Bacterial staphylococcus epidermidis. Medical search. Frequent questions

Friedrich Julius Rosenbach distinguished S. epidermidis from S. aureus in 1884, initially naming S. epidermidis as S. albus. (wikipedia.org)
Nonpathogenic S. epidermidis unlike pathogenic S. aureus does not possess the gelatinase enzyme, so it cannot hydrolyze gelatin. (wikipedia.org)
Similar to those of S. aureus, the cell walls of S. epidermidis have a transferrin-binding protein that helps the organism obtain iron from transferrin. (wikipedia.org)
According to them, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are the most frequently isolated organisms in adult lacrimal sac infections. (bmj.com)
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus spp. (sisterhoodagenda.com)
Gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species are the most commonly isolated organisms in patients with pyogenic vertebral infections. (wheelessonline.com)
Other recent studies have shown that cerumen directly inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Candida albicans , but its effect on the growth of E. coli remains to be determined (22)(5)(35). (kenyon.edu)
Staphylococcus aureus, d. (all-science-fair-projects.com)
Their broad spectrum of activity includes the common eye and ear pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . (aafp.org)
1 The broad spectrum of fluoroquinolone activity ( Table 1 ) , especially activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , has generated interest in the use of this class of agents for topical eye and ear treatment. (aafp.org)
The antimicrobial coating efficiently inhibited the growth of the nosocomial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium as demonstrated by the growth inhibition on agar surface and in biofilms of antibiotic resistant clinical E. faecalis, E. faecium, and S. aureus isolates. (who.int)
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Escherichia coli (EC) and Candida albicans (CA) were used to construct single-surface, full-surface, and internal infection models in sterile pork tissue. (researchsquare.com)
The strain of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) ATCC 25923 (American Type Culture Collection, USA) the strain of Escherichia Coli ( E. coli ) ATCC 25922 (American Type Culture Collection, USA), and the strain of Candida albicans ( C. albicans )ATCC 90029 (American Type Culture Collection, USA) were used to establish infection model in vitro. (researchsquare.com)
In order to simulate PJI infection as much as possible, in which pathogen may be distributed on a single surface or multiple surfaces even inside tissues 6 , therefore, three tissues infection models were established ( Fig 1): ① Single surface infection: pipette aspirate 10 μL (200 CFU) bacterial dilution ( S. aureus /E. coli/Candida albicans ) to colonized a single surface of the pork cube. (researchsquare.com)
Using likelihood-free inference with genotype network topological summaries we fit a simpler model to commensal and hospital samples from the common nosocomial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. (nih.gov)
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen related to a variety of life-threatening infections but for which antimicrobial resistance is liming the treatment options. (nature.com)
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human opportunistic pathogen involved in a wide range of human infections. (nature.com)
These include: bacteria (especially Propionibacterium acnes, but in severe cases, also Staphylococcus aureus ), Yeasts (Malassezia species) and mites (Demodex folliculorum). (e-ijd.org)
After a dilatation followed by rupture, not only a granulomatous inflammatory process accompanied by the attraction of gigantic cells, partially phagocyting the keratin masses are induced in the hair follicle, but also an inflammatory bacterial process derived from a superinfection, most frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are considered to be the main factors in the chemotaxis of neutrophils. (e-ijd.org)
The fungal isolates Aspergillus niger (53.0) and Monilla infuscans (43.9) were showed to be the most frequently isolated airborne fungal organisms while Staphylococcus aureus (91.3) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (85.8) were the most frequently isolated bacterial isolates. (bvsalud.org)
All extracts were tested for antibacterial activities against bacteria causing acne, including Propionibacterium acnes , Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus , using broth microdilution method [2]. (thieme-connect.com)
Range Expansion and the Origin of USA300 North American Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (cdc.gov)
Glycopeptide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (cdc.gov)
When it is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, it usually develops as a complication of surgery or as an infection that spreads through the blood from another site. (medlineplus.gov)
Rethinking the Molecular Diagnostics for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (medscape.com)
Hospital-Onset Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Is A Better Measure Than MRSA Bacteremia for Assessing Infection Prevention: Evaluation of 50 US Hospitals. (medscape.com)

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , major pathogens of nosocomial infections were effectively controlled by the extracts at various concentrations and root extract exhibited significant activity against Penicillium sp. (scialert.net)
Here, we investigated bacterial attachment, cell alignment and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on periodic nano-pillar surfaces with different pillar spacing. (rsc.org)
To test the effectiveness of the super slippery surface, the study's lead author Noah MacCallum, an exchange undergraduate student at SEAS, exposed treated and untreated medical tubing to Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus epidermidis , which are common pathogenic bacteria that form biofilms and are the most common culprits in blood and urinary infections. (zmescience.com)
The carboxybetaine precursors undergo rapid, self-catalysed hydrolysis at the water/material interface and provide critical anti-fouling properties that lead to undetectable bacterial attachment and zero biofilm formation after six months of constant exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis under the static condition in a nutrient-rich medium. (european-coatings.com)
Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolate in 2001 followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas in 2002 coliform bacteria were the highest, fol- lowed by P. aeruginosa. (who.int)
Staphylococcus epidermidis était l'isolat le plus fréquent en 2001, suivi de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alors qu'en 2002, les colibacilles étaient les plus répandus, suivis de P. aeruginosa. (who.int)

As a demonstration, we show the preparation of silicone-coated polyurethane catheters and significant reduction of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on the catheter surface. (medgadget.com)
Publishing their results today in the journal Biomedical Materials , the team from the National University of Ireland Galway show that stabilised collagen scaffolds loaded with a particular antibiotic were able to prevent both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis from forming. (phys.org)

Baicalin acts as an adjuvant to potentiate the activity of azithromycin against Staphylococcus saprophyticus biofilm: an in vitro, in vivo, and molecular study. (greenmedinfo.com)
Rutin partially inhibits biofilm formation in Staphylococcus xylosus ATCC700404 in vitro and in vivo. (greenmedinfo.com)
Any drug impairing crucial processes for bacterial life will inevitably lead to the development of drug-resistant strains, whereas the inhibition of biofilm formation might prevent the onset of bacterial resistance. (intechopen.com)
Planar and tubular geometry silicone substrates can be infused with nontoxic silicone oil to create a stable, extremely slippery interface that exhibits exceptionally low bacterial adhesion and prevents biofilm formation. (medgadget.com)
Surface topography designed to achieve spatial segregation has shown promise in delaying bacterial attachment and biofilm growth. (rsc.org)
In particular, surface modifications that physically create rational surface topographies have attracted attention in recent years, and have shown to inhibit bacterial attachment and biofilm growth without the use of antimicrobials. (rsc.org)
They can require long hospitalisation periods to disturb and treat bacterial biofilm formation. (phys.org)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a bacteria that thrives in warm, moist environments and is a common bacteria in the human microbiome. (wikipedia.org)
It is this bacteria that is primarily responsible for foot odor because feet have more sweat glands than any other part of the body and thus are often moist, which creates an ideal environment for Staphylococcus epidermidis to live in. (wikipedia.org)
Since it has anti-bacterial properties, it basically serves as protection that prevents bacteria from getting into your pores. (sisterhoodagenda.com)
I was Subject 26 in testing a living bacterial skin tonic, developed by AOBiome, a biotech start-up in Cambridge, Mass. The tonic looks, feels and tastes like water, but each spray bottle of AO+ Refreshing Cosmetic Mist contains billions of cultivated Nitrosomonas eutropha, an ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) that is most commonly found in dirt and untreated water. (purewatergazette.net)
Studies like the Human Microbiome Project, a national enterprise to sequence bacterial DNA taken from 242 healthy Americans, have tagged 19 of our phyla (groupings of bacteria), each with thousands of distinct species. (purewatergazette.net)
While most microbiome studies have focused on the health implications of what's found deep in the gut, companies like AOBiome are interested in how we can manipulate the hidden universe of organisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) teeming throughout our glands, hair follicles and epidermis. (purewatergazette.net)
Bacterial attachment is favoured on recessed portions of patterned surfaces, and bacteria tend to attach preferentially to patterns in the micro or nanometre range rather than to smooth surfaces. (rsc.org)
A small study from Portugal found that wine tasters have fewer nasal bacteria and less diverse bacterial species than non-wine tasters. (theconversation.com)
Moreover, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the clinical environment is dramatically growing, making treatment of bacterial infections very challenging. (who.int)
With widespread antibiotic resistance cropping up in many strains of infection-causing bacteria, developing out-of-the-box strategies to protect patients from bacterial biofilms has become a critical focus area for clinical researchers," said Wyss Institute Founding Director Donald Ingber , who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital and Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard SEAS. (zmescience.com)
To determine the detection limit and analytical specificity, pure genomic DNA of 18 bacteria include 12 standard strains (one S. epidermidis and 11 non- S. epidermidis ) and six clinical isolates (five S. epidermidis and one non- S. epidermidis ) were used. (ajmb.org)
The 400 bp sequence of S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 was identified as the most specific sequence (Se400), having a 100% sequence similarity to S. epidermidis genomes but not with other bacteria. (ajmb.org)
Staphylococcal meningitis is caused by staphylococcus bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)

When I think about some of the most common bacterial infections people face, Streptococcus pyogenes comes to mind. (aboutdarwin.com)
Marraffini uses Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes as model systems for studying CRISPR immunity. (rockefeller.edu)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. (wikipedia.org)
The most frequently cultured bacterial species was Staphylococcus epidermidis, representing 27% of the isolates. (bmj.com)
As I dive deeper into the fascinating world of microbiology, I am amazed by the vast array of bacterial species that coexist in our bodies. (aboutdarwin.com)
2. Using a 10% solution of one bacterial species, and dispense 100 microliters into a sterile tube. (all-science-fair-projects.com)
A study published earlier this year , which is yet to be peer-reviewed, found that two bacterial species, Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis were associated with a decline in collagen levels - the scaffolding that keeps your skin young-looking. (theconversation.com)
A stochastic neutral model incorporating heightened local transmission has been previously shown to fit closely with genetic data for several bacterial species. (nih.gov)
The dichloromethane and ethanol extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial effect with MIC values for all bacterial species at 78 µg/ml and MBC values at 156.25 µg/ml. (thieme-connect.com)

We document linezolid dependence among 5 highly linezolid-resistant (LRSE) Staphylococcus epidermidis bloodstream isolates that grew substantially faster at 32 µg/mL linezolid presence. (cdc.gov)
Linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis (LRSE) isolates are limited worldwide ( 2 ), and few LRSE outbreaks have occurred ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
The result revealed the isolation of ten (10) fungal isolates and six (6) bacterial isolates. (bvsalud.org)

Herniation can sometimes occur in acute bacterial meningitis and other CNS infections as the consequence of severe cerebral edema or acute hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)
The bile ducts of patients with cholangiohepatitis are thought to be increasingly susceptible to bacterial seeding as a result of helminthic infections or as a consequence of malnutrition. (medscape.com)
Bacterial biofilms are a cause of countless challenging infections originating from implanted medical devices, urinary and intravenous catheters, and other clinical tools that interface with the human body. (medgadget.com)
It has been revealed that, the bioactive substances have influenced the antimicrobial properties of M. citrifolia which could be exploited to formulate novel drugs from plant origin against bacterial and fungal infections. (scialert.net)
3 Bacterial biofilms can cause persistent human infections and can foul the surface of medical devices. (rsc.org)
Recently, topical formulations for the eye and ear have appeared, expanding the options for the treatment of certain bacterial infections. (aafp.org)
Bacterial ear infections, such as necrotizing (malignant) otitis externa and otitis media in ears with intact tympanic membranes, require systemic treatment. (aafp.org)
They lead to bacterial growth and infections in animals, food products, and humans. (european-coatings.com)
Besivance ophthalmic is used to treat bacterial eye infections. (genericdoctor.com)
This medication treats only bacterial eye infections. (genericdoctor.com)
Besivance is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat bacterial infections of the eyes. (genericdoctor.com)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is the most frequently isolated pathogen from prostheses infections in the body. (ajmb.org)
S. epidermidis is the most commonly implicated pathogen in infections related to any form of an indwelling medical device 5 . (ajmb.org)

Some strains of S. epidermidis are highly salt tolerant and commonly found in marine environment. (wikipedia.org)
2021) isolated and identified salt tolerant strains of S. epidermidis (strains ISP111A, ISP111B and ISP111C) from Cliona viridis sponges of the Saint Martin's Island Area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. (wikipedia.org)
This decreased metabolism, in combination with impaired diffusion of antibiotics, makes it difficult for antibiotics to effectively clear this type of infection.S. epidermidis strains are often resistant to antibiotics, including rifamycin, fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and sulfonamides. (wikipedia.org)
Further, the extracts were tested against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains at different concentrations to determine the influence of phytochemicals. (scialert.net)
Maximum activity was observed on bacterial strains compared with fungal strains. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations of the seed oil varied between 3 to 10 mg/50 μL against all bacterial and fungal strains used in this study. (journaltocs.ac.uk)

Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. (wikipedia.org)
Infection usually is caused by bacterial organisms, but can also be due to viral or fungal organisms. (wheelessonline.com)
The presence of Staphylococcus in COVID-19 breast cancer patients may possibly be a consequence of nosocomial infection. (frontiersin.org)
More than 20% of people with implanted cardiac devices are infected by S. epidermidis , which in turn causes pain and purulence at the infection site and sepsis 6 . (ajmb.org)
If the patient's condition is serious and antibiotics have been given (potentially masking symptoms and hindering growth of organisms on culture), a bacterial infection is assumed to be present. (medscape.com)
E K Tsekoura et al, Battling bacterial infection with hexamethylene diisocyanate cross-linked and Cefaclor-loaded collagen scaffolds, Biomedical Materials (2017). (phys.org)
Bacterial wound cultures, together with clinical examination, are used to determine the presence of infection in wounds. (medscape.com)
Interpretation of a qualitative bacterial wound culture requires determination of whether the isolated organism is the cause of the infection or is a contaminant/part of normal skin flora. (medscape.com)
Quantification by semiquantitative and quantitative methods is used to further determine whether the isolated pathogen is a true infection by standard cutoff values for wound bacterial burden as outlined in Reference Range. (medscape.com)

Many key bacterial pathogens are frequently carried asymptomatically, and the emergence and spread of these opportunistic pathogens can be driven, or mitigated, via demographic changes within the host population. (nih.gov)

S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. (wikipedia.org)
Note: + = Positive, - = Negative, W = Weakly Positive The ability to form biofilms on plastic devices is a major virulence factor for S. epidermidis. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial cells can colonize surfaces and form biofilms that consist of microbial cells embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). (rsc.org)
Such bacterial biofilms tend to form on medical equipment, including surgery equipment heart valves, urinary catheters, intravenous catheters, and implants. (zmescience.com)

Traditionally, S. epidermidis diagnosis has been performed according to the biochemical tests and morphological characteristics. (ajmb.org)

Clonal diversity and geographic distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from Australian animals: Discovery of novel sequence types. (cdc.gov)

they represent a simplified regimen for the treatment of bacterial keratitis (corneal ulcers). (aafp.org)

Being part of the normal skin microbiota, S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory. (wikipedia.org)

Dependence on linezolid for bacterial growth has not been reported but has been described for other antimicrobial drugs ( 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Acute bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, and delays in instituting effective antimicrobial therapy result in increased morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
Un 40% de esos trabajos han sido publicados en revistas del primer cuartil entre las que destacan New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, Lancet Infectious Diseases, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Journal Clinical Microbiology, Journal Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Mayo Clinic Proceedings y Malaria Journal. (unav.edu)

It is sensitive to novobiocin, providing an important test to distinguish it from Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which is coagulase-negative, as well, but novobiocin-resistant. (wikipedia.org)

Actually, everyone has a specific bacterial ~flora~ (germ profile) on their skin and inside their bodies, so germs are totally natural. (buzzfeed.com)
Relipidium has been demonstrated in vivo to significantly increase skin hydration by twelve percent and to allow an increase of the beneficial germ staphylococcus epidermidis by factor two, both within two weeks. (basf.com)

The clinical isolate S. epidermidis RP62a harbors a CRISPR spacer that matches the nickase gene ( nes ) that is present in nearly all staphylococcal conjugative plasmids and prevents their spread. (rockefeller.edu)
Bacterial meningitis (including meningococcal meningitis , Haemophilus influenzae meningitis , and staphylococcal meningitis ) is a neurologic emergency that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)

In acute meningitis, regardless of presentation, a lumbar puncture (LP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination are indicated to identify the causative organism and, in bacterial meningitis, the antibiotic sensitivities. (medscape.com)

This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of bacterial contamination of operating theatres in Al Imam Ali Hospital in Baghdad, and the source of contamination. (who.int)

Bacterial meningitis must be the first and foremost consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients with headache, neck stiffness, fever, and altered mental status. (medscape.com)
The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is made by culture of the CSF sample. (medscape.com)
The LP is repeated if necessary to rule out partially treated bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
Bacterial meningitis. (medlineplus.gov)
Nath A. Meningitis: bacterial, viral, and other. (medlineplus.gov)

Linezolid resistance in S. epidermidis has been attributed to specific 23S rRNA mutations (G2576U, G2447U, U2504A, C2534U, and G2631U) ( 5 , 6 ), cfr gene ( 7 ), or mutations in ribosomal proteins L3, L4, and L22 ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Currently, bacterial resistance appears limited. (aafp.org)
Genome study of S. epidermidis revealed that it is fully equipped with genes supposed to offer resistance from the severe circumstances faced in surrounding environment, allowing it to remain longer in dry conditions in hospitals 4 . (ajmb.org)
Dissemination of Staphylococcus epidermidis ST22 With Stable, High-Level Resistance to Linezolid and Tedizolid in the Greek-Turkish Region (2008-2016). (medscape.com)

Moreover, the number of bacterial colonies obtained from periprosthetic tissues pretreated by MH was significantly higher than pretreated by other pretreatment methods ( P = 0.004). (researchsquare.com)

Unlike antibacterials that aim to inhibit cell growth, antivirulence therapies are based on the inhibition of bacterial virulence. (nature.com)

However, only collagen scaffolds loaded with 100 μg/ml of Cefaclor showed adequate antibacterial properties against both E-coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis . (phys.org)

Nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed by using Lasergene software (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA) and compared with those of the linezolid-susceptible S. epidermidis (LSSE) strain ATCC12228 (GenBank accession no. (cdc.gov)

Linezolid is highly effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

One of the most isolated members of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group is Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) . (ajmb.org)

Such methods are time-consum-ing (sometimes up to several days) and do not reliably distinguish S. epidermidis from other CoNS. (ajmb.org)

Clinical and experimental data suggest that coliforms may then result in portal bacteremia by bacterial translocation as a result of this epithelial damage. (medscape.com)
En mayo de 2007 obtuve el Certificate of Training in Molecular Biological Techniques en el Department of Molecular Biology y desde Junio de 2008 a Junio de 2009 completé el Certificate in Clinical Research en el Center for Translational Science Activities en Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester Minnesota. (unav.edu)

We propose that bacterial nanotubes are produced to aid in cell-surface or cell-cell connections. (rsc.org)
Surface patterning is an important determinant of bacterial attachment. (rsc.org)

The mean airborne bacterial load in the two hospitals ranges from 8.5cfu/min to 172.5cfu/min and 5.5cfu/min to 64.5cfu/min for UBTH and Central hospital in the wet season. (bvsalud.org)

These inter-host transmission dynamics combine with basic evolutionary parameters such as rates of mutation and recombination, population size and selection, to shape the genetic diversity within bacterial populations. (nih.gov)
Whilst many studies have focused on how molecular processes underpin bacterial population structure, the impact of host migration and the connectivity of the local populations has received far less attention. (nih.gov)
The skin is host to abundant bacterial populations, the composition of which is modulated substances secreted by the skin. (ernolaszlo.com)

Differential Effects of Chlorhexidine Skin Cleansing Methods on Residual Chlorhexidine Skin Concentrations and Bacterial Recovery. (medscape.com)

It is obtained through bacterial fermentation - yeast hydrolysate, biofermented by lactobacillus plantarum - and contains no antibiotic or prebiotic activities. (basf.com)

Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) is characterized by a recurrent syndrome of bacterial cholangitis that occurs in association with intrahepatic pigment stones and intrahepatic biliary obstruction. (medscape.com)

All pure DNA templates from S. epidermidis generated a detectable amplicon by 264 bp length, but the PCR test was negative for the non- S. epidermidis group. (ajmb.org)

This bacterium colonizes mucous membranes and the skin, accounting for the majority of the bacterial flora in this environment 1-3 . (ajmb.org)

Since the first step in designing a NAAT is to find a specific sequence and all DNA targets that have been introduced so far are not completely specific, we introduced a new 100% specific DNA target sequence to identify S. epidermidis in this study. (ajmb.org)
Modified comparative genomic analysis was used to find the best specific target sequence to detect S. epidermidis . (ajmb.org)
The Se400 sequence can be considered as a specific target for detecting S. epidermidis, based on our findings. (ajmb.org)

The physical barrier of the skin largely arises from the structure of the stratum corneum, which consists of multiple layers of dead, flattened cells and glycolipids that together defend against mechanical insults and work with the acid mantle and other substances secreted by the skin to ward off bacterial invasion. (ernolaszlo.com)

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