Bacterial infections antigens bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

At present it is assumed that the relationship between an individual's susceptibility and bacterial virulence determines the balance between tolerance of invading pathogens and the mounting of an immune response, which in turn dictates the course of infection and subsequent recurrence. (ncl.ac.uk)
During my career I have gained valuable experience working with a range of bacterial pathogens. (ncl.ac.uk)
It is the body's first-line defense against many bacterial pathogens. (medscape.com)
We also present the strategies developed by pathogens to evade or to exploit this machinery in order to establish a successful infection. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of autophagy manipulation in improving therapeutics and vaccines against bacterial pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Because of their exposure in tick-infested woodlands, outdoor workers experience an increased risk of infection with tick-borne pathogens. (cdc.gov)
The presence of long-lasting CD8 T cell memory is crucial for protection against re-infection by many pathogens. (europa.eu)
these are liver-resident macrophages, or Kupffer cells, and lymphocytes, which process numerous antigens and pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract. (medpagetoday.com)
Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)

The variable (V) regions near the tip of the antibody can differ from molecule to molecule in countless ways, allowing it to specifically target an antigen (or more exactly, an epitope). (wikipedia.org)
Expression of other antibody isotypes (in humans: IgG, IgA, and IgE) occurs via a process of class switching after antigen exposure. (wikipedia.org)
The IgG, IgE and IgA antibody isotypes are generated following class-switching during germinal centre reaction and provide different effector functions in response to specific antigens. (wikipedia.org)
IgG2 represents the major antibody subclass reacting to glycan antigens but IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses have also been observed in such responses, particularly in the case of protein-glycan conjugates. (wikipedia.org)
They have poor antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens but elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) with low levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM). (medscape.com)
Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds. (ebi.ac.uk)
Antigen and antibody assays have shown to be insensitive, especially in young children. (nih.gov)
In infants, however, it was as insensitive as antigen and antibody assays. (nih.gov)
The purpose of immunological memory is to protect a host from reinfection, to control persistent infection, and to protect immunologically immature fetuses and neonates by passive transfer of maternal antibody. (scielo.br)
Antibody titer testing can help determine latent vs. recent infection that may correlate to signs of disease. (cats.com)
Antibiotics aggravate the problem by altering normal bacterial flora, which increases bowel antigen influx and circulating antigen-antibody complexes. (healthy.net)
To further develop Dr. Cavacini's background in mucosal immunology, included in this work is structural modeling of antibody/antigen interactions to improve the design of immunotherapeutic antibodies and development of a platform for production of dimeric and secretory IgA. (umassmed.edu)
The D-L antibody is known to bind to various antigens such as I-, i-, p-, Pr-, on the RBC surface, but the glycosphingolipid P antigen is considered its primary target. (medscape.com)

The IgG responses to bacterial capsular polysaccharide antigens are mediated primarily via IgG2 subclass, and deficiencies in this subclass result in susceptibility to certain bacterial species. (wikipedia.org)

Antibodies of different classes activate distinct effector mechanisms in response to an antigen (triggering different elements of the innate immune system). (wikipedia.org)
The pentameric structure of IgM antibodies makes them efficient at binding antigens with repetitive epitopes (e.g. bacterial capsule, viral capsid) and activation of complement cascade. (wikipedia.org)
As IgM antibodies are expressed early in a B cell response, they are rarely highly mutated and have broad antigen reactivity thus providing an early response to a wide range of antigens without the need for T cell help. (wikipedia.org)
IgG1 antibodies are the most abundant IgG class and dominate the responses to protein antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Pneumococcal immune complexes (IC) containing antibodies to species-specific C-polysaccharide, to mixtures of type-specific capsular polysaccharides or to a protein antigen, pneumolysin, were studied in the sera of 449 children with lower respiratory tract infection. (nih.gov)
IgM antibodies present in the STD/SAMPLE bind to the antigen mix that is pre-coated in the wells. (bmgrp.com)
We collaborate with Drs. Greiner, Brehm and Luban here at UMMS and Dr. Leonard Schultz at Jackson Laboratories on humanized mouse models for the generation of human monoclonal antibodies and as models for passive immunotherapy for bacterial or viral infections. (umassmed.edu)
The laboratory has also been involved in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of IgG and IgA human monoclonal antibodies, in several bacterial and viral infections. (umassmed.edu)

The gut needs to produce a strong protective immune response to resist the invasion of pathogenic antigens, while similar reactions to harmless antigens such as dietary proteins or symbiotic microorganisms, may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
There are many microorganisms colonized in the human intestine, and more than 1000 bacterial species in the intestinal ecosystem of a single individual. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to bacterial organisms, oral microorganisms can include fungal, protozoal, and viral species. (medscape.com)

They check a fluid sample from your nose for certain proteins from the RSV virus called antigens. (medlineplus.gov)
The aim of this project is to address the most important of these questions:1)To characterize, in depth CD8 memory cells ge nerated against soluble proteins by cross-priming compared to those generated after viral or bacterial infection against the same antigen2) To study the effect of antigen localisation on the development of memory CD8 T cells. (europa.eu)
This is because antigen-presenting cells only bind certain types of proteins, and they don't usually bind normal gliadin fragments. (chriskresser.com)
Please see Best Protocols Section (Staining intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry) for staining protocol (refer to Protocol B: One-step protocol for intracellular (nuclear) proteins). (thermofisher.com)

Fecal levels of the innate defensive molecules and markers of inflammation lipocalin-2 and calprotectin were not influenced by dietary iron intervention alone, but were markedly lower in mice on the iron-deficient diet after infection. (nih.gov)
Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)
Nanovaccines can improve antigen presentation, targeted delivery, stimulation of the body's innate immune system, and a strong T-cell response without putting people at risk. (researchgate.net)

In addition, these recommendations propose a national strategy for reducing the morbidity of chlamydial infections by detection and treatment and through the prevention of transmission to uninfected persons. (cdc.gov)
Both the rapid antigen detection test and throat culture were positive for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. (medscape.com)
The patient was discharged after a 14- the qualitative detection of rotavirus in and rotavirus co-infection during day course of meropenem treatment a stool specimen. (who.int)

A significant number of bacterial species encode multiple copies of the filament building block - flagellin. (ncl.ac.uk)

Here we investigated the effect of dietary iron on the pathology and local immune responses in intestinal infection models. (nih.gov)
The authors also argue that memory B and T cell responses are long-lived in the absence of antigen, but they are modulated and influenced by other infections and that memory B and T cells can either provide protective immunity or contribute to immunopathology on infection with homologous or heterologous viruses. (scielo.br)
provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature cellular responses in the periphery and their ultimate demise, with emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections. (scielo.br)

No commercial vaccines against nodavirus are currently available, whereas vaccines against IPNV infections based upon inactivated virus as well as IPNV recombinant antigens are available. (int-res.com)

Impaired production of IgG1 is observed in some cases of immunodeficiency and is associated with recurrent infections. (wikipedia.org)
Male patients with thrombocytopenia and eczema may have Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with defective T-cell function and resultant recurrent infections. (medscape.com)

Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes , a beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to Lancefield serogroup A, also known as the group A streptococci (GAS), causes a wide variety of diseases in humans. (medscape.com)
As originally described by Lancefield, beta-hemolytic streptococci can be divided into many groups based on the antigenic differences in group-specific polysaccharides located in the bacterial cell wall. (medscape.com)

discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)

In recent years serologic methods have been applied to assess pneumococcal etiology of pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections. (nih.gov)
A particulate matter: How environmental irritants and particulate matter increase sensitivity to bacterial respiratory tract infections. (lu.se)

We were intrigued by experimental studies showing that in NAFLD many of these key immune cells become dysfunctional at various levels, which may affect disease progression and at the same time increase susceptibility to various viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. (medpagetoday.com)
7. Active significant fungal or bacterial infection is a contraindication to transplantation. (ucdavis.edu)

When the food antigen load surpasses the body's ability to clear the food immune complexes from the circulation, tissue deposition, complement activation, and secretory inflammation of the ear, nose and throat occur. (healthy.net)

To respond to an immediate market need, and to leverage a potential additional revenue source that can also help speed development of the ground-breaking V-Detect and B-Detect devices, the Team at Edoceo has recently secured a worldwide strategic and preferred distribution agreement for a simple, rapid, and affordable COVID-19 antigen test that provides results in 17 minutes or less by testing saliva for Coronavirus antigens. (edoceodevices.com)
To determine the existence or absence of this association, we aimed to systematically evaluate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality and the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with previous exposure to NSAIDs. (bvsalud.org)

However, some patients have an acute presentation with an initial episode of acute rejection or infection that doesnot respond to treatment. (ersjournals.com)
A ubiquitous organism, S pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis , accounting for 15-30% of cases in children and 5-10% of cases in adults. (medscape.com)
Infection with this pathogen is also causally linked to 2 potentially serious nonsuppurative complications: acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and acute glomerulonephritis . (medscape.com)
Once the graft has escaped the initial acute phase rejection reactions, a cumulative unresponsiveness to the graft develops as the recipient is continually exposed to donor MHC, a stable state that sometimes depends on the development of antigen-specific T-suppressor cells [ 371 , 5349 - 5354 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
The most general pre-nanomedical method to suppress immune system acute responsiveness is called antigen nonspecific immunosuppression. (nanomedicine.com)

Main outcome measures Diagnosis of one of three key types of serious bacterial infection (urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and bacteraemia), and the accuracy of both our clinical decision making model and clinician judgment in making these diagnoses. (bmj.com)
Antibiotics were prescribed acutely in 66% (359/543) of children with urinary tract infection, 69% (366/533) with pneumonia, and 81% (52/64) with bacteraemia. (bmj.com)

Infection by this organism is insidious -- symptoms are absent or minor among most infected women and many men. (cdc.gov)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common bacterial infection with symptoms that include urinary frequency, urgency to void, dysuria and abdominal pain. (ncl.ac.uk)
RSV testing checks a fluid sample from your nose to see if the RSV virus is causing symptoms of a respiratory infection. (medlineplus.gov)
Most RSV infections only cause mild symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, and headaches. (medlineplus.gov)
But an infant, younger child, or an adult over age 65 may need an RSV test if they have symptoms of moderate or serious infection. (medlineplus.gov)
Symptoms of the anthrax will generally appear within 7 days after infection [5]. (kenyon.edu)

Currently, episodes of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria usually occur after a viral infection and are abrupt in onset and transitory. (medscape.com)

Key research interests are the immunology of infectious disease including severe bacterial infections, Zika virus and Chikungunya virus. (imperial.ac.uk)
Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, 2021, The immunology of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: what are the key questions? (imperial.ac.uk)

We have studied how bacterial species such as the pathogen Salmonella enterica maintain a discrete number of flagellar per cell during cell growth and division. (ncl.ac.uk)
For 56% of patients with suspected pyogenic meningitis, no specific bacterial pathogen could be identified. (who.int)

Antigens are foreign substances that evoke an immune response. (medscape.com)

Orally administrated iron is suspected to increase susceptibility to enteric infections among children in infection endemic regions. (nih.gov)

Invasive soft tissue infection due to Streptococcus pyogenes. (medscape.com)

After a complex process of education and maturation, a circulating lymphocyte can bind to an antigen. (medscape.com)

Severe soft-tissue infections, including cases complicated by sepsis and systemic infection, are suspected to be due to recreational use of heroin contaminated with B. anthracis spores. (cdc.gov)
NAFLD is now viewed as a multifaceted disease impacting multiple organ systems, and one of its consequences appears to be a heightened risk of severe infections. (medpagetoday.com)
The absolute risk difference at 20 years after NAFLD diagnosis was 17.3 -- equivalent to one additional severe infection for every six patients with NAFLD. (medpagetoday.com)
A significantly increased risk of severe infection was already present in patients with simple steatosis, and we observed that the risk increased with the severity of NAFLD. (medpagetoday.com)
The less-common type 2 follows a distinct nerve injury from a severe infection, surgery, or bone break. (prostate.net)
Some candidates may require removal of the native (own) kidneys in cases of chronic infection, severe hypertension, tumors, or polycystic kidneys that are too large, painful, or bleeding. (ucdavis.edu)
Immunosuppressive drug therapy and any disease (eg, HIV infection) resulting in suppression of the normal inflammatory and immune mechanisms can cause or enhance severe periodontal diseases. (medscape.com)

Ah Pylori is one of the most common bacterial infections found in humans. (dane101.com)

At the same time, rapidly developing resistance of microbes to anti- infective drugs is undermining treatment of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases, weakening the weapons against them. (who.int)
With immune system weakened, the door is opened to sickness and diseases including bacterial infection, viral infections, parasitic invasion, allergies, and antigens. (wholeperson-counseling.org)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of circulating immune complexes in the diagnosis of pneumococcal lower respiratory infection in children. (nih.gov)
We conclude that the measurement of circulating ICs is more sensitive than other serologic methods for the diagnosis of pneumococcal lower respiratory infection. (nih.gov)

Those guidelines highlighted the prevalence and morbidity of chlamydial infections and stressed the need to include antibiotics effective against chlamydia when treating patients for urethritis, mucopurulent cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. (cdc.gov)
However, 20% (2686/13 557) of children without bacterial infection were also prescribed antibiotics. (bmj.com)
Conclusions Emergency department physicians tend to underestimate the likelihood of serious bacterial infection in young children with fever, leading to undertreatment with antibiotics. (bmj.com)
To compare the clinical impact of a prophylactic treatment with sublingual immunostimulation in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) with the use of antibiotics. (frontiersin.org)

The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)

IgA1 has a longer hinge region which increases its sensitivity to bacterial proteases. (wikipedia.org)
Physicians' diagnoses of bacterial infection had low sensitivity (10-50%) and high specificity (90-100%), whereas the clinical diagnostic model provided a broad range of values for sensitivity and specificity. (bmj.com)
A clinical diagnostic model could improve decision making by increasing sensitivity for detecting serious bacterial infection, thereby improving early treatment. (bmj.com)

The most important losses have been at the larval and juvenile stages, and vibriosis has long been the most important bacterial disease in cod, with Listonella ( Vibrio) anguillarum dominant among pathogenic isolates. (int-res.com)

Bacterial infections caused by Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium and Burkholderia pseudomallei are currently difficult to prevent due to the lack of a licensed vaccine. (ku.edu)

Empirical meropenem treatment endogenous enteric bacterial flora watery diarrhoea. (who.int)
The enteric Gram-negative bacteraemia in the ABON® immunochromatographic blood culture of the patient at the time infants with rotavirus infection who test (Abon Biopharm Ltd). of clinical deterioration (on day 8) were treated with corticosteroids for yielded E. cloaca . (who.int)

These leading activities in IgA immunotherapy are currently being translated into clinical development of mucosal IgA molecules for prevention or treatment of two diverse bacterial infections. (umassmed.edu)
In addition to Dr. Cavacini's current work on immunoprophylaxis for mucosal bacterial infections (e.g. (umassmed.edu)
Microscopic analysis and fresh-frozen plasma infusions were and gastrointestinal mucosal dam- of the stool was normal and bacterial commenced. (who.int)

Interestingly, people with NAFLD had the same spectrum of infections as the general population -- with respiratory and urinary tract infections being the two most common sites of infection. (medpagetoday.com)
Twenty two percent will have recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). (frontiersin.org)

Blood tests aren't usually used to diagnose RSV, but they can show if a recent illness was an RSV infection. (medlineplus.gov)

Class switching is mediated by the enzyme AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) and occurs after the B cell binds an antigen through its B cell receptor. (wikipedia.org)
9 ) On the other hand, TG2 readily binds gliadin, and actually modifies it to make the gliadin much more attractive to antigen-presenting cells. (chriskresser.com)

NBS is characterized by microcephaly with growth retardation, normal or impaired intelligence, birdlike facies, increased susceptibility to infection, humoral and cellular immunodeficiency, and high risk for lymphatic tumor development. (medscape.com)
Alcoholic liver disease has also been associated with increased susceptibility to infection, especially in cases with evidence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. (medpagetoday.com)

Since 2000, injection transmission has been reported in cases of B. anthracis soft-tissue infections among intravenous heroin users in northern Europe. (cdc.gov)

17 These results are consistent with two possibilities: either MAP infection could cause Crohn's disease in a subset of patients that are either selectively exposed to this organism or who are genetically susceptible to infection or, alternatively, this relatively common dietary organism may selectively colonise (or a dead organism selectively lodge in) the ulcerated mucosa of Crohn's disease patients but not initiate or perpetuate intestinal inflammation. (bmj.com)

In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)

IgG4 is the least abundant IgG subclass in the serum and is often generated following repeated exposure to the same antigen or during persistent infections. (wikipedia.org)

Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)

Because chlamydial infections are common among adolescents and young adults throughout the United States, health-care providers and other agencies serving these groups should become more involved if a sufficiently large proportion of the chlamydia-infected population is to be reached. (cdc.gov)
Chlamydia trachomatis infections are common in sexually active adolescents and young adults in the United States (CDC, unpublished review). (cdc.gov)
Rapid RSV antigen tests are the most common test for RSV. (medlineplus.gov)
It is reasonable to speculate that both diseases may share common immunological mechanisms that lead to this increased infection risk. (medpagetoday.com)
Turck and Stamm, 1981 ), being the bladder the most common site of infection (cystitis). (frontiersin.org)
Periodontitis is a common chronic bacterial infection of the supporting structures of the teeth. (medscape.com)
Rotavirus infections are a common weeks' gestation by vaginal delivery after showed pH 7.3, HCO 7.5 mmol/L, 3 cause of gastroenteritis in infants a twin pregnancy. (who.int)

My laboratory uses, bacterial genetics, protein biochemistry, structural biology, bioinformatics and microscopic techniques to validate our genetic findings. (ncl.ac.uk)
Toxoplasmosis is a condition that develops following infection with the microscopic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. (cats.com)

Many men who suffer with chronic prostatitis or bacterial prostatitis who are looking for treatment often pose the question, can prostatitis cause prostate cancer? (prostate.net)
Similarities between chronic idiopathic granulomatous ileocolitis and mycobacterial infections have been noted since the original descriptions of the clinical syndrome now called Crohn's disease. (bmj.com)
Foci of infection in the oral cavity arising from chronic periodontitis or chronic periapical abscesses (ie, inflammation and abscess of the tissue attached to the apex of the root) may lead to subacute bacterial endocarditis (BE) and glomerulonephritis (GN). (medscape.com)

RSV antigens trigger your immune system to attack the virus. (medlineplus.gov)
Cellular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

ABSTRACT: This review summarises the state of knowledge of both viral and bacterial diseases of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua , and their diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment. (int-res.com)

Changes in susceptibility to infectious diseases, increased opportunities for infection, and the rapid adaptation of microbial agents are among the factors contributing to this evolution. (who.int)

Rapid antigen tests can provide results in an hour or less. (medlineplus.gov)
Being able to detect viral infections & harmful bacteria within minutes, can be described as a game-changer in the fight against superbugs, starting with the Edoceo A-Detect™ for simple, rapid antigen testing of saliva samples at point-of-need. (edoceodevices.com)

We complement our study on flagellar abundance with research to understanding how a filament is assembled from multiple flagellins, a trait maintained by many bacterial species. (ncl.ac.uk)

In addition, infection with S pyogenes has reemerged as an important cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and of life-threatening skin and soft-tissue infections, especially necrotizing fasciitis. (medscape.com)

Objectives To evaluate current processes by which young children presenting with a febrile illness but suspected of having serious bacterial infection are diagnosed and treated, and to develop and test a multivariable model to distinguish serious bacterial infections from self limiting non-bacterial illnesses. (bmj.com)
It is difficult to distinguish viral and bacterial causes of pharyngitis on the basis of history and physical examination alone. (medscape.com)

Infectious disease diagnostics resembles the process of determining the existence of foreign antigen by having a set of diagnostic tools. (prnewswire.co.uk)

While there is a large body of evidence on individuals with cirrhosis and their risk of infection and associated adverse outcomes, studies on NAFLD have been scarce. (medpagetoday.com)
Hence, it was suggested in the media that NSAIDs could lead to a higher risk of infection and/or disease severity. (bvsalud.org)

Although NK cells play important roles in host defense against various infectious agents, they are critical in host defense against viral infections. (scielo.br)
The etiology is usually infectious, with most cases being of viral origin and most bacterial cases attributable to group A streptococci (GAS). (medscape.com)

In addition to infections of the upper respiratory tract and the skin, S pyogenes can cause a wide variety of invasive systemic infections. (medscape.com)

Rotation of the filament is achieved via the action of a universal joint known as the hook and a basal motor anchored into the bacterial cell envelope. (ncl.ac.uk)
Our research focuses on the fundamental understanding of how bacteria regulate flagellar assembly, how a cell coordinates the assembly of unrelated molecular machines and how hosts recognise this important antigen. (ncl.ac.uk)
Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. (medscape.com)
Danny Altmann heads a lab at the Hammersmith Hospital Campus of Imperial, with expertise in the HLA system, antigen discovery, T cell subsets and NK cells. (imperial.ac.uk)
Antigen nonspecific methods include the use of cytotoxic drugs that interfere with all cell division in the body [ 383 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
describe how T and B cell memory is generate in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses. (scielo.br)

Second, the authors discuss that inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. (scielo.br)

The infection can affect the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. (kenyon.edu)

Enormous disparities in mortality, disability and infection persist between and within countries, as do disparities among different age and sex groups, with women and children among those most affected. (who.int)

Anatomy24

Organisms22

Diseases39

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care4

Pathogens11

Antibody13

Polysaccharide antigens1

Antibodies8

Microorganisms3

Proteins4

Innate3

Detection3

Encode multiple1

Responses3

Recombinant1

Recurrent infections2

Beta-hemolytic2

Stimulation1

Respiratory Tract Infe2

Fungal2

Body's1

Coronavirus2

Acute5

Pneumonia2

Symptoms6

Viral infection1

Immunology2

Pathogen2

Substances1

Increase susceptibility1

Streptococcus1

Bind1

Severe7

Humans1

Parasitic2

Pneumococcal2

Antibiotics4

Complex1

Sensitivity3

Pathogenic1

Salmonella1

Enteric2

Mucosal3

Urinary2

Diagnose1

Binds2

Susceptibility to infection2

20001

Dietary1

Intestinal inflammatory response1

Serum1

Macrophages1

Common7

Microscopic2

Chronic3

Immune system2

Diagnosis1

Diseases1

Rapid2

Species1

Soft-tissue infections1

Distinguish2

Diagnostic1

Risk of infection2

Infectious2

Systemic1

Cell6

Immunity1

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Mortality1