Biosynthesis glycosylation and glycan linkages. Medical search. Frequent questions

Glycans (monosaccharides and oligosaccharides) and their conjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans) are structurally diverse biomolecules that are involved in many biological processes of health and disease. (go.jp)
The vast majority of secreted and cell surface proteins are post-translationally modified by glycosylation during transit through the secretory pathway, termed glycoproteins. (sbpdiscovery.org)
My laboratory has focused on discovering the biological information contained within select glycosidic linkages of N- and O-glycans in determining the function and fate of discrete glycoproteins that further contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, colitis, diabetes, and sepsis. (sbpdiscovery.org)
My laboratory includes interdisciplinary team-based collaborations that integrate expertise in immunology, infectious disease, hematology, and more recently, cancer, and is especially focused upon glycosidic linkages attached to the N- and O-glycans of glycoproteins. (sbpdiscovery.org)
The physiological systems regulated by protein glycosylation are broad even when comparing among sequential biosynthetic steps, and our findings continue to indicate the presence of undiscovered information of medical relevance residing in the glycan linkages of glycoproteins. (sbpdiscovery.org)
Glycans are the vital components of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. (transcriptionfactor.org)
Glycoproteins are grouped by the type of carbohydrate and the amino acid linkage site. (transcriptionfactor.org)
Glycosylation occurs co- or post-translationally on more than 50% of eukaryotic proteins resulting in membrane-assisted, intracellular, or secreted glycoproteins that are crucial in cellular processes, protein bioactivity and metabolic turnover. (transcriptionfactor.org)
Describe the major features of the pathways of biosynthesis and degradation of glycoproteins. (mhmedical.com)
The glycan structures of glycoproteins change in response to signals involved in cell differentiation, normal physiology, and neoplastic transformation. (mhmedical.com)
is a compilation of bacterial and archaeal glycoproteins for which at least one site of glycosylation is validated experimentally using one or multiple methods like, site directed mutagenesis, Edman degradation, mass spectroscopy etc. (proglycprot.org)

This type of linkage is important for both the structure and function of many eukaryotic proteins. (wikipedia.org)
As an enzymatic process essential to cells, glycosylation produces saccharides linked by glycosidic bonds to proteins, lipids, and themselves, termed glycans. (sbpdiscovery.org)
A widely used college level cell biology textbook authored by others includes glycans as one of the four main families of the organic molecules of all cells, with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and that together they compose the macromolecules and other assemblies of the cell. (sbpdiscovery.org)
Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
The majority (?95%) of N -glycans present in the overall whey glycoprofile were attributed to three proteins: lactoferrin, IgG, and GlyCAM-1. (omicsdi.org)
Signature glycans can be used to recognize individual proteins in the overall whey glycoprofile as well as for protein concentration estimations. (omicsdi.org)
glycosylation (the enzymic attachment of sugars) is the most frequent posttranslational modification of proteins. (mhmedical.com)
Many proteins also undergo reversible glycosylation with a single sugar ( N -acetylglucosamine) bound to a serine or threonine residue that is also a site for reversible phosphorylation. (mhmedical.com)
Many cell membrane proteins (see Chapter 40 ) contain substantial amounts of carbohydrate, and many are anchored to the lipid bilayer by a glycan chain. (mhmedical.com)
The secretory pathway has two main functions: 1) performing proper folding and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins e.g. glycosylation and sulfation, and 2) sorting proteins to their final cellular or extracellular destination. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins synthesized at the ER are subject to covalent modifications that include N- and O-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, and in some cases, proline and lysine hydroxylation. (stanford.edu)
The comparison of several polyisoprenol-based glycosylation pathways from the three domains of life shows that most of the implicated proteins belong to a limited number of superfamilies. (biomedcentral.com)

This core glycan is then elaborated and modified further, resulting in a diverse range of N-glycan structures. (wikipedia.org)
These diverse structures are controlled by complex glycosylation processes in cells, which are mediated by various glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. (go.jp)
The structures of glycans (and lipids) are, however, synthesized by template-independent processes, rendering them hard to predict and study. (sbpdiscovery.org)
Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of the carbo-hydrate molecules is indispensable for a full understanding of the molecular processes in which carbohydrates are involved, such as protein glycosylation or protein-carbohydrate interactions. (iucr.org)
The glycosylation machinery is responsible for assembling a diverse repertoire of glycan structures, collectively termed 'glycome', through the synchronized action of a portfolio of glycan-modifying enzymes including glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. (nature.com)
To create the large repertoire of glycan structures, each of these glycosyltransferases uses a single-nucleotide sugar substrate and forms specific linkages between one monosaccharide and a glycan precursor. (nature.com)
EndoBI-1-released N-glycans were quantified by a phenol-sulphuric total carbohydrate assay and the resultant N-glycan structures monitored by nano-LC-Chip-Q-TOF MS. The kinetic parameters and structural characterization of glycans released suggest EndoBI-1 can facilitate large-scale release of complex, bioactive glycans from a variety of glycoprotein substrates. (omicsdi.org)

There are two types of bonds involved in a glycoprotein: bonds between the saccharides residues in the glycan and the linkage between the glycan chain and the protein molecule. (wikipedia.org)
The core glycan structure is essentially made up of two N-acetyl glucosamine and three mannose residues. (wikipedia.org)
N-linked glycosylation is a modification of asparagine, whereas O-linked glycosylation occurs on the hydroxyl group of serine and threonine residues. (transcriptionfactor.org)
Additional subclasses are represented by glycosylglycerols, which are characterized by the presence of one or more sugar residues attached to glycerol via a glycosidic linkage. (wikidoc.org)
Among the genes that build HMGs in the mammary gland is the fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) gene, which catalyzes the transfer of fucose residues by an α1,2-linkage to glycans found in human milk. (biomedcentral.com)

In animal cells, the glycan attached to the asparagine is almost inevitably N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the β-configuration. (wikipedia.org)
The process of N-linked glycosylation starts with the formation of dolichol-linked GlcNAc sugar. (wikipedia.org)
This review highlights recent developments in chemical regulation of glycosylation processes with specific targets including: inhibition of (1) N -glycosylation, (2) O -glycosylation, (3) O -linked GlcNAc glycosylation, (4) proteoglycan biosynthesis, (5) glycolipid biosynthesis, and (6) terminal glycosylation. (go.jp)
Chitinases are glycosyl hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of the β-1,4 linkages in complex carbohydrates and those that contain GlcNAc. (researchgate.net)
1,4 linkages in complex carbohydrates and those that contain GlcNAc. (researchgate.net)
Linkages: β-GlcNAc-Ser, HexNAc-Cys. (proglycprot.org)

Because glycan biosynthesis, diversification, and degradation rely upon corresponding gene and enzyme function, glycan function can be investigated similarly to other enzymatic and metabolic pathways, such protein phosphorylation. (sbpdiscovery.org)

Although one typically thinks of carbohydrates as associated with cell growth and viability, glycosylation also has an integral role in many processes leading to cell death. (nature.com)

However, in spite of the diversity, all N-glycans are synthesized through a common pathway with a common core glycan structure. (wikipedia.org)
He later moved on to studying the biochemistry of the eukaryotic N-linked glycosylation pathway and more recently, with John Samuelson, has studied the evolution of this pathway in protists. (bu.edu)
These acyl-ACP TEs can potentially be used to diversify the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to produce novel fatty acids. (iastate.edu)
Here, a phylogenomic analysis was carried out to examine the validity of rival hypotheses suggesting alternative archaeal or bacterial origins to the eukaryotic N- glycosylation pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
The origin of the eukaryotic N- glycosylation pathway is not unique and less straightforward than previously thought: some basic components likely have proteoarchaeal origins, but the pathway was extensively developed before the eukaryotic diversification through multiple gene duplications, protein co-options, neofunctionalizations and even possible horizontal gene transfers from bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Following the success of comparative analyses to trace back particular machineries to LECA [ 25 - 32 ], the origin and evolution of the eukaryotic N- glycosylation pathway will be studied here. (biomedcentral.com)

The sugar moieties are linked to one another in the glycan chain via glycosidic bonds. (wikipedia.org)

O-GlcAc glycosylation is implicated in normal brain functions, etiology of neurodegeneration, type II diabetes, pathways involved in morphogenesis, and virulence factors of microbes in plant host cells. (transcriptionfactor.org)
The signaling cholelithiasis turnover is covalent complex to L-succinimide, which heavily is to removes L-aspartyl linkages or L-isoaspartyl pathways( Knorre et al. (familie-vos.de)
10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
It shares mechanistic similarities based on the use of polyisoprenol lipid carriers with other glycosylation pathways involved in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall components (e.g. peptidoglycan and teichoic acids). (biomedcentral.com)

N-linked glycosylation, is the attachment of an oligosaccharide, a carbohydrate consisting of several sugar molecules, sometimes also referred to as glycan, to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N-glycosylation, studied in biochemistry. (wikipedia.org)
Glycosylation is classified by the way the carbohydrate chain is linked to the protein. (iucr.org)
Glycoside hydrolases cleave the glycosidic linkage between two carbohydrate moieties. (iastate.edu)

Therefore, the type of N-glycan synthesized, depends on its accessibility to the different enzymes present within these cellular compartments. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment of cells with inhibitors of these enzymes results in the production of glycans or glycoconjugates containing missing or altered glycan chains. (go.jp)
These enzymes are considered emerging virulence factors during infection because the host glycan changes. (researchgate.net)
Intracellular lectins and glycan-modifying enzymes mediate autophagy and control host immunity and inflammation. (nature.com)

Cells produce and regulate an abundant and diverse glycome of glycosidic linkages in which some of the biological information is decoded by one or more glycan-binding receptors, termed lectins. (sbpdiscovery.org)
Glycans and lectins represent a significant percentage of genes in the genomes of organisms, with several hundred present in mammals. (sbpdiscovery.org)
Endogenous lectins and glycans are critical signals in the resolution of cell death. (nature.com)
Although lectins were already known because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, 3 the involvement of lectins and glycans in PCD had not been elucidated. (nature.com)

Sugar molecules are attached to the dolichol through a pyrophosphate linkage (one phosphate was originally linked to dolichol, and the second phosphate came from the nucleotide sugar). (wikipedia.org)
Asparagine must be located appropriately in the three-dimensional structure of the protein (Sugars are polar molecules and thus need to be attached to asparagine located on the surface of the protein and not buried within the protein) Asparagine must be found in the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum for N-linked glycosylation to be initiated. (wikipedia.org)
Glycosylation processes can be chemically regulated by inhibition of glycosyltransferases or glycosidases with natural and synthetic molecules. (go.jp)
Neue Bilder nuclear SNARE molecules campaigning Syntaxin-2( STX2), STX4, STX11 and Vesicle-associated download toxicological profiles ethylene kinase 8( VAMP8) are considered to be thought in Glycosylation vitro ribonucleotide( Golebiewska et al. (familie-vos.de)
Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
In order to maintain normal function including biosynthesis and transport of molecules across cell membranes, cells require energy (called ATP). (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)

Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)

The N-linked glycosylation process occurs in eukaryotes and widely in archaea, but very rarely in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
The biosynthesis of N-linked glycans occurs via 3 major steps: Synthesis of dolichol-linked precursor oligosaccharide En bloc transfer of precursor oligosaccharide to protein Processing of the oligosaccharide Synthesis, en bloc transfer and initial trimming of precursor oligosaccharide occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (wikipedia.org)

Once the precursor oligosaccharide is formed, the completed glycan is then transferred to the nascent polypeptide in the lumen of the ER membrane. (wikipedia.org)

Importantly, the glycomics and glycoproteomics data unveiled that comparatively high abundance of two core-fucosylated and sialylated N-glycans (Glycan 40a and Glycan 46a) and one N-glycopeptide from fibronectin were associated with low patient survival, while a relatively low abundance of N-glycopeptides from both afamin and CD59 were also associated with poor survival. (bvsalud.org)
Still, it remains challenging to properly analyze large glycomics datasets, since the abundance of each glycan is dependent on many other glycans that share many intermediate biosynthetic steps. (omicsdi.org)
We further demonstrate a role for the E3 ligase MARCH6 in regulating triacylglycerol biosynthesis, thereby influencing LD abundance and PLIN2 stability. (stanford.edu)

We address these challenges with GlyCompare, a glycomic data analysis approach that accounts for shared biosynthetic steps for all measured glycans to correct for sparsity and non-independence in glycomics, which enables direct comparison of different glycoprofiles and increases statistical power. (omicsdi.org)

In his early career at MIT, he worked closely with Luria studying the structure and biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides, including elucidating the structure of bactoprenol and identifying the direction of chain elongation in LPS synthesis in bacteria. (bu.edu)

The energy required for this linkage comes from the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate molecule. (wikipedia.org)
plasma biosynthesis has a preferred oxidase in the hydrolysis, leading its HC potential to have as a ichthyosis through which its LC apoptosis removes associated into the sufficient toxicity. (familie-vos.de)

While all tumor tissues displayed relatively uniform N-glycome profiles suggesting overall stable global N-glycosylation during disease progression, altered expression of six sialylated N-glycans was found to correlate with lymph node metastasis. (bvsalud.org)

N-linked glycans are almost always attached to the nitrogen atom of an asparagine (Asn) side chain that is present as a part of Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus sequence, where X is any amino acid except proline (Pro). (wikipedia.org)

This reaction terminates acyl chain elongation of fatty acid biosynthesis, and in plant seeds it is the biochemical determinant of the fatty acid compositions of storage lipids. (iastate.edu)

The N- glycosylation is an essential protein modification taking place in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes and the plasma membranes in archaea. (biomedcentral.com)

This approach is highly useful for examining the potential functional role(s) of glycans and glycoconjugates in cells or tissues, and in biological processes of health and disease. (go.jp)

Screening for genotoxic compounds and effectors of modified glycans in proliferating cells. (transcriptionfactor.org)

I am a molecular and cellular biologist specializing in diseases attributable to protein glycosylation. (sbpdiscovery.org)
lactalbumin, immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and glycosylation-dependent cellular adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1, PP3). (omicsdi.org)
Glycans are fundamental cellular building blocks, involved in many organismal functions. (omicsdi.org)

to degrade the glycan and digest the glycocalyx to establish intracellular infections. (researchgate.net)

Together, free HMOs and their related glycoconjugates have been referred to as human milk glycans (HMGs) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

They first remove the terminal d-alanine residue from each stem peptide on the newly synthesized glycan chain. (pharmacy180.com)
These are carboxypeptidases, which remove the terminal D-alanine from the pentapeptides on the linear glycans in the cell wall but do not catalyse the cross-linkage. (pharmacy180.com)

On the other hand, the attachment of a glycan residue to a protein requires the recognition of a consensus sequence. (wikipedia.org)

Protein glycosylation fulfils a variety of roles. (iucr.org)
We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
Advances in glycomics are elucidating the essential roles of glycans. (omicsdi.org)

There are three conditions to fulfill before a glycan is transferred to a nascent polypeptide: Asparagine must be located in a specific consensus sequence in the primary structure (Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr or in rare instances Asn-X-Cys). (wikipedia.org)

These in download Hanging include preference interactions or glycosylation phytosterols. (evakoch.com)

The nature of N-linked glycans attached to a glycoprotein is determined by the protein and the cell in which it is expressed. (wikipedia.org)

While altered protein glycosylation is regarded a trait of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the heterogeneous and dynamic glycoproteome of tumor tissues from OSCC patients remain unmapped. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, we apply our method on mucin-type O-glycans, gangliosides, and site-specific compositional glycosylation data to reveal tissues and disease-specific glycan presentations. (omicsdi.org)

This system offers a powerful method for imaging the localization, trafficking, dynamics of glycans, or detection by FACS for quantitative studies. (transcriptionfactor.org)
Detection and quantification of biosynthesis, dynamics and turnover of modified glycans. (transcriptionfactor.org)

The best understood subclass is N -glycosylation, in which the glycans are linked to the N δ 2 atom of an Asn side chain. (iucr.org)

This work provides mechanistic insight into how milk glycans enrich specific beneficial bacterial populations in infants and reveals clues for enhancing enrichment of bifidobacterial populations in at risk populations - such as premature infants. (biomedcentral.com)

Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)

Notably, glycoproteomics and advanced statistical analyses uncovered altered site-specific N-glycosylation revealing previously unknown associations with several clinicopathological features. (bvsalud.org)
Advances toward mapping the full extent of protein site-specific O-GalNAc glycosylation that better reflects underlying glycomic complexity. (sinica.edu.tw)

LEF diseases emphasizes their glycosylation onto cyclin D1( CCND1) and MYC effect types and has with WNT present lectin of CCND1 and MYC1 BiP. (evakoch.com)

This β-linkage is similar to glycosidic bond between the sugar moieties in the glycan structure as described above. (wikipedia.org)

N-acetylglucosaminidase, which cleaves the N-N'-diacetyl chitobiose moiety found in the N-glycan core of high mannose, hybrid and complex N-glycans. (omicsdi.org)

These N-glycans have selective prebiotic activity for a key infant gut microbe, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. (omicsdi.org)
Some members of the genus Bifidobacterium , common infant gut commensals, are known to consume 2′-fucosylated glycans found in the breast milk of secretor mothers. (biomedcentral.com)

Using GlyCompare, we study diverse N-glycan profiles from glycoengineered erythropoietin. (omicsdi.org)

However, we and others found that intact organisms were typically required to discover the functions of protein glycosylation in mammals. (sbpdiscovery.org)

Anatomy13

Organisms12

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes69

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science5

Glycoproteins11

Proteins13

Structures7

Residues5

GlcNAc6

Degradation1

Carbohydrates1

Pathway6

Glycosidic bonds1

Pathways4

Carbohydrate3

Enzymes4

Lectins4

Molecules6

Receptors1

Occurs2

Oligosaccharide1

Abundance3

Biosynthetic steps1

Synthesis1

Hydrolysis2

Glycome1

Amino acid1

Elongation1

Modification1

Processes1

Cells1

Cellular3

Intracellular1

Glycoconjugates1

Terminal2

Residue1

Roles3

Asparagine1

Interactions1

Glycoprotein1

Tissues2

Detection2

Chain1

Bacterial1

Recognition1

Specific2

Diseases1

Moieties1

Complex1

Infant gut2

Diverse1

Found1