• A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. (curehunter.com)
  • It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. (curehunter.com)
  • Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase involved in the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostatis and excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in heart by targeting ion channels, transporters and accessory proteins involved in Ca(2+) influx into the myocyte, Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), SR Ca(2+) uptake and Na(+) and K(+) channel transport. (icr.ac.uk)
  • β-catenin is a subunit of the cadherin protein complex and acts as an intracellular signal transducer in the Wnt signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • The beta subunit is the same in both the muscle and hepatic isoforms, and encoded by one gene. (nih.gov)
  • The delta subunit is a calmodulin and can be encoded by three different genes. (nih.gov)
  • The delta subunit mediates the dependence of the enzyme on calcium concentration. (nih.gov)
  • Carboxyl-terminal domain III of the delta' subunit of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme binds delta. (colorado.edu)
  • Regulates Ca(2+) influx to myocytes by binding and phosphorylating the L-type Ca(2+) channel subunit beta-2 CACNB2. (icr.ac.uk)
  • They associate with a regulatory subunit of the p85 family and are activated by tyrosine kinase receptors. (umbc.edu)
  • The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) comprise a structurally related subfamily of serine/threonine kinases which include CaMKI, CaMKII and CaMKIV. (thermofisher.com)
  • CaMKII is an ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine protein kinase that is activated by Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) and has been implicated in regulation of the cell cycle and transcription. (thermofisher.com)
  • Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine-threonine kinases that regulate many cellular processes including proliferation and survival. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), p38 subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)
  • STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. (umbc.edu)
  • The PI3K catalytic domain family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other kinases such as the typical serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinases (PKs), aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and RIO kinases. (umbc.edu)
  • The p38 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • Isozymes gamma and delta were not detected. (jci.org)
  • Western blotting analysis indicated that these cells contain PKC alpha, beta, delta and zeta, but not PKC gamma or epsilon. (unige.ch)
  • There are four CaMKII isozymes, designated alpha, beta, gamma and delta, which may or may not be co-expressed in the same tissue type. (thermofisher.com)
  • All four p38 family members, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, are phosphorylated by MKK3 and/or MKK6 at dual Thr and Tyr positions within the phosphoacceptor sequence Thr-Gly-Tyr. (rndsystems.com)
  • Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3), p38 proteins (p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta) and ERK5, that are activated by specific MAPKKs: MEK1/2 for ERK1/2, MKK3/6 for the p38, MKK4/7 (JNKK1/2) for the JNKs, and MEK5 for ERK5. (wikipathways.org)
  • Phosphorylase kinase is a polymer of 16 subunits, four each of alpha, beta, gamma and delta. (nih.gov)
  • The gamma subunits contain the active site of the enzyme, whereas the alpha and beta subunits have regulatory functions controlled by phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
  • After receptor activation, the alpha- and beta-gamma-subunits of G protein dissociate to activate diverse downstream pathways resulting in cellular polarization and actin reorganization. (genome.jp)
  • CAMK2 is composed of 4 different chains: alpha (CAMK2A), beta (CAMK2B), gamma (CAMK2G), and delta (CAMK2D). (icr.ac.uk)
  • NMR structure of a protein kinase C-gamma phorbol-binding domain and study of protein-lipid micelle interactions. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • They are further classified into class IA (alpha, beta and delta) and IB (gamma). (umbc.edu)
  • The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (wikipathways.org)
  • p38 kinases are activated by the MAPK kinases MKK3 and MKK6, which in turn are activated by upstream MAPK kinase kinases including TAK1, ASK1, and MLK3, in response to cellular stresses or inflammatory cytokines. (umbc.edu)
  • Our preliminary findings showed increased activation of MAPK proteins. (emerging-researchers.org)
  • It has been previously suggested that the increased expression of MAPK protein ERK 1/2, JNK and P38 play a role in the activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). (emerging-researchers.org)
  • The pathway covers many proteins, including MAPK originally named ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), which transmits signal by phosphorylates a neighboring protein, as like an 'on' or 'off' switch. (cusabio.com)
  • As shown in the following picture, Classical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation begins at the cell membrane where small GTPases and various protein kinases phosphorylate MAPKKKs. (cusabio.com)
  • Although MAPK signaling cascades are depicted as simple linear, unidirectional groups of protein kinases, the pathway is highly complex, actually. (cusabio.com)
  • found that the hepatitis b virus x protein inactivated p53 gene through the p38/MAPK pathway, thus inducing the primary liver cancer (PLC). (cusabio.com)
  • Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is a widely distributed protein kinase C (PKC) substrate and has been implicated in actin cytoskeletal rearrangement in response to extracellular stimuli. (koreamed.org)
  • The expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes and the effects of PKC activation on myocardial phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, platelet-activating factor (PAF) generation and eicosanoid release were studied in spontaneously beating cultured rat cardiomyocytes. (unige.ch)
  • This domain occurred 379 times on human genes ( 870 proteins). (umbc.edu)
  • In the present study, we demonstrate mRNA level PGM salt stimulation led to an induction of the positive acute phase genes alpha 1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1), TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2), ADAM17 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17), EGLN3 (hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase), PRKCB (protein kinase C beta), PRKCD (protein kinase C delta), and PGF (placental growth factor). (emerging-researchers.org)
  • Such radiations include genes involved in spermatogenesis, chemosensation, Wnt signaling and FGF receptor-like kinases. (wormbook.org)
  • Protein kinases constitute one of the largest and most important of protein families, accounting for ~2% of genes in a variety of eukaryotic genomes. (wormbook.org)
  • We identified 438 protein kinase genes, including 20 atypical kinases, and an additional 25 kinase fragments or pseudogenes. (wormbook.org)
  • In the nucleus, phosphorylates the MEF2 repressor HDAC4, promoting its nuclear export and binding to 14-3-3 protein, and expression of MEF2 and genes involved in the hypertrophic program. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Buoso E, Masi M, Long A, Chiappini C, Travelli C, Govoni S, Racchi M., Ribosomes as a nexus between translation and cancer progression: Focus on ribosomal Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) in breast cancer. (tcd.ie)
  • Most cancer-associated lesions such as overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases, activating mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases, sustained autocrine or paracrine production of activating ligands, Ras mutations and B-Raf mutations result in constitutive activation of ERK signaling. (cusabio.com)
  • However, the complement C5a receptor 2 may act as a decoy receptor for C5a, as it has no reported G protein signalling capacity. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
  • In pathological myocardial remodeling acts downstream of the beta adrenergic receptor signaling cascade to regulate key proteins involved in ECC. (icr.ac.uk)
  • A further 91 subfamilies were found in all three metazoan kinomes, including the tyrosine kinase (TK) group and the TKL group, which mediate much of the complexity of intercellular signal transduction. (wormbook.org)
  • The remaining atypical protein kinases (aPK) belong to several families, some of which have structural, but not sequence similarity to ePKs. (wormbook.org)
  • Proteins containing typical C1 domains are predicted to be regulated by diacylglycerol, whereas those containing only atypical domains are not. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The following product was used in this experiment: Phospho-CaMKII alpha/beta/delta (Tyr231) Polyclonal Antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # PA5-17108, RRID AB_10987028. (thermofisher.com)
  • This study investigated calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activity related to long-standing neuronal injury of the hippocampus in kainate (KA)-induced experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. (koreamed.org)
  • p38 substrates include other protein kinases and factors that regulate transcription, nuclear export, mRNA stability and translation. (umbc.edu)
  • It is estimated that microRNAs regulate production of approximately 60% of all human proteins and enzymes that are responsible for major physiological processes. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • Protein kinases are one of the largest and most influential of gene families: constituting some 2% of the proteome, they regulate almost all biochemical pathways and may phosphorylate up to 30% of the proteome. (wormbook.org)
  • By phosphorylating substrate proteins, kinases modify the activity, location and affinities of up to 30% of all cellular proteins, and direct most cellular processes, particularly in signal transduction and co-ordination of complex pathways. (wormbook.org)
  • Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key enzyme which regulates proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, representing a pharmacological target for tumor therapy. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk) is an important enzyme that generates nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) or their deoxy derivatives by terminal phosphotransfer from an NTP such as ATP or GTP to any nucleoside diphosphate or its deoxy derivative. (embl.de)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Protein Kinase C Beta 1 (PKCb1) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (therabio.org)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Protein Kinase C Beta 1 (PKCb1) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (therabio.org)
  • Classical protein kinase C (PKC) family members are activated by the binding of various ligands to one of several cysteine-rich domains of the enzyme. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Polymerase DNA Directed Delta 1 (POLd) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (myelisakit.com)
  • Most protein kinases share a common ePK (eukaryotic protein kinase) catalytic domain, and can be identified by sequence similarity with Blast or profile hidden Markov models (HMMs). (wormbook.org)
  • Introduction: CDKN1B gene, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor, regulates the progression throughout G1 to S cell cycle progression. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • and a disulphide-linked complex of alpha-2 and delta subunits, which are proteolytically cleaved from the same gene product. (embl.de)
  • Properties of the protein including gating voltage-dependence, G protein modulation and kinase susceptibility can be influenced by these subunits. (embl.de)
  • NM23 belongs to a large family of structurally and functionally conserved proteins consisting of 4-6 identically folded subunits of approximately 16-20 kDa. (embl.de)
  • Many of these pathways are highly conserved, and 53 distinct kinase functions and subfamilies appear to have been conserved between yeasts, nematodes, insects and vertebrates, with a further 91 subfamilies of kinases being seen throughout metazoan genomes. (wormbook.org)
  • Once activated, p38 alpha phosphorylates a number of targets, including the cytoplasmic kinases MNK 4 and PRAK5 and the nuclear transcription factors ATF2 1 and STAT1. (rndsystems.com)
  • this results in cytoplasmic recruitment of a protein known as the FAS-associated death domain (FADD), followed by recruitment of procaspase 8 and procaspase 10 and resultant cellular apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • PKC isozymes alpha, beta, epsilon and zeta were detected by immunoblotting in both the cytosol and membrane fractions. (jci.org)
  • These domains were first discovered as the loci of phorbol ester and diacylglycerol binding to conventional protein kinase C isozymes, which contain 2 C1 domains (C1A and C1B) in their N-terminal regulatory regions. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. (jefferson.edu)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Protein Kinase C Beta 1 (PKCb1) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (therabio.org)
  • Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in brain slices prepared from male rats, we reveal that opioid withdrawal abruptly reduces the ability of these peptides to inhibit neurotransmission, a direct consequence of a protein kinase A (PKA)-driven increase in the synaptic activity of peptidases. (jneurosci.org)
  • These oligomeric proteins exhibit nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activity that catalyzes nonsubstrate specific conversions of nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates. (embl.de)
  • IC1 has a unique primary structure, the N-terminal part is homologous to the sequence of thioredoxin, the middle part consists of three repetitive sequences homologous to the sequence of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and the C-terminal part contains a high proportion of negatively charged glutamic acid residues. (embl.de)
  • All sequences and supporting data are available at http://kinase.com , and all but 8 sequences are now identical to wormpep (v. 141) sequences. (wormbook.org)
  • Thus, β-catenin became one of the first examples of moonlighting: a protein performing more than one radically different cellular function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Translocation of PKC alpha, delta and zeta was accompanied by simultaneous increases in cellular lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC), PAF, 15(S)-hydroxy-5,8,-11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) generation, suggesting that one or more of these isoenzymes directly or indirectly activates a PLA2 in these cells. (unige.ch)
  • Confirming this, 4 beta-phorbol 12-monoacetate and 4 alpha-phorbol had no effect on cellular eicosanoid formation, while the PMA-induced response was fully abolished both in the presence of the PKC inhibitors staurosporine and CGP 41251 and in PKC-down-regulated cells. (unige.ch)
  • Using a wide range of biochemical and lipidomic analyses, we demonstrated that ABTL0812 increases cellular long-chain dihydroceramides by impairing DEGS1 (delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1) activity, which resulted in sustained ER stress and activated unfolded protein response (UPR) via ATF4-DDIT3-TRIB3 that ultimately promotes cytotoxic autophagy in cancer cells. (nih.gov)
  • The goal of our research is to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to dysregulated CD40L protein expression in asthma. (boisestate.edu)
  • And d) Another very basic problem is that cancer cells tend to be remarkably clever and naturally seek to take advantage of numerous cellular survival mechanisms to stay alive under stress, for example by upregulating heat shock proteins or DNA repair mechanisms. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • In an earlier study, we described the presence of high molecular weight oligomers of the cellular prion protein (PrP C ) in the frontal cortex, specifically in patients with a rapidly progressive form of AD [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since kinases perform such a variety of distinct basic cellular functions, it is not surprising to see that 53 subfamilies and functions are present in all four kinomes ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • Nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( EC 2.7.4.6 ) (NDK) are enzymes required for the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) other than ATP. (embl.de)
  • Immunodetectable membrane PKC-alpha, -beta, -epsilon, and -zeta were significantly increased when compared with both the lean and obese controls. (jci.org)
  • Stimulation of cardiomyocytes with 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) led to a rapid increase in particulate-bound PKC activity, a response attributed to the activation of alpha-, delta- and zeta- type PKCs but not beta-type PKC. (unige.ch)
  • PKC alpha, delta and/or zeta therefore appear to play an important role in the PMA-mediated activation of cardiomyocyte PLA2, an event leading to subsequent production of PGI2, PGE2, 15-HETE, lyso-PC and PAF in this tissue. (unige.ch)
  • The most frequently analyzed family member, p38 alpha, also known as SAPK2a and MAPK14, was initially purified as a kinase critical to the signaling cascade linking IL-1 to MAPKAPK-2 and the small heat shock protein HSP27. (rndsystems.com)
  • C1 domains are compact alpha/beta structural units of about 50 amino acids which tightly bind two zinc ions. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • P90 ribosomal S6 kinases: A bona fide target for novel targeted anticancer therapies? (lu.se)
  • Next, we designed and constructed a cell microarray to perform immunohistochemistry studies for the evaluation of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), Ki67, cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (cleaved-PARP), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-kB) p65 expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin (beta-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • β-Catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell-cell adhesion and gene transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, the CTNNB1 protein is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • β-Catenin is regulated and destroyed by the beta-catenin destruction complex, and in particular by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, encoded by the tumour-suppressing APC gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following kainate (KA)-induced epilepsy, rat hippocampal neurons strongly ex-press immediate early gene (IEG) products, i.e., c-FOS and c-JUN, and neural stress protein, HSP72. (koreamed.org)
  • 1 Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain. (nih.gov)
  • They provide NTPs for nucleic acid synthesis, CTP for lipid synthesis, UTP for polysaccharide synthesis and GTP for protein elongation, signal transduction and microtubule polymerisation. (embl.de)
  • A beta-hairpin comprising the nuclear localization sequence sustains the self-associated states of nucleosome assembly protein 1. (colorado.edu)
  • It is a member of the catenin protein family and homologous to γ-catenin, also known as plakoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
  • β-Catenin was initially discovered in the early 1990s as a component of a mammalian cell adhesion complex: a protein responsible for cytoplasmatic anchoring of cadherins. (wikipedia.org)
  • But very soon, it was realized that the Drosophila protein armadillo - implicated in mediating the morphogenic effects of Wingless/Wnt - is homologous to the mammalian β-catenin, not just in structure but also in function. (wikipedia.org)
  • In my laboratory researchers are examining the roles played by axonal cytoskeletal proteins in nervous system development, and in the etiology of Alzheimer's and other related neurodegenerative diseases. (uml.edu)
  • The increase in immunodetectable PKC protein correlated with a 40% elevation in the activity of PKC at the membrane. (jci.org)
  • Normalization of circulating glucose in the rat model by either insulin or phlorizin treatment did not result in a reduction in membrane PKC isozyme protein or kinase activity. (jci.org)
  • It has also been shown [ ( PUBMED:2175255 ) ] that the Drosophila awd (abnormal wing discs) protein, is a microtubule-associated NDK. (embl.de)
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins fail to activate human dendritic cells or "" T cells. (tcd.ie)
  • Kinases are deeply conserved in evolution, and the worm has family homologs for over 80% of the human kinome. (wormbook.org)
  • To put worm kinases into an evolutionary and functional context, we compared them with the distant kinomes of human, fly, and yeast. (wormbook.org)
  • Distribution of 212 kinase subfamilies throughout four kinomes: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and human. (wormbook.org)
  • Nematodes share 153 subfamilies with human, providing close homologs for 81% (419/518) of all human kinases. (wormbook.org)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Protein Kinase C Beta 1 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (therabio.org)
  • The observed behavior indicates conformational exchange between bound and free states upon protein-micelle interaction. (embl-heidelberg.de)