• Current projects examine variation in genomes and proteins of bacteria, archaea, and viruses, while considering the ecological importance of diversification in shaping microbial partnerships. (mbl.edu)
  • Retroelement-guided protein diversification abounds in vast lineages of Bacteria and Archaea. (mbl.edu)
  • Results showed that the microbiome comprised 93% bacteria, 0.29% archaea, and 3.87% unidentified microbes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although the human gut offers a rich source of phage genomic diversity, the virome so far has been explored to a much lesser extent than the whole community (metagenome), composed of viruses, bacteria, and archaea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Valentine and Blair Paul, also of UCSB, along with scientists from UC Berkeley, UC San Diego and UCLA, showed that DGRs are active in the lineages of certain recently discovered archaea -- primitive, single-celled, bacteria-like microorganisms. (ucsb.edu)
  • The researchers analyzed more than 500 microbial genomes out of a pool of 2,500 and found that the majority of a certain class of archaea, as well as a yet-to-be-characterized categories of organisms closely related to bacteria, appear to have DGRs. (ucsb.edu)
  • Handa, S, BG Paul , JF Miller, DL Valentine, and P Ghosh (2016) Conservation of the C-type lectin fold for accommodating massive sequence variation in archaeal diversity-generating retroelements. (mbl.edu)
  • Some "Quimbyviridae" phages possess Diversity-Generating Retroelements (DGRs) that generate hypervariable target genes nested within defense-related genes, whereas the previously known targets of phage-encoded DGRs are structural genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These genetic elements, called diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs), let microbes target their own genes for accelerated mutation. (ucsb.edu)
  • Before the discovery of msDNA in myxobacteria, a group of swarming, soil-dwelling bacteria, it was thought that the enzymes known as reverse transcriptases (RT) existed only in eukaryotes and viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • These discoveries suggest that reverse transcriptase played a role in the evolution of viruses from bacteria, with one hypothesis stating that, with the help of reverse transcriptase, viruses may have arisen as a breakaway msDNA gene that acquired a protein coat. (wikipedia.org)
  • These problems are being investigated in systems that range from bacteria and bacteriophage to yeast to human cells and their viruses. (berkeley.edu)
  • Immune modulation by parasites may influence susceptibility to bacteria and viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This technique could also make it possible to selectively edit, activate, or silence genes in certain species of bacteria living in a natural community such as the human microbiome, the researchers say. (mit.edu)
  • 13][14][15] Genes responsible for antibiotic resistance in one species of bacteria can be transferred to another species of bacteria through various mechanisms of HGT such as transformation, transduction and conjugation, subsequently arming the antibiotic resistant genes' recipient against antibiotics. (nursingclassessays.org)
  • Analysis of CRISPR spacers indicates that phages of all three putative families infect bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anti-microbial - Some tiles of ceramic tiles even show anti-microbial properties that can suppress and may be even able to destroy harmful microorganisms like bacteria, virus and fungi. (malabary.in)
  • Since then, his laboratory has focused on three complementary directions: the regulation of retroelements' activities, the search for functional endogenous retroviruses, and their role in physiological and pathological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that the only stable evolutionary consequence in simple cells is maintenance of retroelements in low numbers, and that retrotransposition in eukaryotes must be finely tuned to allow proliferation. (aps.org)
  • Translation initiation, in both eukaryotes and bacteria, requires essential elements such as mRNA, ribosome, initiator tRNA, and a set of initiation factors. (cnrs.fr)
  • In 2014, he and Farzadfard developed a way to employ bacteria as a " genomic tape recorder ," engineering E. coli to store long-term memories of events such as a chemical exposure. (mit.edu)
  • Here we test this hypothesis by determining the pressures retroelements exert on simple genomes. (aps.org)
  • The finding that DGRs are relatively widespread in tiny bacteria is of great interest because these elements likely contribute to the incredible diversity of protein sequences found in these organisms," said co-author Jill Banfield of UC Berkeley. (ucsb.edu)
  • These microorganisms can be 500 times smaller than bacteria like E. coli ," said University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) microbiologist David Valentine. (ucsb.edu)
  • Sequence comparison of msDNAs from Myxococcus xanthus, Stigmatella aurantiaca, and many other bacteria reveal conserved and hypervariable domains reminiscent of conserved and hypervariable sequences found in allorecognition molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogenetic evidence suggests that the ancestral eukaryotic cell emerged as a result of invasion and proliferation of retroelements, selfish mobile genetic elements that copy and paste themselves within a host genome. (aps.org)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • In other words: is there any scientific study whereby they have extracted the DNA of, for instance, some bacterium, let that bacterium reproduce and extracted the DNA of this direct offspring, and then, when they compared the DNA they have indisputably concluded that genetic insertion has taken place in this reproduction? (stackexchange.com)
  • This enables us to perform genome editing and DNA writing outside of laboratory settings, whether to engineer bacteria, optimize traits of interest in situ, or study evolutionary dynamics and interactions in the bacterial populations. (mit.edu)
  • We transferred two retroelements, human LINE-1 and the bacterial group II intron Ll.LtrB, into bacteria, and find that both are functional and detrimental to growth. (aps.org)
  • The presence of such domains is significant because myxobacteria exhibit complex cooperative social behaviors including swarming and formation of fruiting bodies, while E. coli and other pathogenic bacteria form biofilms that exhibit enhanced antibiotic and detergent resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • We find, surprisingly, that retroelement lethality and proliferation is enhanced by the ability to perform eukaryotic-like nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair. (aps.org)
  • The new DNA writing technique, which the researchers call HiSCRIBE, is much more efficient than previously developed systems for editing DNA in bacteria, which had a success rate of only about 1 in 10,000 cells per generation. (mit.edu)
  • Bacteria resistant - Ceramic tile is inhospitable to the growth of other organism. (malabary.in)
  • The past 15 years opened new avenues for retrovirus and retroelement research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So I predict that, like the directed mutation controversy, the long-term outcome of this work will be identification of additional confounding factors in the analysis of mutation rates rather than of a clever risk management strategy in the bacteria. (fieldofscience.com)
  • This study aimed to identify plastic-degrading bacteria from the plastisphere and their pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential. (bvsalud.org)