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PlastidsGenome, PlastidBiologyChloroplastsSystems BiologyRhodophytaDNA, ChloroplastMolecular BiologyDevelopmental BiologyPhylogenyChloroplast ProteinsDNA, PlantArabidopsisCryptophytaPlant ProteinsGenes, PlantGenome, ChloroplastDinoflagellidaPhotosynthesisMolecular Sequence DataOenotheraSynthetic BiologyTobaccoPlantsArabidopsis ProteinsComputational BiologyCuscutaChlorophytaAlgal ProteinsSymbiosisGene Expression Regulation, PlantPlants, Genetically ModifiedEukaryotaPlant LeavesEvolution, MolecularDiatomsCercozoaPlants, ToxicChlorophyllGenes, ChloroplastRNA, PlantGenome, PlantBase SequenceAngiospermsBiological EvolutionAmino Acid SequenceTetrapyrrolesDNA, AlgalApicomplexaAlveolataSequence Analysis, DNAProtochlorophyllideOrganellesGene Transfer, HorizontalCyanophoraLightEuglenidaHepatophytaThylakoidsOrchidaceaeModels, BiologicalCell NucleusStarchRibulose-Bisphosphate CarboxylaseRNA, ChloroplastRNA EditingProtein TransportHordeumPlant CellsPeasGeraniaceaeFucusMutationSequence AlignmentHaptophytaGalactolipidsSeedling
GenomesPhotosyntheticGenesMitochondrialComplete plastid genome sequenceEndosymbioticAlgaeEvolutionary BiologyPhotosynthesisPhylogenySecondaryOrganellesMolecularEukaryotesEndosymbiosesSequencesOrganismsClass 11 Biology SyllabusPlantBiogenesisArabidopsisCurrent BiologySyllabusDinoflagellateDouble membraneHoweEvolutionBacterialEukaryoticAbsentGenetics2022MetabolismNuclearOrganellePollinationMetabolic2017Faculty of BiologyFoundBiological
Genomes13
  • Although previously unrecognized, plastids in deep-branching apicomplexans are common, and they contain some of the most divergent and AT-rich genomes ever found. (elifesciences.org)
  • Loss of photosynthesis has occurred independently in several plant and algal lineages, and represents a major metabolic shift with potential consequences for the content and structure of plastid genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The convergence of plastid genome structure in Helicosporidium and the Apicomplexa raises the interesting possibility that there are common forces that shape plastid genomes, subsequent to the loss of photosynthesis in an organism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In most plastid genomes, the vast majority of genes encode products involved in either gene expression or photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, the number of fully-sequenced non-photosynthetic plastid genomes is small, limited to Epifagus virginiana (a holoparasitic angiosperm), Euglena longa (a heterotrophic euglenid), and several apicomplexan parasites bearing secondary plastids of red algal origin called apicoplasts ( Plasmodium falciparum , Theileria parva , Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We make structural comparisons to Psilotum and Adiantum plastid genomes. (usu.edu)
  • In this study, we analyzed all genes from sequenced plastid genomes to unearth any neglected cases of HGT and to obtain a measure of the overall extent of HGT to the plastid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To quantify the overall extent of HGT in plastid genomes, we searched exhaustively for HGT among the 42 sequenced plastid genomes available when this study began. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we extend the recently described Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) strategy to compute phylogenetic trees from all completely sequenced plastid genomes currently available and from a selection of mitochondrial genomes representing the major eukaryotic lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results indicate that, at this taxonomic level, plastid genomes are much more valuable for inferring phylogenies than are mitochondrial genomes, and that distances based on breakpoints are of little use. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2014. From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. (nih.gov)
  • Plastid genomes from diverse glaucophyte genera reveal a largely conserved gene content and limited architectural diversity. (pacb.com)
  • Although the Glaucophyta plastids appear morphologically "ancestral," they actually bear derived genomes not radically different from those of red algae or viridiplants. (pacb.com)
Photosynthetic9
  • Most plastids are photosynthetic, thus leading to color production and energy storage or production. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phylum Apicomplexa comprises human pathogens such as Plasmodium but is also an under-explored hotspot of evolutionary diversity central to understanding the origins of parasitism and non-photosynthetic plastids. (elifesciences.org)
  • Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin. (elifesciences.org)
  • To investigate such changes, we sequenced the complete plastid genome of the parasitic, non-photosynthetic green alga, Helicosporidium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Helicosporidium plastid genome is among the smallest known (37.5 kb), and like other plastids from non-photosynthetic organisms it lacks all genes for proteins that function in photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Helicosporidium is known to be related to trebouxiophyte green algae, but the genome is structured and compacted in a manner more reminiscent of the non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The E. virginiana plastid is about half the size of typical angiosperm plastids, having lost all its photosynthetic genes, but is otherwise similar to its relatives in many ways including non-coding DNA content, synteny of remaining genes and overall structure [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Likewise, E. longa has lost most of the photosynthetic genes found in the plastid of its close relative Euglena gracilis , but they share many features that are unique to euglenids, such as three tandem repeats of the RNA operon and a multitude of distinctive introns [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • their defining characteristic is the presence of a photosynthetic plastid. (berkeley.edu)
Genes8
  • However, most plastids rarely exceed 200 protein coding genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Helicosporidium plastid genome is also highly structured, with each half of the circular genome containing nearly all genes on one strand. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This process is not complete, however, as all known plastids have retained a residual genome that encodes a handful of RNA and protein-coding genes, which typically include many of the key components of photosystems I and II [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When photosynthesis is lost, so are most or all of the related genes, leading to dramatic changes in the plastid genome in size, coding capacity, and often also structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes Translocated into the Plastid Inverted Repeat Show Decelerated Substitution Rates and Elevated GC Content. (duke.edu)
  • Monophyletic origin of plastids: plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes are related in the plastid bearing organisms. (elte.hu)
  • The glaucophyte plastid coding capacity is highly conserved (112 genes shared) and the architecture of the plastid chromosomes is relatively simple. (pacb.com)
  • Pairwise distances estimated from 19 different plastid genes revealed that the highest sequence divergence between glaucophyte genera is frequently higher than distances between species of different classes within red algae or viridiplants. (pacb.com)
Mitochondrial2
  • Our methods involve field sampling of natural populations, crossing designs, genome editing, mitochondrial and plastid physiology, and computational biology. (google.com)
  • No analogous case of plastid-to-plastid transfer has been reported, but these mitochondrial discoveries recommend a thorough assessment of plastid HGT. (biomedcentral.com)
Complete plastid genome sequence3
  • The complete plastid genome sequence of the parasitic green alga Helicosporidium sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst) " by J. M. Roper, S. K. Hansen et al. (usu.edu)
  • The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst) Hoffm. (usu.edu)
Endosymbiotic6
  • There are many types of plastids in plants alone, but all plastids can be separated based on the number of times they have undergone endosymbiotic events. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the cyanobacterium had not been completely engulfed in the eukaryotic organism, the relationship is thought to demonstrate the precursor to endosymbiotic primary plastids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plastids originated in the endosymbiotic uptake of a cyanobacterium, which was subsequently transformed from a complex free-living bacterium to the highly specialized organelle now integrated with its host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Algae in Archaeplastida contain primary plastids that originated from an endosymbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium. (berkeley.edu)
  • Outside this group, there are algae that originated from one or more endosymbiotic relationships with a eukaryotic alga, giving rise to organisms with secondary or tertiary plastids. (berkeley.edu)
  • Endosymbiotic origin of plastids. (elte.hu)
Algae4
  • A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in plants, algae and other eukaryotic organisms that contribute to the production of pigment molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • [17] In addition to multicellular brown algae, it is estimated that more than half of all known species of microbial eukaryotes harbor red-alga-derived plastids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plastids are organelles found in plants and algae. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, in several lineages of plants and algae photosynthesis has been lost altogether, but the plastid has been retained for these and other purposes [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Evolutionary Biology3
Photosynthesis3
Phylogeny1
  • Plastid genome phylogeny and a model of amino acid substitution for proteins encoded by chloroplast DNA. (bio.net)
Secondary1
  • This is the ancient transfer of the rubisco operon ( rbcL and rbcS ) from a proteobacterium into the common ancestor of red algal plastids and their secondary derivatives [ 16 ], a case that is revisited in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
Organelles2
  • We used fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate organelles, rolling circle amplification (RCA) to amplify the plastid genome, followed by shotgun sequencing to 8X depth coverage, and then we assembled these reads to obtain the plastid genome sequence. (usu.edu)
  • Using the most treelike distance matrices, as judged by their δ values, distance methods are able to recover all major plant lineages, and are more in accordance with Apicomplexa organelles being derived from "green" plastids than from plastids of the "red" type. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular8
  • We make extensive use of current DNA sequencing technologies and draw on multiple disciplines including population genetics, phylogenetics, molecular biology, and functional genomics to develop and address evolutionary questions. (google.com)
  • He then moved to the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Michigan State University where he worked with Christoph Benning as a postdoc on the biochemistry and molecular genetics of plant lipids and the molecular mechanisms of intracellular lipid transport. (bnl.gov)
  • Biology ranges from the study of the classification of living organisms to the behaviour and molecular mechanisms. (vedantu.com)
  • Biology comprises certain aspects that are entirely Chemistry-based like 'applied chemistry' which helps students comprehend how and why life functions at a molecular level. (vedantu.com)
  • Molecular Biology is a core subject which is a diverse and enriched field of Science. (vedantu.com)
  • Molecular Biology is a study that deals with the learning of life and living organisms. (vedantu.com)
  • Molecular Biology is a study that deals with both microscopic and macroscopic organisms. (vedantu.com)
  • Therefore, molecular biology is a powerful tool to approach and explore the genetic characteristics of durians. (who.int)
Eukaryotes1
  • In eugregarines, however, plastids are either abnormally reduced or absent, thus increasing known plastid losses in eukaryotes from two to four. (elifesciences.org)
Endosymbioses1
  • KEELING, Patrick J. The number, speed, and impact of plastid endosymbioses in eukaryotic evolution. (avcr.cz)
Sequences1
  • The reported sequences are the first genome-scale plastid data available for these three poorly studied glaucophyte genera. (pacb.com)
Organisms8
  • Biology is the study of life and living organisms and deals with the learning of growth, structure, and evolution of living organisms. (vedantu.com)
  • In Biology, we study the physiology and anatomy of living organisms. (vedantu.com)
  • Therefore, in bio, students gain knowledge which helps them explore the relationships between the non-living and the living, the diversity of the living organisms, all about the living world, and much more. (vedantu.com)
  • Biology is a field of natural science that deals with the study of living organisms, which explains life, its functions and physical makeup of a human body. (vedantu.com)
  • In retrospect, Zoology is a branch of biology, whose primary focus is on the organisms that belong to the animal kingdom. (vedantu.com)
  • Biology deals with the study of both living and nonliving organisms around us. (vedantu.com)
  • Biology is the study of all the living organisms around us. (vedantu.com)
  • This includes discussing the generally used components of genetic engineering to design new functions into organisms and even the general steps that are part of any synthetic biology experiment. (bvsalud.org)
Class 11 Biology Syllabus3
  • It explains the marks distribution, unit-wise syllabus, important topics for the academic session, project details, and other significant information regarding the Class 11 Biology syllabus. (safalta.com)
  • Class 11 Biology syllabus consists of 22 chapters, which are further divided into topics and sub-topics. (safalta.com)
  • Candidates can refer to the table given below to check the significant topics Class 11 Biology Syllabus. (safalta.com)
Plant5
  • Annual Review of Plant Biology 67:179-206. (bnl.gov)
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not. (coursehero.com)
  • Kevin Pyke is an Associate Professor in the Plant Sciences Division of the School of Biosciences at the University of Nottingham and has researched various aspects of chloroplast biology throughout his career. (hstalks.com)
  • BMC Plant Biology, 15 (1). (up.pt)
  • Annual review of plant biology, 2013, 64: 583-607. (avcr.cz)
Biogenesis1
  • It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
Arabidopsis1
  • Fan J, Zhai Z, Yan C, Xu C (2015) Arabidopsis TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL5 Interacts with TGD1, TGD2, and TGD4 to Facilitate Lipid Transfer from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Plastids. (bnl.gov)
Current Biology5
Syllabus8
  • Therefore, understanding NEET Biology Syllabus and preparing in accordance with it is very important for the aspirants to succeed in this prestigious exam. (extramarks.com)
  • All the Biology NEET chapters in the syllabus are taken from NCERT. (extramarks.com)
  • On this page, NEET Biology Syllabus 2023 for your reference. (extramarks.com)
  • Here is the information about NCERT Syllabus for Class 11 Biology. (safalta.com)
  • The NCERT Syllabus for Class 11 Biology 2022-2023 is issued by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). (safalta.com)
  • Therefore, you recommend students read the complete blog and understand every aspect of the NCERT Syllabus for Class 11 Biology 2022-2023. (safalta.com)
  • Many of the chapters from the NCERT syllabus for Class 11 Biology are there in the syllabus for competitive exams. (safalta.com)
  • Below are all the details regarding Biology syllabus for Class 11, including important topics, marks distribution, and exam pattern. (safalta.com)
Dinoflagellate1
  • Minicircular plastid DNA in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum. (bio.net)
Double membrane1
  • When the cyanobacteria became engulfed, the bacterium avoided digestion and led to the double membrane found in primary plastids. (wikipedia.org)
Howe1
Evolution4
  • Helicosporidium contributes significantly to our understanding of the evolution of plastid DNA because it illustrates the highly ordered reduction that occurred following the loss of a major metabolic function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This branch of biology deals with the study of animals, inclusive of their habits, nomenclature, evolution, classification, life process, and genetics concerning the animal's relation with other living species. (vedantu.com)
  • However, Biology goes beyond chemistry and comprises multiple subdivisions that delve into the intricacies of the evolution processes or the interaction between different species. (vedantu.com)
  • Genome Biology and Evolution, 5 (4), 661 - 679. (up.pt)
Bacterial3
  • A single new case, a bacterial rpl36 gene transferred into the ancestor of the cryptophyte and haptophyte plastids, appears to be a true HGT event. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The plastid acquisition of a bacterial rpl36 gene via HGT provides the first strong evidence for a sister-group relationship between haptophyte and cryptophyte plastids to the exclusion of heterokont and alveolate plastids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the bacterial gene has replaced the native plastid rpl36 gene by an uncertain mechanism that appears inconsistent with existing models for the recombinational basis of gene conversion. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic1
  • The first plastid is highly accepted within the scientific community to be derived from the engulfment of cyanobacteria ancestor into a eukaryotic organism. (wikipedia.org)
Absent1
Genetics1
20221
Metabolism2
  • Her research interests are Plastid metabolism and the interrelationships between carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. (routledge.com)
  • and 3) understanding whether and how altered lipid metabolism affects carbon allocation, biomass production, stress responses and many other aspects of biology. (bnl.gov)
Nuclear1
  • Extensive Posttranscriptional Regulation of Nuclear Gene Expression by Plastid Retrograde Signals. (mpg.de)
Organelle1
  • We show that the first phase of plastid development begins with organelle proliferation, which extends well beyond cell proliferation, and continues with the establishment and then the build-up of the plastid genetic machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
Pollination1
  • I also performed crossing and cultivation experiments, and studied pollen micromorphology, pollination biology, breeding systems and seed dispersal mechanisms. (lu.se)
Metabolic1
  • Plastid transformation and its application in metabolic engineering. (mpg.de)
20171
Faculty of Biology1
  • Caroline Bowsher is an Associate Dean for Teaching, Learning and Student Experience in the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health at The University of Manchester. (routledge.com)
Found4
  • however, little evidence has been found for HGT to the plastid genome, despite extensive sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, this rpl36 gene is a distantly related paralog of the rpl36 type found in other plastids and most eubacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To date, only a single non-intron example of HGT to the plastid has been found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The evidence found thus far for HGT to the plastid proceeded from studies of a particular gene or intron. (biomedcentral.com)
Biological3
  • High-level expression of the HIV entry inhibitor griffithsin from the plastid genome and retention of biological activity in dried tobacco leaves. (mpg.de)
  • Developmental biology is a biological science that is primarily concerned with how a living thing grows and attains maturity. (biologyonline.com)
  • Synthetic biology is built on genetic engineering and principles of design engineering, which provides control over the biological functions of interest. (bvsalud.org)