• eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzymes are primarily responsible for relaxing positively and/or negatively supercoiled DNA, except for reverse gyrase, which can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. (embl.de)
  • Like other fluoroquinolone anti-infectives, ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms via inhibition of the enzymatic activities of 2 members of the DNA topoisomerase class of enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV have distinct essential roles in bacterial DNA replication. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase is a tetramer composed of 2 GyrA and 2 GyrB subunits. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase introduces negative superhelical twists in DNA, an activity important for initiation of DNA replication. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase also facilitates DNA replication by removing positive super helical twists. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Although all fluoroquinolones generally are active against both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, the drugs differ in their relative activities against these enzymes. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The mechanism by which ciprofloxacin's inhibition of DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV results in death in susceptible organisms has not been fully determined. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Bacterial DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils into chromosomal DNA and relaxes positive supercoils introduced by replication and transiently by transcription. (york.ac.uk)
  • DNA gyrase is a class of Type II Topoisomerases that plays an important role in bacterial viability. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • The study focuses on DNA gyrase as a target and shows insights into future drug development. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • The research focuses on the discovery of novel plant-based therapeutic compounds to target DNA gyrase B activity. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • The study employs DNA gyrase as its target and provides information on potential therapeutic targets. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • The goal of the study is to identify innovative plant-based medicinal molecules that specifically target DNA gyrase B activity. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Cozzarelli, N.R. DNA gyrase and the supercoiling of DNA. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Elongating RNA polymerases, both bacterial and you will eucaryotic, try in the some elongation affairs, proteins you to reduce steadily the probability that RNA polymerase will dissociate in advance of they reaches the end of an effective gene. (elsafwany.com)
  • Crucially, the sequence of bases in DNA contains the information for making proteins. (rainis.pics)
  • A method for determining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins which bind to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
  • In prokaryotes, the supercoiled flagellar filaments are composed largely of a single protein, bacterial or archaeal flagellin, although these two proteins are not homologous, while in eukaryotes, the flagellum contains hundreds of proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Overall, performed studies allowed us to postulate the hypothesis that KfrA type proteins have moonlighting activity - they not only act as transcriptional auto-regulators but form cytoskeletal structures, which might facilitate plasmid DNA delivery and its position in the cells. (edu.pl)
  • Topoisomerase IV acts at the terminal states of DNA replication by allowing for separation of interlinked daughter chromosomes so that segregation into daughter cells can occur. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • these stabilized complexes block movement of the DNA replication fork and thereby inhibit DNA replication resulting in cell death. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Removal of these positive supercoils is essential for replication fork progression and for the overall unlinking of the two duplex DNA strands, as well as for ongoing transcription. (york.ac.uk)
  • It is found in all bacteria and is involved in replication, repair, recombination, and DNA transcription. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Negative supercoiling of bacterial DNA by DNA gyr B is essential in replication which further influences all the metabolic activities. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Gene duplication occurs through several mechanisms, including chromosomal duplication, retro transposition, and DNA replication errors. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Supercoiling is an essential process that occurs in all living organisms and is critical for a variety of cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and repair. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The double helix, made up of a pair of DNA strands, has bases in its core that are joined by hydrogen bonds to form base pairs: adenine always paired with thymine and guanine always paired with cytosine. (rainis.pics)
  • Two of these paired strands make up the DNA molecule, which then twists into a helix. (rainis.pics)
  • Introduction DNA supercoiling is the twisting or coiling of the double helix structure of DNA, resulting in a strain on the molecule. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • In the more common B form, the DNA helix has a repeat of 10.5 base pairs per turn, with the sugar and phosphate forming the covalent phosphodiester "backbone" of the molecule, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine line up in the middle, where the base pairs we know today are, which look like the rungs of a ladder. (rainis.pics)
  • A unique feature of mitochondria is that they possess their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which codes for subunits of the electron transport chain that eventually leads to the synthesis of the ATP molecule. (csic.es)
  • The new design to own transcription initiation just discussed was depending by the discovering the experience regarding RNA polymerase II and its own standard transcription situations to the refined DNA themes for the vitro. (elsafwany.com)
  • Because of this, transcription initiation within the an effective eucaryotic telephone is far more complex and needs a whole lot more healthy protein than it does towards the filtered DNA. (elsafwany.com)
  • Here we simply remember that the visibility into DNA becomes necessary for transcription initiation into the an effective eucaryotic phone. (elsafwany.com)
  • Because the discussed for the Part cuatro, both type of minerals makes it possible for higher accessibility to the fresh new DNA present in chromatin, and by doing this, it helps the latest system of your own transcription initiation gadgets onto DNA. (elsafwany.com)
  • These types of circumstances typically connect with RNA polymerase just after initiation possess happened that assist polymerases to move from wide selection of other DNA sequences which can be included in genetics. (elsafwany.com)
  • DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. (lookformedical.com)
  • Remarkably, the outer domains rotate nearly 180° between the mono- and tri-pilus conformations, formally similar to what has been shown for outer domains in bacterial flagellar filaments, despite lack of homology between bacterial flagella and archaeal T4P. (bvsalud.org)
  • The complementary structure immediately suggested to Watson and Crick how DNA could (and does) replicate, and further explains how information from DNA is transferred to RNA for protein synthesis. (rainis.pics)
  • Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids. (lookformedical.com)
  • A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis. (lookformedical.com)
  • Trading places: how do DNA polymerases switch during translesion DNA synthesis? (academicinfluence.com)
  • H. influenzae , like many other pathogens, is naturally competent, able to actively transport environmental DNA through its cell membranes and incorporate homologous molecules into its chromosomes. (drexel.edu)
  • The microarray technology is based on the hybridization of labelled DNA or RNA molecules to complementary sequences that are immobilized on a solid substrate. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Principle of DNA MicroarrayThe principle of DNA microarray technology is based on the hybridization of complementary sequences of nucleic acid molecules. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • BACs are circular DNA molecules that are derived from the F-factor plasmid found in the bacterium E. coli. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, can be considered as the information molecules of the cell. (rainis.pics)
  • In this section, we examine the structures of DNA and RNA and how these structures relate to the functions of these molecules. (rainis.pics)
  • This entry represents the C-terminal region of DNA topoisomerase I enzymes from eukaryotes (type IB enzymes). (embl.de)
  • The crystal structures of human topoisomerase I comprising the core and carboxyl-terminal domains in covalent and noncovalent complexes with 22-base pair DNA duplexes reveal an enzyme that 'clamps' around essentially B-form DNA. (embl.de)
  • Topoisomerase IV, another type II DNA topoisomerase, is composed of 2 ParC and 2 ParE subunits. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Tse, Y.C., Wang, J.C. E. coli and M. luteus DNA topoisomerase I can catalyze catenation or decatenation of double-stranded DNA rings. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Singh, S.B. Discovery and development of kibdelomycin, a new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting the clinically proven bacterial type II topoisomerase. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • The core domain and the first eight residues of the carboxyl-terminal domain of the enzyme, including the active-site nucleophile tyrosine-723, share significant structural similarity with the bacteriophage family of DNA integrases. (embl.de)
  • An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. (lookformedical.com)
  • The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Unlike Topo IA enzymes, Topo IB enzymes do not require a single-stranded region of DNA or metal ions for their function. (embl.de)
  • When a mixture of superhelical DNA (RFI) of phage phiX174 am3 and fragments of single-stranded DNA from wild-type phiX174 was added to spheroplasts of E. coli carrying an amber suppressor, several percent of the progeny phage were recombinant. (cornell.edu)
  • Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. (lookformedical.com)
  • Brown, P.O., Cozzarelli, N.R. A sign inversion mechanism for enzymatic supercoiling of DNA. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • We will discuss the mechanism of DNA supercoiling and the role of superhelical stress in DNA structure and function. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Molecular modeling and computational analyses suggests that the Sinorhizobium meliloti periplasmic regulator protein ExoR adopts a superhelical fold and is controlled by a unique mechanism of proteolysis. (cuny.edu)
  • 2017). This protein also bears two HMG-boxes but the mechanism of binding is from one side of the DNA, as a staple. (csic.es)
  • This partial requirement for recA was bypassed by transfection with complexes of RFI AM3 DNA and am+ fragments made in vitro. (cornell.edu)
  • 2019). In these studies we showed that TFAM/DNA complexes multimerize at higher concentrations. (csic.es)
  • Earliest, gene regulatory healthy protein known as transcriptional activators join to particular sequences inside DNA which help to attract RNA polymerase II for the start point away from transcription (Contour six-19). (elsafwany.com)
  • Introduction DNA microarrays are powerful tools for analysing gene expression patterns, detecting DNA mutations, and identifying genetic variations. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Just like the demonstrated into the Chapter 7, these necessary protein join to certain brief sequences into the DNA. (elsafwany.com)
  • Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Today, every biology student knows about the double helix structure of DNA and how G pairs with C and A pairs with T. (rainis.pics)
  • DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). (lookformedical.com)
  • The two helices are denoted helix A and helix B. The packing angle between helix A and helix B is ~24 degrees within a single TPR and generates a right-handed superhelical shape. (embl.de)
  • It will be simpler to do a follow-up study on discovering bioactive compounds and evaluating their effectiveness in inhibiting DNA gyrB with the help of this preliminary data from the analytical procedures. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Staphylococcus aureus will be stopped by DNA gyrB inhibition. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Two apparently homologous TFAM binding sites, DNA Site-X and Site-Y, similar to and downstream from LSP, unexpectedly show distinct DNA-structure features and TFAM binds to them in opposite directions, imposing again a U-turn (Cuppari el al. (csic.es)
  • Our biochemical analyses showed that TFAM binds to DNA structures, such as G-quadruplexes (Lyonnais et al. (csic.es)
  • DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nucleotides that contain deoxyribose are called deoxyribonucleotides and are the forms found in DNA. (rainis.pics)
  • A strand of DNA is a polymer of nucleoside monophosphates linked by phosphodiester bonds. (rainis.pics)
  • Structural basis of mitochondrial DNA transcription and compaction. (csic.es)
  • The term nucleotide refers to the building blocks of DNA (deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, dNTP) and RNA (ribonucleoside triphosphate, NTP). (rainis.pics)
  • Transfection of a recA- strain by RFI DNA and fragments yielded 5-10% as many recombinants as transfection of a rec+ strain. (cornell.edu)
  • This strain is known as superhelical stress. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Indeed, these additional necessary protein assemblies get get in touch with one another away from the DNA and start to become brought to DNA as preformed subcomplexes. (elsafwany.com)
  • The SAD1/RAD53 protein kinase controls multiple checkpoints and DNA damage-induced transcription in yeast. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Our primary model system is the human bacterial pathogen Haemophilus influenzae , an important agent of ear infections (otitis media) in children, as well as lung infections associated with chronic respiratory conditions. (drexel.edu)
  • not, because the chatted about into the Chapter cuatro, DNA when you look at the eucaryotic tissue was packaged to the nucleosomes, being further set up in highest-order chromatin structures. (elsafwany.com)
  • Transfection by fragments and superhelical DNA produced 20 to 100 times more recombinants than transfection by fragments and either nicked circular DNA or relaxed closed circular DNA. (cornell.edu)
  • The race to unravel the structure of DNA was one of the greatest scientific stories of the 20th century. (rainis.pics)
  • The structure of the "neck" region, where the DNA-filled capsid is connected to the host-recognizing tail remains poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bacterial circadian rhythms, like other circadian rhythms, are endogenous "biological clocks" that have the following three characteristics: (a) in constant conditions (i.e. constant temperature and either constant light {LL} or constant darkness {DD}) they oscillate with a period that is close to, but not exactly, 24 hours in duration, (b) this "free-running" rhythm is temperature compensated, and (c) the rhythm will entrain to an appropriate environmental cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3. How do bacterial genomes change during the course of chronic infections? (drexel.edu)
  • We start with DNA, the genetic information in every cell that is copied and passed from generation to generation. (rainis.pics)
  • This region covers both the catalytic core and the DNA-binding domains. (embl.de)
  • They can carry large inserts of DNA up to 300 kilobases in size, making them ideal for studying the function and organization of genes and genomes. (tutorialspoint.com)