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MammalsDinosaursToothlessJawsAvesFeathersCladeArchosaursSynapsidsConvergent evolutionTetrapodsDinosauriaCrocodiliansFossilsLineageTheropodsPrimitiveEvolutionaryExtantO'ConnorFeaturesPaleontologists2019MesozoicBonesCharacteristicsPaleontologyDefineSkullReptilesModernWingsRelativesLargeAncestorsEyesAvianEarlyFeatureImplicationsLongTreeFunctionMillion yearsMakesEvidence

Mammals5

• 54] Although they somewhat resembled a wolf, the fossils of pakicetids showed the eye sockets were much closer to the top of their head than that of other terrestrial mammals, but similar to the structure of the eyes in cetaceans. (happinessconnection.net)
• Birds are living dinosaurs, just as we are mammals," said Julia Clarke, a paleontologist studying the evolution of flight and a professor with the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. (livescience.com)
• In spite of the physical differences that distinguish all mammals from other species, every animal in that group - living and extinct - can trace certain anatomical characteristics to a common ancestor. (livescience.com)
• Like Martensius , both are basal members of the group Synapsida, the later members of which gave rise to mammals. (carnegiemnh.org)
• Indeed, even by the standards which are usually used to claim this place for mammals birds have a better claim. (ericbutlerlab.com)

Dinosaurs12

• Morphology and distribution of epidermal structures (excluding feathers) in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. (paleontologista.com)
• Are Birds Dinosaurs? (livescience.com)
• In some birds, like this cassowary, the resemblance to extinct theropod dinosaurs is easy to see. (livescience.com)
• But are birds still considered to be true dinosaurs? (livescience.com)
• All of the species of birds we have today are descendants of one lineage of dinosaur: the theropod dinosaurs. (livescience.com)
• However, primitive birds still had much in common with non-avian theropods, said Jingmai O'Connor, a paleontologist specializing in dinosaur-era birds and the transition from non-avian dinosaurs, at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthroplogy in Beijing, China . (livescience.com)
• And many theropod dinosaurs that were not birds had true feathers, "which are feathers that have a central part down the middle and branching barbs," according to Clarke. (livescience.com)
• The reason we like to point out that birds are dinosaurs is because it pisses off creationists like you. (wauf.com)
• Many people typically describe these animals as large and threatening, but there are also smaller dinosaurs that resemble modern-day birds and reptiles. (gagebeasleyprehistoric.com)
• The second focuses on the long-necked giants, the third on theropods, and the fourth on the ornithischians (duck beaked, horned, and spiky armored dinosaurs). (gregladen.com)
• He shows how, in the "Cretaceous Pompeii" of China, he was able to reconstruct the origin and evolution of flight of early birds from the feathered dinosaurs that lay among thousands of other amazing fossils. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)
• In Flying Dinosaurs award-winning journalist John Pickrell reveals how dinosaurs developed flight and became the birds in our backyards. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)

Toothless1

• Modern birds have feathered tails and bodies, unfused shoulder bones, toothless beaks and forelimbs that are longer than their hind limbs. (livescience.com)

Jaws3

• It had a well-developed beak at the snout tip and toothed jaws that were used for its herbivorous diet. (wikipedia.org)
• The beak and jaws of Erlikosaurus indicate a leaf-stripping feeding method characterized by the active use of the beak aided by the neck. (wikipedia.org)
• During feeding, the rostral bone protruded forward, supporting the beak and strengthening the jaws. (gagebeasleyprehistoric.com)

Aves2

• On the preservation of the beak in Confuciusornis (Aves: Pygostylia). (paleontologista.com)
• Modern cladistic taxonomy regards that group as paraphyletic , since genetic and paleontological evidence has determined that birds (class Aves) are the living sister taxon to crocodilians, and are thus nested among reptiles from an evolutionary perspective. (hyperlinked.wiki)

Feathers3

• The earliest birds shared much in common with their theropod relatives, including feathers and egg-laying. (livescience.com)
• The shape of its forelimbs and feathers also suggests that Archaeopteryx was capable of powered flight, a trait associated with most modern birds. (livescience.com)
• We can also notice that some features of birds are highly specialized reptilian features (such as feathers sharing traits to similar structures on pterosaur fossils and certain basal proteins in crocodilian scales), while others (such as endothermy and the loss of teeth for beaks) are the product of convergent evolution that came about for differing reasons (or some similar reasons but different genetic expressions) to those found in other animal groups. (wauf.com)

Clade1

• Many cladistic systems therefore redefine Reptilia as a clade ( monophyletic group) including birds, though the precise definition of this clade varies between authors. (hyperlinked.wiki)

Archosaurs2

• Results of new analyses are included that looked to test the origin and systematic position of the Pterosauria using an expanded version of a large anatomical dataset of archosaurs, within which several previously unconsidered early pterosaur taxa and a suit of new anatomical characters were considered. (researchgate.net)
• Putting crocodilians (fellow archosaurs of birds) in the category of reptiles means you cannot reasonably exclude birds. (wauf.com)

Synapsids2

• pelycosaur Pelycosaur ( ) is an older term for basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids, excluding the therapsids and their descendants. (theinfolist.com)
• Besides Dimetrodon , some other basal synapsids had sails, the function of which remains unknown, though scientists have speculated they could've been used for display or regulating body temperature. (carnegiemnh.org)

Convergent evolution1

• A new, remarkably preserved, enantiornithine bird from the Late Cretaceous of Henan (central China) and convergent evolution between enantiornithines and modern birds. (paleontologista.com)

Tetrapods3

• Some modern birds and certain extinct tetrapods have necks that are relatively long (i.e. as a proportion of total body length). (peerj.com)
• Tetrapods have numerous anatomical and physiological features that are distinct from their aquatic fish ancestors. (theinfolist.com)
• 2016). Identification of herbivory in these tetrapods is based primarily on their dentition and skull structures, which indicate, to varying degrees, the ability to crop and masticate vegetation. (palaeo-electronica.org)

Dinosauria1

• The anatomical evidence in support of this position close to Dinosauria is also admittedly fairly limited at present, largely owing to a lack of any clear-cut transitional 'proto-pterosaur' taxa (albeit that some fragmentary specimens have been suggested to represent exactly this). (researchgate.net)

Crocodilians2

• We then examine the osteology of sauropod necks more closely, comparing their cervical anatomy with that of their nearest extant relatives, the birds and crocodilians, and discussing unusual features of sauropods' cervical vertebrae. (peerj.com)
• Genetic and fossil data argues that the two largest lineages of reptiles, Archosauromorpha (crocodilians, birds, and kin) and Lepidosauromorpha (lizards, and kin), diverged near the end of the Permian period. (hyperlinked.wiki)

Fossils4

• The interesting anatomical adaptations of this group came to light as paleontologists painstakingly dissected and reassembled the ceratopsian fossils. (gagebeasleyprehistoric.com)
• Our visual journey through these fossils is guided by Luis M. Chiappe, a world expert on early birds, and Meng Qingjin, a leading figure in China's natural history museum community. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)
• This second edition of The Rise of Birds brings together a treasure trove of fossils that tell us far more about the evolution of birds than we once dreamed possible. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)
• Chatterjee takes us to where long-hidden bird fossils dwell. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)

Lineage3

• However, certain traits - such as sustained, powered flight - distinguished ancient birds from other theropods, and eventually came to define modern-bird lineage (even though not all modern birds fly). (livescience.com)
• Here the previous hypotheses of where pterosaurs fit into the reptilian lineage and the anatomical evidence in support of the current hypotheses are reviewed. (researchgate.net)
• Birds of Stone makes visible the unexpected avian diversity that blanketed the earth just a short time (geologically speaking) after a dinosaur lineage gave rise to the first birds. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)

Theropods3

• Modern birds can trace their origins to theropods, a branch of mostly meat-eaters on the dinosaur family tree. (livescience.com)
• Other types of extinct theropods had one or more of these features, but only modern birds have all of them, according to Takuya Imai, an assistant professor with the Dinosaur Research Institute at Fukui Prefectural University in Fukui, Japan. (livescience.com)
• Although consensus exists among researchers that birds evolved from coelurosaurian theropods, paleontologists still debate the identification of the group of coelurosaurians that most closely approaches the common ancestor of birds. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)

Primitive1

• In a primitive bird from Japan called Fukuipteryx - a 120-million-year-old avian that Imai described in November 2019 and the earliest known bird with a pygostyle - the preserved structure closely resembled the pygostyle of a modern chicken, Imai previously told Live Science. (livescience.com)

Evolutionary3

• Knowledge of the evolutionary history of birds has much improved in recent decades. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)
• This review of the evolutionary history of birds not only addresses students and established researchers, but it may also be a useful source of information for anyone else with an interest in the evolution of birds and a moderate background in biology and geology. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)
• The proliferation and transmission of a genetic defect is of no real evolutionary consequence flightless birds. (blogspot.com)

Extant1

• The revolution in our understanding of feather evolution continues , driven by rapid fossil discoveries and by new information from the study of extant birds. (blogspot.com)

O'Connor1

• In fact, early birds were "very dinosaur-like" compared to modern birds, O'Connor told Live Science in an email. (livescience.com)

Features3

• But, I will try to summarize all the external and internal anatomical features of a cow here in this article. (svenskkirurgi.se)
• The Bromacker Dimetrodon is considerably smaller than other known species of the genus, and this is one character among other more detailed anatomical features that distinguishes it. (carnegiemnh.org)
• The reader is introduced to key features of basal avians and the morphological transformations that have occurred in the evolution towards modern birds. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)

Paleontologists1

• Anyone interested in the history of life from paleontologists to inquisitive birders will find Birds of Stone an irresistible feast for the eyes and mind. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)

20191

• 2019. The trophic habits of early birds. (paleontologista.com)

Mesozoic2

• a preliminary analysis and implications for flight style inferences in Mesozoic birds. (paleontologista.com)
• This book gives an overview of the avian fossil record and its paleobiological significance, and it is the only up to date textbook that covers both Mesozoic and more modern type Cenozoic birds in some detail. (booksaboutbirds.co.uk)

Bones1

• This bony structure, consisting of joined bones, served as a shield to protect the soft tissues in the neck and other potentially crucial areas. (gagebeasleyprehistoric.com)

Characteristics1

• Defined by their distinctive cranial ornaments, including elaborate frills, horned snouts, and shield-like structures, Ceratopsians exhibit remarkable characteristics that set them apart from other dinosaur groups. (gagebeasleyprehistoric.com)

Paleontology1

• Letting birds get paleontology degrees was a mistake. (wauf.com)

Define1

• Chapter 6, on Eoraptor, focuses not on a specific discovery, but rather, on the question of what a dinosaur actually is, how taxonomy has changed, and on attempts to identify and define the basal dinosaur (which is not Eoraptor, but it kinda is). (gregladen.com)

Skull3

• New anatomical information of bohaiornithid Longusunguis confirms plesiomorphic diapsid skull retained in Enantiornithes. (paleontologista.com)
• The most striking feature of ceratopsians is their skull structure. (gagebeasleyprehistoric.com)
• The rostral bone, which makes up the upper part of the beak-like feature, may be found at the front of their skull. (gagebeasleyprehistoric.com)

Reptiles4

• So we can all agree birds are reptiles, right? (wauf.com)
• In terms of common layman English, birds are not considered reptiles. (wauf.com)
• In terms of modern taxonomy, birds are reptiles because excluding them would create a paraphyletic group. (wauf.com)
• Modern non-bird reptiles inhabit all the continents except Antarctica. (hyperlinked.wiki)

Modern2

• 2021. Kinematics of wings from Caudipteryx to modern birds. (paleontologista.com)
• In other words, some structures in modern birds can be traced back to some of their earliest ancestors. (livescience.com)

Wings1

• The Birds uses wings to fly 7. (svenskkirurgi.se)

Relatives1

• By using these algorithms in a system known as cladistics, experts can differentiate ancient birds from their theropod relatives. (livescience.com)

Large1

• An unusually large bird wing in mid-cretaceous burmese amber. (paleontologista.com)

Ancestors1

• Which makes much better sense, given that birds do not have wing membranes like bats or pterosaurs, and therefore are unlikely to have had flying featherless ancestors - much more likely to have had non-flying feathered ancestors. (blogspot.com)

Eyes1

• These cephalopods have eight limbs, a mouth in the middle, two eyes, and a beak. (howtodiscuss.com)

Avian1

• Normal, sane people don't feel the need to 'correct' people when they say 'look a bird' by saying, 'Um, axchually, that's an avian dinosaur. (wauf.com)

Early1

• An Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird with a pintail. (paleontologista.com)

Feature1

• Gordodon is the oldest known tetrapod herbivore with a dentary diastema, extending the temporal range of that anatomical feature back 95 million years from the Late Triassic. (palaeo-electronica.org)

Implications1

• 2005. Tyrannosaur brain and ear structure: ontogeny and implications for sensory function and behavior. (ohio.edu)

Long1

• This is of interest because of the great mechanical difficulties imposed by absolutely long necks, and the anatomical novelties that needed to evolve to make such necks possible. (peerj.com)

Tree1

• Socio-ecological variables that were analyzed included burn frequency, burn season, overstory tree (≥10 cm diameter at breast height) basal area, ungulate browse, and aspect. (springeropen.com)

Function1

• Our findings provide evidence of positive human ecosystem engineering, and show that increasing tribal sovereignty over fire management improves socio-economic well-being while at the same time supports measures of ecosystem structure and function. (springeropen.com)

Million years1

• The earliest known bird is Archaeopteryx ("ancient wing"), which lived around 150 million years ago in what is now southern Germany. (livescience.com)

Makes1

• What makes a bird, a bird? (livescience.com)

Evidence1

• The anatomical evidence in support of this position within Ornithodira is also discussed in detail. (researchgate.net)