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AtropineMuscarinic AntagonistsParasympatholyticsAtropine DerivativesReceptors, MuscarinicHexamethonium CompoundsAcetylcholinePralidoxime CompoundsPhysostigmineParasympathomimeticsParasympathetic Nervous SystemVagus NerveCarbacholMydriaticsMuscle, SmoothPirenzepineNeostigmineAutonomic AgentsElectric StimulationOrganophosphate PoisoningMethacholine CompoundsGuinea PigsMuscle ContractionPropranololGuanethidineGlycopyrrolateVagotomyMuscarinic AgonistsPhentolamineHeart RateCholinesterase ReactivatorsCholinesterase InhibitorsBethanecholAntidotesTetrodotoxinIleumGastrointestinal MotilityCholinergic FibersAutonomic Nervous SystemBethanechol CompoundsBradycardiaOxotremorineDogsSalivationReceptors, CholinergicPreanesthetic MedicationQuinuclidinyl BenzilateCholinergic AgonistsScopolamine HydrobromideCholinergic AgentsDose-Response Relationship, DrugCholinergic AntagonistsGanglionic BlockersMuscarineDichlorvosTropanesSympatholyticsHistamineStomachCatsPentolinium TartrateMuscle RelaxationSomanBretylium CompoundsMecamylamineDepression, ChemicalUrinary BladderTracheaReceptor, Muscarinic M3NorepinephrineVasoactive Intestinal PeptideMethysergideGastric JuiceSecretory RateMetiamideDimethylphenylpiperazinium IodideOphthalmic SolutionsSubstance PReflexPhenoxybenzamineReceptor, Muscarinic M2SympathomimeticsBlood PressurePilocarpineGastric FundusN-MethylscopolamineTachykininsMetipranololAdjuvants, AnesthesiaReceptor, Muscarinic M1Sympathetic Nervous SystemSplanchnic NervesSolanaceous AlkaloidsBenzilatesParotid GlandDicyclomine
Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfateSulfateHydrolysisPeakActionSolutionDoses of atropineHyoscyamine
Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate1
  • Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate is effective as adjunctive therapy in the management of diarrhea. (nih.gov)
Sulfate2
  • A subtherapeutic amount of atropine sulfate is present to discourage deliberate overdosage. (nih.gov)
  • Hyoscyamine Sulfate is the sulfate salt of a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. (lktlabs.com)
Hydrolysis1
  • Diphenoxylate is rapidly and extensively metabolized in man by ester hydrolysis to diphenoxylic acid (difenoxine), which is biologically active and the major metabolite in the blood. (nih.gov)
Peak3
  • In a 16-subject crossover bioavailability study, a linear relationship in the dose range of 2.5 to 10 mg was found between the dose of diphenoxylate hydrochloride (given as diphenoxylate hydrochloride liquid) and the peak plasma concentration, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and the amount of diphenoxylic acid excreted in the urine. (nih.gov)
  • The average peak plasma concentration of diphenoxylic acid following ingestion of four 2.5-mg tablets was 163 ng/ml at about 2 hours, and the elimination half-life of diphenoxylic acid was approximately 12 to 14 hours. (nih.gov)
  • This provided peak 1: (Rt = 5.76 min) 380 mg of (S)-3- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid as a white solid, and peak 2: (Rt = 6.87min) 370 mg of (R)-3- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid as a white solid. (ambeed.com)
Action1
  • It is an anti-spasmodic with dual mechanism of action that is, myotropic and neurotropic with Atropine and Papavarine like action. (pharmachemlab.com)
Solution1
  • A solution of tropic acid (commercially available) (3.06g) and (-)quinine (6g) in ethanol (100ml) was refluxed to dissolve the components and subsequently left at room temperature overnight. (ambeed.com)
Doses of atropine1
  • Efficiency of anisodamine for organophosphorus-poisoned patients when atropinization cannot be achieved with high doses of atropine. (lktlabs.com)
Hyoscyamine2
  • Identification and estimation of the levo isomer in raw materials and finished products containing atropine and/or hyoscyamine. (ncats.io)
  • Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. (nih.gov)