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MicrotubulesEukaryoticProteinsCILIUM or FLAGELLUMBasalCentriolesCentrioleRadialEukaryotesOuterDynein armsCiliaryStructuresTubulinMicrotubule doubletsDistalCilia beatElectronMotile ciliaTrypanosomatidsSperm flagellaParasitesBacterialCellsEukaryoteFibresMotilityDefectsPlasmodiumProjectionsOrganismsStructuralComprisesSensoryMolecularSingle flagellumProteinMitochondrialDifferEuglenaConsistsPairsStructureSpeciesFigures

Microtubules21

• A flagellum (plural, flagella ) is a long, whip-like projection or appendage of a cell composed of microtubules (long, slender, protein tubes) and used in motility. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Eukaryote flagella are similar to cilia -another structure that extends out from the surface of cell and is used for movement-in that both are composed of nine pairs of microtubules (nine microtubule doublets) arranged around its circumference and one pair of microtubules (two microtubule siglets) running down the center, the 9 + 2 structure (Towle 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Unlike bacteria, eukaryote flagella have an internal structure comprised of nine doublets of microtubules forming a cylinder around a central pair of microtubules. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The most widespread form of the axoneme has a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules: nine doublets surrounding a pair of singlets (the central pair microtubules), with radial spokes extending from each of the peripheral doublets toward the central pair. (rupress.org)
• Coordinated beating and bend propagation of cilia and flagella are generated by active sliding of peripheral doublet microtubules driven by ensembles of various types of dyneins. (rupress.org)
• In most eukaryotic cilia or flagella, an axoneme shaft has 20 microtubules arranged in nine doublets and two singlets. (umassmed.edu)
• Cilia and flagella move because of the interactions of a set of microtubules inside. (cytochemistry.net)
• Two of these microtubules join to form one doublet in the cilia or flagella This is shown in the middle panel. (cytochemistry.net)
• Like Cilia and Flagella, Centrioles are also made of microtubules. (cytochemistry.net)
• A centriole can also serve as the initiator for a more complex array of microtubules, called an 'axoneme,' which is the array of nine doublet microtubules that comprises the motile core of every cilium and flagellum. (cellimagelibrary.org)
• the formation of a cilium or flagellum and the assembly of a centrosome, which will in turn organize many of a cell's cytoplasmic or mitotic microtubules. (cellimagelibrary.org)
• Axonemal dynein causes sliding of microtubules in the axonemes of cilia and flagella and is found only in cells that have those structures. (wikipedia.org)
• Motile cilia and flagella, such as those found in the human trachea and the flagellum found on sperm cells , have axonemes that contain two additional microtubules running up the central axis. (sciencing.com)
• The nine basal body microtubules provide the template for building the axoneme. (sciencing.com)
• Motile cilia/flagella normally have two central single microtubules - the central pair, resulting in an overall "9+2" axoneme organisation. (pberghei.eu)
• The '9+2' axoneme in most motile flagella comprises nine outer doublet and two central-pair singlet microtubules. (ox.ac.uk)
• Thus kinesin-13 positively regulates the axoneme length, influences the properties of ciliary tubulin, and likely indirectly, through its effects on the axonemal microtubules, affects the ciliary dynein-dependent motility. (emory.edu)
• The axoneme is a bundle of microtubules that is surrounded by a membrane that is a component of the plasma membrane and is 1 to 2 nm in length and 0.2 m in diameter. (risingacademy.org)
• There are nine outside pairs of microtubules, known as doublets, and two centre singlet microtubules, each with 13 protofilaments, embedded in the ciliary matrix that fills each axoneme. (risingacademy.org)
• However, unlike centrioles, cilia and flagella feature a centre pair of microtubules, leading to the term "9 + 2 axoneme" for the total structure. (risingacademy.org)
• Cilia or flagella are composed of nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of singlet microtubules called the central pair (CP). (go.jp)

Eukaryotic6

• In eukaryotic cells , flagella are active in movements involving feeding and sensation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Dynein transports various cellular cargos , provides forces and displacements important in mitosis , and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella . (wikipedia.org)
• Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are highly conserved structures composed of a canonical 9+2 microtubule axoneme. (ox.ac.uk)
• Flagella are important for eukaryote cell motility, including in sperm, and are vital for life cycle progression of many unicellular eukaryotic pathogens. (ox.ac.uk)
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ in composition. (risingacademy.org)
• Eukaryotic flagella have far more proteins than motile cilia and share some of their motion and control mechanisms. (risingacademy.org)

Proteins8

• These proteins include dynein, a molecular motor that can cause flagella to bend, and propel the cell relative to its environment or propel water or mucus relative to the cell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• SPAG16 encodes 2 major proteins that associate with the axoneme of sperm tail and the nucleus of postmeiotic germ cells, respectively (Zhang et al. (antibodies-online.com)
• The tubulin proteins in flagella and cilia are of the alpha and beta variety. (sciencing.com)
• Basal bodies regulate the entry of proteins into the axoneme and play a role in cell division . (sciencing.com)
• Simultaneous ablation of both proteins produced slow growth and paralysis of the flagellum with consequent effects on organelle segregation. (ox.ac.uk)
• GFP fusion proteins of both PACRG homologues localised along the full length of the axoneme. (ox.ac.uk)
• We found that the MIA1 and MIA2 genes encode conserved coiled-coil proteins, FAP100 and FAP73, respectively, which form the modifier of inner arms (MIA) complex in flagella. (emory.edu)
• In this study, we re-evaluated the CP proteins by conducting a similar comprehensive CP proteome analysis comparing the mass spectrometry results of the axoneme sample prepared from Chlamydomonas strains with and without CP complex. (go.jp)

CILIUM or FLAGELLUM2

• The basal body also orients and positions the cilium or flagellum, which is critical to the correct movement of fluids within the axoneme. (sciencing.com)
• The dynein arms press on the neighbouring outer doublets, causing a sliding movement to happen between adjacent outer doublets, using ATP generated by mitochondria near the base of the cilium or flagellum as fuel. (risingacademy.org)

Basal8

• Cilia and flagella are comprised of a microtubular backbone, the axoneme, which is organized by the basal body and surrounded by plasma membrane. (antibodies-online.com)
• What Do Basal Bodies That Form Cilia and Flagella Originate From? (sciencing.com)
• Basal bodies are the organelles needed to form cilia and flagella. (sciencing.com)
• A basal body serves as the root from which flagella and cilia sprout and anchor to the cell. (sciencing.com)
• The basal body transitions into a structure called an axoneme , which forms the skeleton of the flagellum or cilium. (sciencing.com)
• Basal bodies perform several functions important to cilia and flagella activities. (sciencing.com)
• Axoneme arises from a basal granule, the blepharoplast or kinetosome. (wandofknowledge.com)
• The basal body, an intracellular granule that starts from the centrioles and is located in the cell cortex, is related to the axoneme. (risingacademy.org)

Centrioles2

• Cilia and flagella are organized from centrioles that move to the cell periphery. (cytochemistry.net)
• Centrioles control the direction of cilia or flagella movement. (cytochemistry.net)

Centriole2

• Recently we have discovered that cytoplasmic cilia are formed due to the migration of the cilium gate (the transition zone) away from the centriole exposing the axoneme to the cytoplasm. (utoledo.edu)
• At the base of the flagellum of a mammalian spermatid, the juxtanuclear proximal centriole is continuous (at the arrow) with a structure of simila. (cellimagelibrary.org)

Radial2

• Radial spoke protein 9 is necessary for axoneme assembly in Plasmodium but not in trypanosomatid parasites. (ox.ac.uk)
• Sliding is changed into bending because the arms are activated in a certain order both inside and outside the axoneme and because the radial spokes and inter-doublet linkages limit how much sliding is possible. (risingacademy.org)

Eukaryotes7

• The flagellum of eukaryotes usually moves with an "S" motion and is surrounded by cell membrane . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Prokaryotes may have one or many flagella for locomotion, but these differ significantly from flagella in eukaryotes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The structural similarity of cilia and eukaryote flagella, and the substantial differences between flagella in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, is such that some authorities group cilia and eukaryote flagella together and consider cilium simply a special type of flagellum-one organized such that many flagella (cilia) may work in synchrony (Patterson 2000). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• In Protozoa - a diverse group of single-celled, microscopic or near-microscopic protist eukaryotes that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals-those organisms with flagella ( flagellates ) are generally placed in the phylum Zoomastigina (or Mastigophora), whereas those with cilia (ciliates) are placed in phylum Ciliophora. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• These structures are quite unrelated to the flagella of eukaryotes . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Motile cilia (also interchangeably called "flagella") are conserved organelles extending from the surface of many animal cells and play essential functions in eukaryotes, including cell motility and environmental sensing. (emory.edu)
• Cilia or flagella of eukaryotes are small micro-hair like structures that are indispensable to single-cell motility and play an important role in mammalian biological processes. (go.jp)

Outer9

• Ci-Axp66.0 was partly extracted from the axonemes by a high salt solution and co-purified with outer arm dynein. (bioone.org)
• These results suggest that Ci-Axp66.0 is a component of the outer arm dynein docking complex in the axonemes of Ciona sperm. (bioone.org)
• In the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar axoneme, at least 11 dynein heavy chains (three outer arm and eight inner arm) exist, and each could play crucial and distinct roles in proper flagellar functions ( Kagami and Kamiya, 1992 ). (rupress.org)
• The zone of overlap consisted of uniquely organized centriolar adjunct material, partly forming electron dense areas to finally form an outer ring separating the mitochondrial derivatives from the 9 + 9 + 2 axoneme. (up.ac.za)
• The core of cilia and flagella is the axoneme, a cylindrical structure composed of 9 outer microtubule doublets. (pberghei.eu)
• Our results provide the first evidence for PACRG function within the axoneme, where we suggest that PACRG acts to maintain functional stability of the axonemal outer doublets of both motile and sensory cilia and flagella. (ox.ac.uk)
• A typical flagellum consists of an elongate, stiff axial filament, the axoneme , enclosed by an outer sheath. (wandofknowledge.com)
• In axonemes from mutants that lack both the outer dynein arms and the MIA complex, I1 dynein failed to assemble, suggesting physical interactions between these three axonemal complexes and a role for the MIA complex in the stable assembly of I1 dynein. (emory.edu)
• Morphological and ultrastructural analyses of the axoneme in the sperm flagellum demonstrated the complete loss of both the inner and outer dynein arms (IDA and ODA, respectively). (unisi.it)

Dynein arms1

• Noteworthy, TEM analysis of the axoneme from respiratory cilia showed that dynein arms, although either IDAs and/or ODAs seldom missing on some doublets, are still partly present in each observed section. (unisi.it)

Ciliary1

• Proteome of the central apparatus of a ciliary axoneme. (umassmed.edu)

Structures4

• Many microorganisms and cell types contain cilia or flagella , which are hair-like or whip-like structures projecting from the cell wall into the external environment. (sciencing.com)
• Locomotory organelles in Protozoa include pseudopodia, flagella, cilia and pellicular contractile structures. (wandofknowledge.com)
• Complex filamentous cytoplasmic structures like cilia and flagella are projecting through the cell wall. (risingacademy.org)
• Cytosol fills cilia and flagella all the way to their tips, and the ATP in that cytosol is used to produce force along the length of both structures. (risingacademy.org)

Tubulin2

• Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into cilia and flagella axonemes, which is required for their stability and maintenance. (stjohnslabs.com)
• One protein (flagellin), which bears no resemblance to tubulin or dynein, makes up the bacterial flagellum, a specialised component of the extracellular cell wall. (risingacademy.org)

Microtubule doublets1

• Moreover, using transmission electron microscopy, structural defects were seen in the axoneme, with microtubule doublets missing from the canonical 9+2 formation. (ox.ac.uk)

Distal2

• The occurrence of missing doublets increased toward the distal end of the flagellum and sequential loss of doublets was observed along individual axonemes. (ox.ac.uk)
• Cryo-electron tomography of mia mutant axonemes revealed that the MIA complex was located immediately distal to the intermediate/light chain complex of I1 dynein and structurally appeared to connect with the nexin-dynein regulatory complex. (emory.edu)

Cilia beat1

• The mutant cilia beat slowly and axonemes showed reduced velocity of microtubule sliding. (emory.edu)

Electron2

• Bacterial flagella are entirely outside the cell membrane (plasma membrane) and are normally visible only with the aid of an electron microscope . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Figure 329 from Chapter 14 (Sperm Flagellum) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. This electron micrograph shows a transverse section through the midpiece of Chinese hamster spermatozoa. (ucsd.edu)

Motile cilia2

• Flagella and motile cilia have highly ordered and precisely assembled superstructures, called axonemes. (rupress.org)
• Male infertility is often associated with PCD, since the ultrastructure of the axoneme in the sperm tail is similar to that of the motile cilia of respiratory cells. (unisi.it)

Trypanosomatids1

• Here we describe Vickermania , a new genus of fly midgut-dwelling parasites that bear two flagella in contrast to other trypanosomatids, which are unambiguously uniflagellate. (biomedcentral.com)

Sperm flagella3

• Biallelic mutations in Sperm flagellum 2 cause human multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) phenotype. (nih.gov)
• Loss-of-function mutations in SPEF2 cause multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). (nih.gov)
• Homozygous mutations in SPEF2 induce multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella and male infertility. (nih.gov)

Parasites1

• Since these parasites cannot attach to the midgut wall, they were forced to shorten the period of impaired motility when two separate flagella in dividing cells interfere with each other. (biomedcentral.com)

Bacterial4

• In some bacterial species, the flagella twine together helically outside the cell body to form a bundle large enough to be visible in a light microscope . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Bacterial flagella are helical filaments that rotate like screws. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The mechanism used by bacterial flagella is substantially different. (risingacademy.org)
• The bacterial flagellum is totally propelled by the rotary motor at its base, much like a boat's propeller. (risingacademy.org)

Cells5

• In a multicellular organism, cilia or flagella can also extend out from stationary cells that are held in place as part of a tail goes into a layer of tissue. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The connection between the flagella ensures their coordinate movement until the separation of the daughter cells. (biomedcentral.com)
• One conclusion made in this study is that the flagellum of sperm cells are formed in a unique way that we named cytoplasmic ciliogenesis, as in this type of ciliogenesis the cilium axoneme is exposed to the cytoplasm. (utoledo.edu)
• Long, hair-like projections called flagella (plural: flagellum) protrude from the plasma membrane and are used to transport whole cells. (risingacademy.org)
• The number of cilia on the cell surface is significantly greater (ciliated cells typically contain hundreds of cilia, whereas flagellated cells possess a single flagellum). (risingacademy.org)

Eukaryote2

• The term undulipodium is used for an intracellular projection of a eukaryote cell with a microtuble array and includes both flagella and cilia. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• A eukaryote cell usually only has about one or two flagella. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Fibres2

• In axoneme, nine longitudinal peripheral paired fibres form a cylinder, which surrounds the two central longitudinal fibres, enclosed by a membranous inner sheath. (wandofknowledge.com)
• Fibres of axoneme remain embedded in a fluid matrix. (wandofknowledge.com)

Motility2

• Flagella glycylation controls sperm motility. (stjohnslabs.com)
• PF2 and its homologues appear to be universal components of motile axonemes that are required for DRC assembly and the regulation of flagellar motility. (umn.edu)

Defects2

• Novel mutations in SPEF2 causing different defects between flagella and cilia bridge: the phenotypic link between MMAF and PCD. (nih.gov)
• Moreover, immunofluorescence of DNAH1, which is used to check the assembly of IDA, and DNAH5, which labels ODA, demonstrated that these complexes are absent along the full length of the flagella in the spermatozoa from the proband, which was consistent with the IDA and ODA defects observed. (unisi.it)

Plasmodium3

• Plasmodium species have a flagellum in one critical stage of the life cycle: during sexual development, when flagellate male gametes fertilise female gametes. (pberghei.eu)
• In contrast, Plasmodium has a reduced set of RSPs including a single RSP9 orthologue, deletion of which in Plasmodium berghei leads to failure of axoneme formation, failed male gamete release, greatly reduced fertilisation and inefficient life cycle progression in the mosquito. (ox.ac.uk)
• This indicates contrasting selection pressures on axoneme complexity, likely linked to the different mode of assembly of trypanosomatid versus Plasmodium flagella. (ox.ac.uk)

Projections1

• Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell. (cytochemistry.net)

Organisms1

• Movement of a unicellular organisms by flagella can be relatively swift, whether it be Euglena with its emergent flagellum or a sperm cell with its flagellum. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Structural2

• Detailed structural analysis showed that neither orthologue is needed for axoneme assembly in Leishmania. (ox.ac.uk)
• An accurate and adaptable 3-D structural computer model of the axoneme has been built at a resolution of 4 nm. (elsevierpure.com)

Comprises1

• The principal piece is the part of the flagellum that comes after the midpiece and comprises most of the flagellum. (lishkolab.org)

Sensory1

• Cilia and flagella function to propel a motile cell, move external materials around a fixed cell or act as non-motile sensory elements. (sciencing.com)

Molecular1

• Molecular mechanism regulating axoneme activation in marine fish: a review. (upv.es)

Single flagellum1

• A sperm cell moves by means of a single flagellum. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Protein1

• Immunolocalization studies show that the PF2 protein is distributed along the length of the axoneme, where it is part of a discrete complex of polypeptides. (umn.edu)

Mitochondrial1

• Accessory bodies arising from the zone of overlap are flanked by smaller to large mitochondrial derivatives into the anterior flagellum. (up.ac.za)

Differ1

• Cilia and flagella have the same basic structure and differ only in that flagella are longer than cilia. (sciencing.com)

Euglena1

• Flagella are the locomotor organelles of flagellate Protozoa, like Euglena , Trypanosoma , etc. (wandofknowledge.com)

Consists1

• 3. End piece: it consists of the axoneme covered by the flagellar membrane ( sperm cell membrane). (online-sciences.com)

Pairs1

• However, flagella are longer and typically occur singly or in pairs, or at least much smaller numbers than cilia, which occur in large numbers (Towle 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Structure3

• The flagella connect to each other throughout their whole length and carry a peculiar seizing structure with a paddle-like apex and two lateral extensions at their tip. (biomedcentral.com)
• Cilia and flagella have the same internal structure. (cytochemistry.net)
• Cilia, characteristic of Ciliata, resemble flagella in their basic structure. (wandofknowledge.com)

Species1

• The first detailed characterization of this species pointed to the presence of two united flagella [ 18 ], a peculiar feature proposed to be diagnostic for the genus Herpetomonas . (biomedcentral.com)

Figures2

• Figures 333 (left) and 334 (right) from Chapter 14 (Sperm Flagellum) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. Left, longitudinal section of the junction of midpiece and principle piece from sper. (ucsd.edu)
• Figures 342 (upper) and 343 (lower) from Chapter 14 (Sperm Flagellum) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. Cross sections of spermatozoa from the caddis fly (Polycentropus, upper) and mosqui. (ucsd.edu)