes have provided a solid basis for redrawing the monolignol biosynthetic pathway, and structural analyses have shown that plant cell walls can tolerate large variations in lignin content and structure. (iomcworld.org)
  • In this study, we show that an Arabidopsis MYB transcription factor MYB15 is required for the activation of lignin biosynthesis genes such as PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3′H, COMT, and CAD, and consequently lignin formation during effector-triggered immune responses. (figshare.com)
  • These results suggest that the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis are down-regulated by higher nitrogen fertilizer, which causes lignin deficiency in the secondary cell walls and the weakening of mechanical tissue structure. (springer.com)
  • To better understand the regulation of PA biosynthetic genes in alfalfa, expression of genes involved in PA biosynthesis is being compared over time (2-34 days post-pollination) in developing seeds from alfalfa plants with wildtype tan-colored seed coats and dark brown-colored seed coats (UMN2163). (usda.gov)
  • Included on the macroarray are 32 cDNAs for enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, including enzymes involved in isoflavonoid, lignin, anthocyanin, and PA biosynthesis, 14 cDNAs with sequence similarity to myb-like and myc-like transcription regulators, and 8 cDNAs of seed storage protein genes. (usda.gov)
  • Lignin is one among the foremost important secondary metabolite which is produced by the phenylalanine/tyrosine metabolic pathway in plant cells.Lignin biosynthesis may be a very complex network that's divided into three processes: (i) biosynthesis of lignin monomers, (ii) transport and (iii) polymerization The lignin biosynthetic pathway has been studied for quite a century but has undergone major revisions over the past decade. (iomcworld.org)
  • This review presents a current picture of monolignol biosynthesis, polymerization, and lignin structure.The lignin biosynthetic pathway has been studied for quite a century but has undergone major revisions over the past decade. (iomcworld.org)
  • A team of scientists from Forage Genetics International, the US Dairy Forage Research Center, and the Noble Research Institute were able to genetically modify alfalfa to reduce the activity of one enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. (farmanddairy.com)
  • Song F N. Expression and functional analysis of correlative enzyme gene of lignin Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Betula Platphylla[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2009. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Caffeic acid O-methyl transferase (COMT) is a key enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, which limits ruminant digestion of forage cell walls and is a crucial barrier in the conversion of plant biomass to bioethanol. (arc.sci.eg)
  • A strategy for lignin degradation leverages photoredox deoxygenative radical formation to trigger reverse biosynthesis, which cleaves model compounds of the β-O-4 and β-5-β-O-4 linkages to produce monolignols, precursors to flavoring compounds. (nyu.edu)
  • PAL), catalyzes the committed step in phenylpropanoid metabolism, hence it could have a regulatory role in controlling biosynthesis of all phenylpropanoid compounds including lignin (Northcote, 1985). (scialert.net)
  • A survey of agricultural technologies influencing the biosynthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds in crop plants is presented, including observations on the effects of light, temperature, mineral nutrition, water management, grafting, elevated atmospheric CO 2 , growth and differentiation of the plant and application of elicitors, stimulating agents and plant activators. (mdpi.com)
  • This review focuses on the chemical characteristics, biosynthesis, and distribution of CGA and related compounds in coffee. (scielo.br)
  • The alcohols are called monolignols, the starting compounds for biosynthesis of lignin. (kegg.jp)
  • Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is a promising strain for the biological upgrading of lignin due to its ability to tolerate and utilize lignin-derived aromatic compounds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, quantitative measurements by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the co-treatment with both compounds, in contrast to the lead treatment alone, significantly up-regulated transcripts of CAT , APX , and a lignin biosynthesis related gene encoding ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H). (degruyter.com)
  • The new ultra-high performance super- critical fluid chromatography method was also applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignin-derived phenolic compounds obtained upon alkaline cupric oxide oxida- tion of a commercial humic acid. (lu.se)
  • Finally, lignin also confers disease resistance by accumulating at the site of pathogen infiltration, making the plant cell less accessible to cell wall degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • By reducing the expression of the cad gene, this mutant has a decreased lignin content and major changes in the lignin composition in wood. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This review presents a current picture of monolignol biosynthesis, polymerization, and lignin structure. (iomcworld.org)
  • Hirano K, Aya K, Kondo M, Okuno A, MorinakaY, Matsuoka M (2012) OsCAD2 is the major CAD gene responsible for monolignol biosynthesis in rice culm. (springer.com)
  • Analysis of phenylpropanoid metabolites in transgenic tobacco showed that lignin content was affected when PAL activity is reduced to 20-25% of wild type levels (Bate et al . (scialert.net)
  • Many grasses have mostly G, while some palms have mainly S. All lignins contain small amounts of incomplete or modified monolignols, and other monomers are prominent in non-woody plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • The conversion of lignin-derived aromatic monomers into valuable chemicals has promising potential to improve the economic competitiveness of biomass biorefineries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to the previous studies, many aromatic monomers from lignin can be efficiently released by pretreatment and thermochemical depolymerization [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The polysaccharide components of plant cell walls are highly hydrophilic and thus permeable to water, whereas lignin is more hydrophobic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, E.C. 1.1.1.195) is a monolignol biosynthetic enzyme that catalyzes the final step of lignin subunit biosynthesis in higher plants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 1994). The enzyme has also been reported to control the synthesis of lignin causing textural changes in bamboo shoots (Chen et al . (scialert.net)
  • Exploring lignin biorefineries for aromatic chemical production has promising potential to improve the lignin economic competitiveness of biomass biorefineries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lignin, a polymer of aromatic subunits derived from phenylalanine serves as a matrix around the polysaccharide components of some plant cell walls, providing rigidity and comprehensive strength (Whetten and Sederoff, 1995). (scialert.net)
  • Lignin is a recalcitrant aromatic polymer that is a potential feedstock for renewable fuel and chemical production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Selective depolymerization of lignin remains a significant challenge in biomass conversion. (nyu.edu)
  • Lignin is usually a waste discharged from paper and biomass bioethanol factories. (hindawi.com)
  • Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was restricted to water transport. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is an essential polymer in vascular plants that plays key structural roles in vessels and fibers. (researchgate.net)
  • Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) catalyzes a key step of the synthesis of the two main lignin subunits, guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) in dicotyledonous species. (researchgate.net)
  • In a typical synthesis process: 1.0 g of lignin was added to 0.35 g of 20 wt% NaOH solution under stirring at 50°C, after 10 min, 1.15 g of formalin solution (37 wt% formalin) was added dropwise, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 70°C for 60 min. (hindawi.com)
  • The BpCCoAOMT gene plays an important role in the synthesis of lignin, which lays a foundation for the cultivation of a new species of birch with low lignin content. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • In some cases, the potential value for agriculture of transgenic plants with modified lignin structure has been demonstrated. (iomcworld.org)
  • Compared to the wild type, by the Wiesner staining, the lignin content of the transgenic plants was decreased. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Lignins are typically classified according to their syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caffeoyl Coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and Caffeic acid-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, the precursors of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) lignin subunits. (researchgate.net)
  • Increasing of lignin in composite films, the acid to aldehyde ratios of vanillyl and syringyl phenols of the lignin declined from 1.18 to 1.17 (~0.76%) and 1.59-1.56 (~1.78%), respectively. (degruyter.com)
  • However, the molecular structure of lignin consists of repeating units of the p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) (Figure 1 ) [ 30 ], which had a highly cross-linked structure close to the network of phenol resin [ 31 , 32 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This mild method preserves important oxygen functionality and serves as a platform for achieving selective lignin depolymerization. (nyu.edu)
  • Hatfield RD, Jung HJG, Ralph J, Buxton DR, Weimer PJ (1994) A comparison of the insoluble residues produced by the Klason lignin and acid detergent lignin procedures. (springer.com)
  • The phenyl alcohol extracts and Klason lignin of transgenic birch were significantly reduced, and the pentosan content was increased. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Lignin from gymnosperms (softwoods, grasses) is derived from the coniferyl alcohol, which gives rise to G upon pyrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In angiosperms (hardwoods) some of the coniferyl alcohol is converted to S. Thus, lignin in angiosperms has both G and S components. (wikipedia.org)
  • The exogenous supply of the lignin monomer coniferyl alcohol restored lignin production and rescued immune defects in myb15 plants. (figshare.com)
  • Alteration in lignin biosynthesis restricts growth of Fusarium spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Betula platyphylla is an important forestation tree species in northern China, but its high lignin content severely restricts its development and utilization as a papermaking resource plant. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our work highlights the feasibility of microbial production of pinosylvin from cinnamic acid and paves the way for converting lignin-related aromatics to valuable chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The diffusivity of nitrogen was effectively slowed 0.66-0.94 times by the lignin in composite films and showed a "Fickian diffusion" mechanism (release exponent n =0.095-0.143). (degruyter.com)
  • Thus, converting these accessible lignin-related phenolic acids to value-added products contributes to realizing the value-added utilization of lignin waste. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • This finding also suggests that the original function of lignin was structural as it plays this role in the red alga Calliarthron, where it supports joints between calcified segments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results imply that, in addition to PAL, other lignin-specific enzymes and/or tissue structural changes may have more significant roles in tissue toughening of broccoli branchlets. (scialert.net)
  • Knapp J, Harms C, Volenec J (1987) Growth regulator effects on wheat culm nonstructural and structural carbohydrates and lignin. (springer.com)
  • Lignin is indigestible by ruminants, so less lignin means higher fiber digestibility and improved dry matter intake by ruminant animals. (farmanddairy.com)
  • Upon challenge with the avirulent bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000 (AvrRpm1), lignin deposition and disease resistance were reduced in myb15 mutant plants. (figshare.com)
  • lignin comprises about 1/3 of the mass of lignocellulose, the precursor to paper. (wikipedia.org)
  • CuO oxidation, the lignin macromolecule is hydrolyzed into a series of methoxy phenyl and phenyl aldehydes, ketones, Lignin is a complex biopolymer that constitutes a large por- and acids [9]. (lu.se)
  • The high separation power and short analysis time obtained demonstrate for the first time that supercritical fluid chromatography is a fast and reliable technique for the analysis of lignin-derived phenols in complex environmental samples. (lu.se)
  • citation needed] Lignin is present in red algae, which suggest that the common ancestor of plants and red algae also synthesised lignin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The biosynthesis and release of allelochemicals (e.g., benzoxazinoid and momilactone) allow barnyard grasses to suppress the growth of surrounding plants (including crops) and to resist pathogen attack 8 , 9 . (nature.com)
  • Study on content and ratio of lignin in transformed tobacco plants changed by anti-sense CCoAOMT[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Science,2011,39(2):62-64. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Alfalfa varieties have been developed that contain less lignin, which have the potential to add harvest timing flexibility to your forage operation. (farmanddairy.com)
  • The result is alfalfa forage with reduced lignin content. (farmanddairy.com)
  • This reduced lignin technology is being commercialized as HarvXtra Alfalfa combined with Roundup Ready Technology. (farmanddairy.com)
  • In the Minnesota study across all harvests, the HarvXtra Alfalfa variety had 8 percent lower lignin content and 10 percent higher NDFD content compared with three alfalfa varieties without the reduced lignin trait. (farmanddairy.com)
  • Lignin, a major component of the secondary cell wall, is important for plant growth and development. (figshare.com)
  • Understanding the Modus Operandi of Class II KNOX Transcription Factors in Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis. (mtu.edu)
  • Lignin reinforcement of the UcS was used to prepare composite films, aimed to reduce the starch biodegradability and slow the release of nitrogen in aerobic soil condition. (degruyter.com)
  • Huang C Q,Liu G D,Guo A P. Lignin biosynthesis regulated by antisense CCoAOMT gene in tobacco[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2008,36(19):8026-8027,8043. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is readily deposited upon pathogen infection and functions as a physical barrier that limits the spread of pathogens. (figshare.com)
  • Textural changes or toughening of plant tissues is closely associated with lignin formation. (scialert.net)
  • Lignin is a collection of highly heterogeneous polymers derived from a handful of precursor lignols. (wikipedia.org)
  • The biological functions of intron retention (IR) and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in filamentous fungi is lack of study, let alone their roles in cellulase biosynthesis. (researchsquare.com)
  • Lignin constitutes 30% of terrestrial non-fossil organic carbon on Earth, and 20 to 35% of the dry mass of wood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methods reported for the analysis of 11 major lignin- mic substances. (lu.se)