Bacterial toxins. Medical search. Frequent questions

During bacterial infection, autophagy proteins appear to regulate the release of cell-saving exosomes, which bear the brunt of toxin damage. (the-scientist.com)
When the cultured cells had normal levels of autophagy proteins and were exposed to bacterial DNA, they released far more exosomes laden with ADAM10 than did the ATG16L1-deficient cells. (the-scientist.com)
The study identified the ways in which proteins cross a cell membrane, a finding that could create a scientific foundation for better ways of delivering drugs into cells in the future, or for treating illnesses caused by bacterial toxins. (scitechdaily.com)
In this thesis we have produced proteins that are densely decorated with carbohydrate determinants in order to study the glycosylation capacity of cell lines (paper I) and generate efficient binders of antibodies (paper II), bacterial toxins (paper III) and virus receptors such as the influenza hemagglutinin (paper IV). (avhandlingar.se)
The 3D structure of one of these toxic proteins, the bacterial RhsA effector, has now been solved by the team of Stefan Raunser along with the team of John Whitney. (mpg.de)
Toxins can be small molecules , peptides , or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors . (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
A bacterial toxin (yellow) is split into two pieces and each are guided to the spot to be edited on mitochondrial DNA by programmable DNA-binding proteins (orange and pink). (acs.org)

Pathogenic bacteria produce a variety of effectors and/or toxins, which subvert target cell/tissue functions in the infected hosts. (nih.gov)
Host cells detect the presence of bacteria using a receptor called TLR9, which senses bacterial DNA (1). (the-scientist.com)
Bacteria have developed different secretion systems that allow them to secrete toxins to the outside of the cell. (ibs.fr)
A toxin produced by bacteria as a defense mechanism causes mutations in target bacteria that could help them survive, according to a study published today in eLife . (azolifesciences.com)
Although it is known that the bacteria producing these toxins have a competitive advantage, exactly how the toxins affect the recipient cells is less clear. (azolifesciences.com)
From nature, Bacterial Toxins , as biological toxins (biotoxins) , are toxic substances to our body, formed in or elaborated by bacterium (bacteria) . (wellnessadvocate.com)
On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either exotoxins , excreted by an organism, or endotoxins , which are released mainly when bacteria are lysed . (wikipedia.org)
In V. cholerae , CTXφ prophage transmits toxin genes among the bacteria that express the TCP prophage receptor. (nature.com)
Unlike in the case of viruses, some bacteria that cause meningitis release a toxin in the body, which can lead to neurological complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In its free-form, the toxin is poisonous to bacteria that contains it. (thehindubusinessline.com)
Therefore the bacteria keep it in a complex form (toxin-antitoxin - TA), bound with the antitoxin. (thehindubusinessline.com)
However, a question arises: why would any bacteria host a toxin that could potentially kill the bacteria itself? (thehindubusinessline.com)
In an act of altruism, as Prof Singh calls it, the bacteria breaks down the TA complexes to free up the toxins which activate to prevent the viral infection from spreading beyond its walls. (thehindubusinessline.com)
This free toxin cleaves the phage RNA (along with the bacterial RNAs), effectively preventing phage propagation from infecting other bacteria. (thehindubusinessline.com)
The free toxin will then destroy the bacteria thus preventing bacterial infection. (thehindubusinessline.com)
but, there may be another, slightly different antitoxin in bacteria which can bind and neutralise the toxin. (thehindubusinessline.com)
Botulinum toxin (botox) is made from a type of bacteria. (epnet.com)
And because each toxin comes with its own antitoxin, all bacteria who carry a given T6SS toxin are resistant to its effects, while those with different toxins are vulnerable. (newscientist.com)
When Ratcliff and his team mixed two strains of Vibrio cholerae bacteria with different T6SS toxins on petri dishes, one strain or the other always killed off its opponent at any given place. (newscientist.com)
To probe whether that is true in the real world, the team examined the genomes of 439 species of bacteria, counting both the number of T6SS toxins - a measure of how aggressively they kill bacteria unlike themselves - and the number of secreted gene products, a measure of their level of cooperation. (newscientist.com)
Some bacterial toxins, produced by pathogenic bacteria, have the same activity. (lu.se)

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O80:H2 has emerged in Europe as a cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with bacteremia. (cdc.gov)
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a group of enteric pathogens that cause foodborne disease ranging from uncomplicated diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis (HC) or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
STEC strains produce Shiga toxins (Stx), a family composed of 2 main types of cytotoxins: Stx1 and Stx2 ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
CDC is monitoring a large outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 (STEC O104:H4) infections ongoing in Germany. (cdc.gov)
As of July 5, 2011, case counts confirmed by Germany's Robert Koch Institute include 852 patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)-a type of kidney failure that is associated with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, or STEC, infections-and 32 HUS-associated deaths. (cdc.gov)
CDC has alerted state health departments of the ongoing outbreak and requested information about any persons with either HUS or Shiga toxin-positive diarrheal illness, with illness onset during or after travel to Germany and since April 1, 2011. (cdc.gov)
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diarrhea, bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in persons of any age. (cdc.gov)
All STEC produce Shiga toxin . (cdc.gov)
All STEC produce one or more of two similar toxins, Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2. (cdc.gov)
The toxins are named for Dr. Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by a rare type of Shigella ( Shigella dysenteriae type 1) that produces Shiga toxin 1. (cdc.gov)

Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogenicity and/or evasion of the host immune response . (wikipedia.org)
Alpha-toxin has been shown to play a role in pathogenesis of disease, as hly knockout strains show reductions in invasiveness and virulence. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha-toxin is also one of the key virulence factors in S. aureus pneumonia. (wikipedia.org)
The level of alpha-toxin expressed by a particular strain of S. aureus directly correlates with the virulence of the strain. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have finally observed that some bacterial genetic sequences likely to be involved in bacterial virulence are particularly unstable. (pasteur.fr)
This process of inducing virulence in an otherwise harmless bacterium through prophage infection and integration of the prophage genome into the bacterial host genome is called lysogenic conversion 8 . (nature.com)
Our focus is on two S. Typhi's virulence factors, typhoid toxin and Vi capsular polysaccharide (CPS). (google.com)
Pneumolysin, an important virulence factor of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a pore-forming toxin which also possesses the ability to activate the complement system directly. (ox.ac.uk)

The cocoon protects the bacterium from its self-produced toxin", Stefan Raunser says. (mpg.de)
Alpha-toxin, also known as alpha-hemolysin (Hla), is the major cytotoxic agent released by bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the first identified member of the pore forming beta-barrel toxin family. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
Every bacterium hosts inside itself a combination of a toxin (T), usually a protein, and an antitoxin (A), which can be a protein or an RNA molecule. (thehindubusinessline.com)
Further, he says, the team has also published material on a detailed crystal structure of an E. coli type III TA complex depicting the tightly bound toxin-RNA complex in the bacterium. (thehindubusinessline.com)

Giannella RA (1981) Pathogenesis of acute bacterial diarrheal disorders. (springer.com)
Glycan-Mediated Molecular Interactions in Bacterial Pathogenesis. (google.com)

Bacterial toxin modulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: are all cytolethal distending toxins created equally? (illinois.edu)
The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) comprise a family of intracellular-acting bacterial protein toxins whose actions upon eukaryotic cells result in several consequences, the most characteristic of which is the induction of G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. (illinois.edu)

One such example is diphtheria toxin, which is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and causes diphtheria, a serious and potentially fatal bacterial infection of the nose and throat. (scitechdaily.com)
Also, introduction of alpha-toxin specific antibodies into an unimmunized animal protects against subsequent infection. (wikipedia.org)
In Vibrio cholerae , infection by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) results in the conversion of non-pathogenic strains to pathogenic strains and this can lead to cholera pandemics. (nature.com)
Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
How can mankind use bacteria's internal mechanism of fighting a virus to protect human cells from a bacterial infection? (thehindubusinessline.com)
Sores on the cornea most often caused by a serious bacterial or viral infection. (medlineplus.gov)
It may be related to an autoimmune disorder, infection, or exposure to toxins. (medlineplus.gov)
Folliculitis and Skin Abscesses Folliculitis and skin abscesses are pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection. (msdmanuals.com)

Exosomes also protected other cells from two additional bacterial toxins, leukotoxin ED and diphtheria toxin. (the-scientist.com)

Some of those effectors/toxins also perturb host defense mechanism, thereby making up more complicated pathophysiological conditions. (nih.gov)
Using cryo electron microscopy, crystallography, and microbial genetics techniques, the MEM and PATBAC groups of IBS, in collaboration with the University of Saskatchewan in Canada, solved the structure (at approximately 3.5 Å resolution) of two secretins from the emerging pathogens Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophila and characterized the mechanism for their assembly on the bacterial membrane. (ibs.fr)
The team subsequently observed that two structurally different bacterial toxins also employed this same mechanism. (scitechdaily.com)
When bacterial cells come into contact, they often produce toxins as a defense mechanism. (azolifesciences.com)
Her research centers on understanding the mechanism used by a toxin protein produced by Staphylococcus aureus. (wheaton.edu)
Studies on the structure and mechanism of a bacterial protein toxin by analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle neutron scattering. (ox.ac.uk)
We propose that the changes in membrane structure on toxin attack which we have observed are related to the mechanism by which pneumolysin forms pores and provide an important perspective on protein/membrane interactions in general. (ox.ac.uk)

This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Botulinum neurotoxins are among the most potent toxins known. (jneurosci.org)

We show that NLRP3 activators including bacterial pore-forming toxins, nigericin, ATP, and particulate matter caused mitochondrial perturbation or the opening of a large membrane pore, but this was not required for NLRP3 activation. (nih.gov)
An important element of many of these machines is secretin, a membrane protein that forms a pore on the bacterial surface allowing toxins to escape. (ibs.fr)
It is almost like a magic trick, the way the membrane encapsulates these toxins," said Dehua Pei, senior author of the study and a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at The Ohio State University. (scitechdaily.com)
This structure allows the toxin to perform its major function, development of pores in the cellular membrane, eventually causing cell death. (wikipedia.org)
The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
Two important aspects of the pore-forming activity of pneumolysin are therefore the effect of the toxin on bilayer membrane structure and the nature of the self-association into oligomers undergone by it. (ox.ac.uk)
When food contaminated with BoNTs is ingested the toxin passes through the gastrointestinal tract, transcytosed from gut lumen into general blood circulation, binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuronal cells and then is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis into nerve cells. (nature.com)

Download instantly The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins 3rd Edition by Joseph E. Alouf, Michel R. Popoff. (booksca.ca)

Other projects aim at characterizing the properties of an assembled toxin pore on the surface of red blood cells and exploring the effect of the toxin on other cell types such as lung epithelial cells. (wheaton.edu)

Undergoing intoxication is not always detrimental for cells - there are scenarios in which encountering a toxin could provide a benefit, such as generating antibiotic resistance. (azolifesciences.com)

The team went on to characterize additional classes of DddA-like toxins and identified a related toxin from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. (azolifesciences.com)

Here we describe the design of a universal influenza vaccine construct that consists of three tandem M2e repeats of the influenza antigen plus HA2 and detoxified toxin EFn, which is associated with the PA component, as well as the techniques used to corroborate protection. (urosario.edu.co)
Their observations highlight the importance of continuing bacterial evolution in order to adapt vaccine strategies. (pasteur.fr)
Analysis of bacterial genomes shows that current cases of whooping cough are caused by B. pertussis strains that are different from the vaccine strains. (pasteur.fr)

It remains to be shown if PSGL - 1/mIgG 2b can competitively inhibit and sterically block toxin and viral attachment to the cell surface. (avhandlingar.se)
Bacterial meningitis is more serious than viral meningitis, and around 250,000 people lose their lives to the illness every year. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Indeed, while MRSA's alpha-toxin binds the host receptor ADAM10 on exosomes in wildtype mice, destroying the vesicles, in mice lacking ATG16L1, alpha-toxin binds ADAM10 on host cells, forming a pore and killing cells (3). (the-scientist.com)
Current research projects under my direction include studies that seek to utilize the alpha-hemolysin toxin pore as a sensor or switch. (wheaton.edu)

Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)

PUNCTURE THIS: Based on experiments with mice and cultured human epithelial cells, researchers pieced together how hosts can use exosomes to defend themselves against bacterial toxins. (the-scientist.com)
Cultures of human lung epithelial cells incubated with anti-alpha-toxin and infected with S. aureus showed marked reductions in cellular damage when compared to control cells. (wikipedia.org)
Also, the NAPs bind to glycoproteins on the surface of the epithelial cells for transcytosis of toxin. (nature.com)

Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread genetic modules in bacterial genomes. (mdpi.com)
We demonstrate that bacteriophage genomes encoding toxin genes with homology to those found in pathogenic V. cholerae are integrated in V. coralliilyticus genomes. (nature.com)

There are numerous other instances of the use of plant toxins, venoms, and other poisonous substances to create biological weapons in antiquity. (wikipedia.org)

This activity was inhibited when two different anti-alpha-toxin antibodies were introduced. (wikipedia.org)
Neutralization of typhoid toxin by alpaca-derived, single-domain antibodies targeting the PltB and CdtB subunits. (google.com)
Mechanisms of typhoid toxin neutralization by antibodies targeting glycan receptor binding and nuclease subunits. (google.com)

Lethal competition may make cooperation more likely to evolve in other organisms as well, such as plants that secrete toxins into the surrounding soil. (newscientist.com)

This study reveals that interbacterial toxins may be relevant contributors to bacterial genetic diversity in natural microbial communities, giving cells that survive the toxin a leg up in the rare - but critical - instances where those mutations provide a benefit,' concludes senior author Joseph Mougous, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Washington, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. (azolifesciences.com)
[16] They can also be classified by their source, such as fungal biotoxins , microbial toxins , plant biotoxins , or animal biotoxins. (wikipedia.org)

To kill a cell, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus discharges an arsenal of toxins. (the-scientist.com)

Another name for it is bacterial neurotoxin. (epnet.com)
It is known that progenitor toxin complex protects the neurotoxin during exposure to harsh conditions found in the stomach and small intestines where it is exposed to acidic pH (2.0) and peptidases like pepsin. (nature.com)

Reference: "Bacterial Toxins Escape the Endosome by Inducing Vesicle Budding and Collapse" by Ashweta Sahni and Dehua Pei, 23 September 2021, ACS Chemical Biology . (scitechdaily.com)

To understand how DddA kills bacterial cells, the team looked at how a large dose of the toxin affects chromosomes in Escherichia coli (E. coli). (azolifesciences.com)
Yamasaki S, Sato T, Hidaka Y, Ozaki H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Takeda Y, Sugimura T, Tai A, Shimonishi Y (1990) Structure-activity relationship of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: Role of Ala residue at position 14 in toxin-receptor interaction. (springer.com)

Recently, data have begun to emerge suggesting differences in the molecular basis by which individual CDTs interact with and enter host cells, suggesting the possibility that CDTs possess properties reflecting the specific niches idiosyncratic to those CDT bacterial pathogens that produce them. (illinois.edu)
Similar to other bacterial pathogens, multi-drug resistant (MDR) and even extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi strains are spreading globally, which are anticipated to worsen the morbidity and mortality of typhoid fever if new interventions are not implemented. (google.com)
We use a multidisciplinary approach integrating data & computational science, cell biology, molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, glycobiology, immunology, structural biology (cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography), and murine models to decipher the interactions between the host and (drug-resistant) bacterial pathogens. (google.com)

Based on this viewpoint, this review shows molecular basis underlying host susceptibility and vulnerability to diseases through the studies of host molecules targeted by bacterial effectors and toxins. (nih.gov)
Our latest collaborative work now provides molecular insights into the arming process of Rhs effectors and its importance for toxin release. (mpg.de)
En Methods in Molecular Biology (pp. 423-435). (urosario.edu.co)

One of the many bacterial weapons in this inevitable battle is the type VI secretion system (T6SS), which transports toxic effectors into enemies. (mpg.de)
The scientists found that the RhsA effector consists of three connecting pieces: the toxic weapon itself, a cocoon surrounding it, and a cork-like plug which seals the toxin encapsulating cocoon entirely. (mpg.de)
This led them to test whether DddA was naturally toxic against other bacterial species. (azolifesciences.com)

Such bacterial effectors/toxins may have been positively selected during evolution because they directly strike vulnerable points in the host system. (nih.gov)
In turn, this indicates that systemic exploration of molecules and signaling pathways targeted by bacterial effectors/toxins provides a powerful tool in digging up an unexpected Achilles' heel(s), malfunctioning of which gives rise to disorders not restricted to infectious diseases. (nih.gov)

More recently, the genes encoding several CdtB subunits have been associated with alternatively linked subunits resembling the B-subunits of pertussis toxin. (illinois.edu)

Airborne dusts generated during removal of the cap of moldy silage from silos were analyzed for Gram negative bacterial endotoxins. (cdc.gov)
The authors conclude that Gram negative bacterial endotoxins occur in silage and its related airborne dust. (cdc.gov)

The toxin can also interact with medications, such as antibiotics. (epnet.com)

The scientists have shown that the effector protein itself cleaves the seal and the toxin from the rest of the protein, thereby unlocking the deadly weapon. (mpg.de)

Bacterial isolates from four HUS cases reported in Arizona (1), Massachusetts (1), Michigan (1) and Wisconsin (1), and two cases with diarrheal illness reported in Michigan (1) and North Carolina (1), have all been confirmed as matching the outbreak strain. (cdc.gov)

Although the CDTs are generally considered to all function as bacterial genotoxins, the extent to which individual members of the CDTs employ similar mechanisms of cell surface binding, uptake, and trafficking within sensitive cells is poorly understood. (illinois.edu)
Delivery, structure, and function of bacterial genotoxins. (google.com)

CEFTIN tablets are indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients (who can swallow tablets whole) with acute bacterial otitis media caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-producing strains), Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-producing strains), or Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)
CEFTIN for oral suspension is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12 years with acute bacterial otitis media caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-producing strains), Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-producing strains), or Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)

Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
Song J. (2022) Bacterial AB toxins and host-microbe interactions. (google.com)

Low concentrations of toxin bind to specific, but unidentified, cell surface receptors and form the heptameric pores. (wikipedia.org)

[14] The human and scientific genetic assembly of a natural-based toxin should be considered a toxin as it is identical to its natural counterpart. (wikipedia.org)

Bacterial toxins in musculoskeletal infections. (bvsalud.org)

Interestingly, the Bacillus anthracis detoxified anthrax edema toxin, which composes of protective antigen PA and N-fragment of edema factor (EFn), has shown improved effects for humoral and cellular immune responses. (urosario.edu.co)

Will Ratcliff , an evolutionary biologist at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, and his colleagues have now found that a bacterial weapon called the type VI secretory system (T6SS) might help stabilise cooperation. (newscientist.com)

The team began by studying a toxin called DddA (double-stranded deaminase A), found in a bacterial species called Burkholderia cenocepacia. (azolifesciences.com)

Alpha-toxin is one of its favorites, forming a cylinder of sharp peptides that punches a hole in the host cell, popping it. (the-scientist.com)
Bacteriologist Victor Torres and cell biologist Ken Cadwell , both of New York University Grossman School of Medicine, had found in previous work that a key protein involved in autophagy also makes mice less susceptible to MRSA and alpha-toxin. (the-scientist.com)
Alpha-toxin binds to ADAM10 in order to puncture the cell, and when these cells were treated with alpha-toxin, they were more likely to die than control cells that had normal levels of ATG16L1. (the-scientist.com)
Pei's research team at Ohio State has spent years trying to understand how biomolecules such as bacterial toxins get inside a human cell, with the goal of finding ways to get medications into those cells. (scitechdaily.com)
It was through that work that the researchers discovered how some toxins were getting across the cell membranes, said Ashweta Sahni, lead author of the study and a graduate student in Pei's lab at Ohio State. (scitechdaily.com)
We wanted to study the effects of a toxin that alters DNA beyond that of cell death and see how it impacts the surviving recipient cells it targets. (azolifesciences.com)
Incubation of T-cells, monocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes with either purified alpha-toxin or S. aureus cell lysate resulted in the induction of apoptosis via the intrinsic death pathway. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, more and more free toxin accumulates in the cell. (thehindubusinessline.com)
As originally described by Lancefield, beta-hemolytic streptococci can be divided into many groups based on the antigenic differences in group-specific polysaccharides located in the bacterial cell wall. (medscape.com)

Decoy exosomes provide protection against bacterial toxins," Nature , 579:260-64, 2020. (the-scientist.com)

They could therefore be gradually eliminated from the bacterial genome. (pasteur.fr)

Anatomy6

Organisms22

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