Axonal technique synapses. Medical search. Frequent questions

Retrograde tracing techniques allow for detailed assessment of neuronal connections between a target population of neurons and their inputs throughout the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
These techniques allow the "mapping" of connections between neurons in a particular structure (e.g. the eye) and the target neurons in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
We analyzed the developmental expression and subcellular distribution of synapsin III in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons and its role in neurite elongation and synapse formation. (jneurosci.org)
Using electrophysiological, imaging, and immunohistochemical techniques, we show here that blockade of excitatory synaptic receptors for 2 to 3 d induces an up-regulation of both synaptic transmission at CA3-CA3 connections and intrinsic excitability of CA3 pyramidal neurons. (hal.science)
Further support for the down-regulation of axonal Kv1.1 channels in activity-deprived neurons was the broadening of action potentials measured in the axon. (hal.science)
But when they knocked out the gene called " trol " that encodes Perlecan in flies, they saw that the neurons appeared to "retract" many synapses at a late stage of larval development. (neurosciencenews.com)
Colbert CM, Johnston D (1996) Axonal action-potential initiation and Na+ channel densities in the soma and axon initial segment of subicular pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
Understanding how neurons manage to replace these unstable components and retain the information encoded in synapses is one of neuroscience's greatest challenges. (ru.nl)
Consequently, the intrinsic properties and pairwise interactions of their constituent neurons can be characterized, including analyses of their communication via gap junctions, action potential-gated synapses or graded synapses. (degruyter.com)
Each neuron has hundreds of dendrites, receiving messages from other neurons, adjacent or far away, via the synapses, allowing for innumerable connection possibilities. (encyclopedia.com)
The number of dendrites-i.e., the branches of neurons that make synaptic connections-also increases, as does the number of synapses (Klintsova & Greenough, 1999). (encyclopedia.com)
These neurons interconnect with each other via axons and dendrites and form colossal junctions called a synapse. (internationallnewsupdates.com)
2. Define important structural and functional features of neurons/synapses that contribute to diversity in neuronal subtypes/circuits. (studylib.net)
Organizational Principles in the Nervous System 100-105 per mRNA 1011 neurons 1011 - 1012 non-neuronal ~20,000 genes 5-100 mRNA's per gene >1014 synapses SPAUN - 2.5-million neuron model of visual function >106 miles of myelin Schwanhausser et al 2011, Azevedo et al. (studylib.net)
A technique called 3D electron microscopy allowed the connections between the neurons in the clock brain region to be seen directly. (elifesciences.org)
Individual neurons in addition show reduced size of dendritic and axonal arborization. (ijpmonline.org)
This balance is determined in part by the number and function of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, the excitability of input and output neurons and the ability of microcircuits to compensate for synaptic alterations, known as synaptic homeostasis. (sfari.org)
With the recent development of sophisticated genetical, optical and electrical techniques it has become clear that many key neuron types (e.g., cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, cerebellar Purkinje cells) are highly complicated I/O information processing devices. (biorxiv.org)
As a result of local nonlinear dendritic processing, a train of output spikes are generated in the neuron axon, carrying information that is communicated, via synapses, to thousands of other (postsynaptic) neurons. (biorxiv.org)
By the time patients have cognitive symptoms, many changes have already occurred in neurons and synapses. (lu.se)

After being taken up at the synaptic terminal or axon of the target neuron, the rabies virus is enveloped in a vesicle which is transported towards the cell body via axonal dynein. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we studied the synaptic expression mechanisms for deprivation-induced weakening of L4-L2/3 inputs and assessed its similarity to LTD, which is known to be expressed presynaptically at L4-L2/3 synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Similar weakening occurred when deprivation began at older ages (P20), when synapses are mostly mature, indicating that weakening is unlikely to represent a failure of synaptic maturation but instead represents a reduction in the strength of existing synapses. (jneurosci.org)
We conclude that regulation of the axonal Kv1.1 channel constitutes a major mechanism linking intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength that accounts for the functional synergy existing between homeostatic regulation of intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission. (hal.science)
Recent advancements of neuromodulation techniques emerge as promising tools for enhancing stroke recovery, such as transcranial electric stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, which can induce short- and long-term changes of synaptic excitability to restore the impaired functions in stroke patients. (bnmjournal.com)
Investigating the dynamics of the synaptic proteome homeostasis is fundamental for our deeper understanding of the synapse operation in healthy and diseased brains. (ru.nl)
While aiming to develop a synaptic device for neuromorphic applications, the team also explored a material system that mimicked neuronal bodies and axonal network connectivity, similar to that in the biological system. (internationallnewsupdates.com)
For instance, preassembled units of synaptic proteins are transported in vesicles to synapses to provide building blocks for the active zone, which is necessary for rapid fusion of synaptic vesicles 7 . (nature.com)
How does protein synthesis regulate synaptic strength and axonal outgrowth? (uga.edu)
Furthermore, by transmitting electron microscopy of Nazartinib S-enantiomer cockroach acinar cells, axonal information with several synaptic vesicles have already been observed not merely for the acinar surface area but also inlayed between central cells [5,15]. (concernforhealth.org)
In contrast to the axonal origin of voltage-sensitive dye signals, hVOS signals represent predominantly post-synaptic responses. (stanford.edu)

In the entire case of neuronal development and Distance-43, palmitoylation works as a competent cellular mechanism to regulate the structure and redecorating of something as powerful and plastic being a neuronal synapse in the developing human brain. (epf2013.org)
Surprisingly, he found that only a few random cells were stained black, providing an unprecedented technique to study neuronal morphology with impressive detail (still utilized to this day). (studylib.net)
These forms of circuit plasticity involve recruitment of homologous neuronal pathways, inhibition of aberrant electrical signaling, and formation of new connections through synaptogenesis and axonal sprouting throughout the brain and spinal cord ( Murphy and Corbett, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
Age-related neuronal dysfunction probably involves a host of subtle changes involving the synapses, receptors, neurotransmitters, cytological alterations, electrical transmission, leading to cognitive dysfunction. (ijpmonline.org)

Retrograde tracing is a research method used in neuroscience to trace neural connections from their point of termination (the synapse) to their source (the cell body). (wikipedia.org)
The opposite technique is anterograde tracing, which is used to trace neural connections from their source to their point of termination (i.e. from cell body to synapse). (wikipedia.org)
Littleton's lab had developed a technique for daily imaging of fly neural development called serial intravital imaging. (neurosciencenews.com)
In general, these techniques allow the excitation and synchronization of the neural activity after stroke, which could potentially induce long-term potentiation. (bnmjournal.com)
Stroke rehabilitation can be achieved via neuroplastic processes such as synapse strengthening, neural circuit rewiring, axonal sprouting, spinogenesis and neurogenesis, which allow the brain to change and adapt to damage following stroke. (bnmjournal.com)
Therefore, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may result from a GABA synapse dysfunction that disturbs neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)
We trained deep neural networks (DNNs) to mimic the I/O behavior of a detailed nonlinear model of a layer 5 cortical pyramidal cell, receiving rich spatio-temporal patterns of input synapse activations. (biorxiv.org)
they accelerate axonal transmission of neural impulses. (msdmanuals.com)

and play a role in synapse formation. (jneurosci.org)
Do reported variants in genes that regulate autophagy, or cellular self-ingestion, play a role in synapse elimination? (sfari.org)

Branco T, Staras K, Darcy KJ, Goda Y (2008) Local dendritic activity sets release probability at hippocampal synapses. (thestaraslab.org)

We here argue that electrical coupling - in addition to chemical synapses - may therefore contribute to the formation of at least some cell assemblies in adult animals. (degruyter.com)
Several autism-risk genes affect the function of chemical synapses. (sfari.org)

The applicant will test the hypothesis that the depolarizing action of these inhibitory neurotransmitters represents a novel cellular mechanism for activity-dependent refinement of developing inhibitory synapses. (neurotree.org)

Some works suggest that the recipient limb is repopulated with regenerating collateral axonal sprouts from the donor nerve that go on to form functional synapses. (wustl.edu)
This happens on the level of micro-anatomy (brain synapses), of functional networks, on the brain as a whole and on the level of the individual and even beyond individuals. (encyclopedia.com)
Rey SA, Smith CA, Fowler MW, Crawford F, Burden JJ, Staras K (2015) Ultrastructural and functional fate of recycled vesicles in hippocampal synapses. (thestaraslab.org)

The study used a specialized imaging technique to observe the sequence of axon breakdown leading to synapse retraction in fruit flies. (neurosciencenews.com)
Looking segment by segment they found that where axons were breaking down, synapse loss would soon follow, suggesting that axon breakage was the cause of the synapse retraction. (neurosciencenews.com)
They used novel imaging techniques to observe changes in both axon morphology and organelle transport - with high resolution in both space and time - in several different animal models of ALS. (mytum.de)

In the VPL, a synapse is made with a third-order neuron that travels to area 3b of the parietal sensory cortex. (medscape.com)

Oddly enough, GAP-43 proteins appearance in axons continues to be unchanged between development and the ultimate development of older synapses[26]. (epf2013.org)
Recently I have demonstrated that local production of proteins is a shared feature of both side of the synapses 4 . (ru.nl)

Rapid advances in live imaging of targeted cellular morphologies and functions underpin the emerging revolution in our understanding of synapses, circuits, and behaviour. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
In activity-deprived circuits, CA3-CA3 synapses were found to express a high release probability, an insensitivity to dendrotoxin, and a lack of depolarization-induced presynaptic facilitation, indicating a reduction in presynaptic Kv1.1 function. (hal.science)
Your project seems to fit the Channels, Synapses & Circuits cluster . (nih.gov)
At the Giardino lab, Yihe aims to leverage imaging techniques and slice electrophysiology to investigate the underlying mechanism of addiction and sleep disorders in BNST neuropeptide circuits. (stanford.edu)

Moreover, in more general biological terms, our results also speak to the relationship between axonal transport disruptions and degeneration - which might not be as tight as we assumed. (mytum.de)
The Shaffer Grant allowed me to focus on understanding the molecular signaling pathways controlling axonal degeneration. (glaucoma.org)

Current research questions range from mechanisms and functions of subcellular protein localization in axonal development and functions to the molecular mechanisms of yippee-like genes in synapse development. (unr.edu)
Without that protein in Drosophila fruit flies, researchers at The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory found axonal segments can break apart during development and the connections, or synapses, that they form end up dying away. (neurosciencenews.com)
Instead, they were investigating a hypothesis that Perlecan might help organize some of the protein components in synapses that fly nerves develop to connect with muscles. (neurosciencenews.com)
Quantitative technique to analyse protein levels in lysates of tissues. (studylib.net)
The new method, which uses so-called "caged compounds" that can be turned on with light, could lead to more intricate studies of such important but poorly understood processes, such as protein synthesis in nerve synapses. (uga.edu)

In this technique, the transected end of an injured nerve, representing the "recipient" is sutured to the side of an uninjured "donor" nerve. (wustl.edu)
That suggested that a lack of Perlecan might not be a problem at the synapse, but instead causes trouble along axons due to its absence in the extracellular matrix surrounding nerve bundles. (neurosciencenews.com)
One of the ways neurodegenerative diseases manifest themselves is in the loss of axons - essentially, the transmission lines for electrical signals in individual nerve cells - and synapses, the key sites for communication between them. (mytum.de)
Ulnar nerve repair by the silicone chamber technique. (lu.se)
Nerve repair and axonal transport. (lu.se)

The development of molecular radio astronomy and infra red techniques and the information they yield on the composition of the interstellar medium: interstellar clouds, stellar envelopes etc. (blogspot.com)
Our technique will enable scientists to conduct experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms of learning and memory at the molecular and cellular level," said Dore. (uga.edu)

Thus, whisker deprivation weakens L4-L2/3 synapses by decreasing presynaptic function, similar to known LTD mechanisms at this synapse. (jneurosci.org)
Staras K (2007) Share and share alike: trading of presynaptic elements between central synapses. (thestaraslab.org)

These signals then traverse a synapse in the dorsal column nuclei at the cervicomedullary junction. (medscape.com)

Either compression or epineurotomy with inevitable axotomy were required to facilitate axonal regeneration into the recipient limb. (wustl.edu)

Another technique involves injecting special "beads" into the brain nuclei of anaesthetized animals. (wikipedia.org)
A central unanswered question is whether map plasticity involves activity-dependent changes in synapse strength, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). We address this question by studying the loss of cortical responsiveness to deprived sensory inputs. (jneurosci.org)
Together with Misgeld's research group, they observed axonal organelle transport in living tissue in real time - and in a way that enabled them to track the movement of individual mitochondria - using a novel imaging approach that involves transgenic labeling. (mytum.de)
A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)

Hamill OP, Marty A, Neher E, Sakmann B, Sigworth FJ (1981) Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches. (yale.edu)
At these websites, the axonal information are without glial wrappings and also have an electron-dense plaque for the Nazartinib S-enantiomer axonal membrane sometimes, indicating a dynamic zone. (concernforhealth.org)

This Cajal course will assemble, as international faculty, leading experts in developing and exploiting cutting-edge imaging techniques that have been propelling such advances. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
In 1906, Cajal and Camillo Golgi (the Italian physician-scientist who developed the tissue staining technique that Cajal used) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system. (nih.gov)

Diwakar S, Magistretti J, Goldfarb M, Naldi G, D'Angelo E (2009) Axonal Na+ channels ensure fast spike activation and back-propagation in cerebellar granule cells. (yale.edu)
Finally, initial data claim that the serotonin-positive varicosities aswell as the dopamine-positive varicosities from the acinar cells colocalize having a marker for synapses (O. Baumann, D. Khnel, P. B and Dames. (concernforhealth.org)

Hámori J, Somogyi J (1983) Differentiation of cerebellar mossy fiber synapses in the rat: a quantitative electron microscope study. (yale.edu)
Culture techniques: Applicability for studies on prenatal differentiation and toxicity: 5th symposium on prenatal development, May, 1981, Berlin. (cdc.gov)

The suppression of synapsin III after axonal elongation did not affect the time course of synapse formation. (jneurosci.org)

Using state-of-the-art methods such as metabolic labeling of nascent proteomes and super-resolution microscopy techniques as well as omics-approaches I want to characterize and investigate synapses -with a strong focus on the presynapse- transcriptome and proteome dynamics. (ru.nl)

Broken nerves eventually led to the synapses retracting," said study senior author Troy Littleton, Menicon Professor in MIT's Departments of Biology and Brain and Cognitive Sciences. (neurosciencenews.com)

The review focuses on discussing the neuroplastic mechanisms of those brain stimulation techniques in stroke rehabilitation, also including some new options for neuromodulation which have great potential in stroke rehabilitation, such as optogenetic stimulation and environmental stimulation. (bnmjournal.com)

Kim lab takes advantage of cutting-edge approaches including advanced genetics, microscope imaging, biochemical and cell biological techniques using Drosophila (fruit flies) as model system. (unr.edu)
The study found that in the absence of Perlecan, axons in Drosophila fruit flies broke apart during development, leading to the death of their connections or synapses. (neurosciencenews.com)

Whole-brain volumetric microscopy techniques such as serial two-photon tomography (STPT) can provide detailed information on the roles of neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity throughout the whole brain post-stroke. (frontiersin.org)

They applied it to watch what happened to the fly axons and synapses over a four-day span. (neurosciencenews.com)
They observed that while fly axons and synapses developed normally at first, not only synapses but also whole segments of axons faded away. (neurosciencenews.com)

To illustrate our imaging techniques and automated image quantification, we examined long-term post-stroke motor circuit connectivity in mice that received a motor cortex photothrombotic stroke. (frontiersin.org)

Using these models, it is possible to account for nearly all of the above experimental phenomena and to explore conditions that are not accessible with current experimental techniques. (biorxiv.org)

Both the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of axonal transport. (wikipedia.org)
This suggests that, at least for ALS, axonal organelle transport may be an unsuitable therapeutic target. (mytum.de)

A team of scientists from Bengaluru's Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) has developed a device that can emulate the cognitive actions of a human brain, and is more efficient than conventional techniques. (internationallnewsupdates.com)

Distance-43 is certainly palmitoylated during axonal development cone branching and expansion, but isn't palmitoylated during development cone maturation[24,25]. (epf2013.org)
The technique could also be used in drug discovery and development, though it is much more likely to be used in advancing knowledge about biological systems. (uga.edu)

Marra V, Burden JJ, Thorpe J, Smith I, Smith SL, Hausser M, Branco T, Staras K (2012) A preferentially segregated recycling vesicle pool of limited size supports neurotransmission in native central synapses. (thestaraslab.org)

In this review, recent advances in brain stimulation techniques related to stroke recovery are discussed. (bnmjournal.com)
Knowledge about brain functioning and structure has been growing enormously during the past five decades, thanks to increasingly sophisticated brain imaging techniques. (encyclopedia.com)
Evaluating the effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques like TMS in treating treatment-resistant depression and anxiety disorders. (pencis.com)

Whisker deprivation increased the paired pulse ratio at L4-L2/3 synapses and slowed the use-dependent block of NMDA receptor currents by MK-801 [(5 S ,10 R )-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate], indicating that deprivation reduced transmitter release probability at these synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Branco T, Staras K (2009) The probability of neurotransmitter release: variability and feedback control at single synapses. (thestaraslab.org)

In addition, because only the palmitoyl group is radiolabeled, this technique cannot be used to quantitatively study the dynamic, and equally important, de-palmitoylation event. (epf2013.org)

Kemenes G*, Staras, K*, Nikitin, ES* (2018) A BK-channel-mediated feedback pathway links single-synapse activity with action potential sharpening in repetitive firing. (thestaraslab.org)

Anatomy56

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations3

Health Care2

Neurons20

Synaptic11

Neuronal4

Neural8

Play a role in synapse2

Dendritic1

Chemical synapses2

Inhibitory synapses1

Functional3

Axon3

Neuron1

Proteins2

Circuits4

Degeneration2

Protein5

Nerve5

Molecular2

Presynaptic2

Dorsal1

Regeneration1

Involves4

Membrane2

Cajal2

Cells2

Differentiation2

Formation1

Investigate1

Nerves1

Mechanisms1

Fruit flies2

Microscopy techniques1

Axons2

Connectivity1

Experimental1

Transport2

Cognitive1

Development2

Central1

Brain3

Release2

Addition1

Action-potential1