Axonal nerve degeneration. Medical search. Frequent questions

Peripheral nerve injury may result in demyelination, axonal degeneration, or both. (medscape.com)
Clinically, both demyelination and axonal degeneration result in disruption of sensory function, motor function, or both in the injured nerve. (medscape.com)
Pathologic findings in nerves consist of demyelination with remyelination, axonal degeneration, or both. (merckvetmanual.com)
Pathologic findings in peripheral nerves consist of demyelination or remyelination and axonal degeneration. (merckvetmanual.com)
The disease is characterized by inflammation within the brain and spinal cord, demyelination (loss of the insulating layer of myelin from around nerve fibres), and neuronal and axonal degeneration. (ucl.ac.uk)
This suggests that, in most cases, axonal damage is the root cause of the neuropathy, not demyelination. (medscape.com)
On the other hand, axonal damage can result in secondary demyelination. (medscape.com)
5,6 Segmental demyelination and Wallerian degeneration are repair mechanisms that are relevant to traumatic nerve injury, whereas axonal degeneration is more characteristically seen in metabolic and toxic nerve disorders such as diabetes mellitus and renal failure. (uspharmacist.com)

Depending on the severity and degree of nerve injury, recovery of function occurs with remyelination and with axonal regeneration and reinnervation of the sensory receptors, motor end plates, or both. (medscape.com)
Peripheral nerves respond to injury or disease in one or more of the following ways: segmental remyelination, Wallerian degeneration, and axonal degeneration. (uspharmacist.com)

In the late 1960s, neurophysiologic testing allowed the classification of CMT into 2 groups, one with slow nerve conduction velocities and histologic features of a hypertrophic demyelinating neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 or CMT1) and another with relatively normal velocities and axonal and neuronal degeneration (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 or CMT2). (medscape.com)
The presence of these inclusions does not correlate with signs of axonal and neuronal degeneration, and axotomy leads to their gradual disappearance, indicating that they represent reversible structures. (biomedcentral.com)

Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon degeneration are common features of many neurodegenerative conditions including retinal degenerations. (tcd.ie)
To investigate the potential role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions in the observed effects of EQ, we measured total mtDNA deletion burden in the distal sciatic nerve. (nature.com)
RIPK1 inhibition prevented mitochondrial fragmentation in vitro and in vivo, a typical feature of necrotic death, and inhibition of mitochondrial fission by Mdivi also resulted in reduced axonal loss in damaged nerves. (lu.se)

CIP and CIM have similar symptoms and presentations and are often distinguished largely on the basis of specialized electrophysiologic testing or muscle and nerve biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
Nerve biopsy would show axonal neuropathy, but it is no longer indicated. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, laboratory evidence of diabetes mellitus, and nerve biopsy. (merckvetmanual.com)
A sural nerve biopsy specimen revealed prominent axonal degeneration. (jamanetwork.com)
EMG/NCS can be used to guide a nerve biopsy, if necessary. (medscape.com)
The most accessible tissue sites for biopsy include the skin, sural nerve, testes, and skeletal muscle. (medscape.com)
If a neuropathy occurs after a delay or in a territory remote from the surgical site, an inflammatory-immune mechanism should be considered, and if possible, a nerve biopsy for confirmation should be performed to ensure that the best treatment is given. (neupsykey.com)

In myelinated nerve fibers, each axon is surrounded by the endoneurium. (medscape.com)
Groups of nerve fibers are surrounded by the perineurium to form fascicles, and groups of fascicles are surrounded by the internal and external epineurium. (medscape.com)
5 New blood vessels may also contribute to the growth and development of new sensory nerve fibers. (dirjournal.org)
5 The common pain experienced by people with knee OA is likely a result of a combination of factors, including chronic inflammation, mechanical stress, and the development of unmyelinated nerve fibers along sites of neovascularity and chronic inflammation. (dirjournal.org)
His research has defined the ion channel architecture of nerve fibers, and demonstrated its importance for axonal conduction ( Science , 1985). (yale.edu)
B , Longitudinal paraffin slides reacted to CD-68 show colocalization of macrophages with degenerating nerve fibers. (neupsykey.com)
Regarding axonal regeneration, coaptation allowed recovery of greater number of myelinated fibers, with improved morphometric parameters. (hindawi.com)
Nerve fibers outside the spinal cord join to form anterior (ventral) motor nerve roots and posterior (dorsal) sensory nerve roots. (msdmanuals.com)
Peripheral nerves are bundles of nerve fibers. (msdmanuals.com)

Distal nerve transfers are used to recover distal extremity motor function. (medscape.com)
3 The axon's continuity is retained, and although conduction across the nerve injury is inhibited, conduction within the nerve both proximal and distal to the lesion remains intact. (uspharmacist.com)
3,4 Axonotmesis leads to Wallerian degeneration , a process whereby the part of the axon that is separated from the neuronal cell body disintegrates distal to the injury. (uspharmacist.com)
Although SF3B2 is involved in RNA splicing, how it links with molecular machinery that mediates distal axon degeneration in peripheral neuropathy is incompletely understood. (nature.com)
The term peripheral nerve refers to the part of a spinal nerve distal to the root and plexus. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurotoxicology Toxic neuropathy characterized by degeneration in the distal segments of large-diameter axons (dis- tal axonopathy) is a common morphological reaction 24 of the peripheral nervous system to exogenous toxins (2, 3). (cdc.gov)

Traditionally, CMT pathophysiology has been categorized into 2 processes: a predominant demyelinating process resulting in low conduction velocities (CMT1) and a predominant axonal process resulting in low potential amplitudes (CMT2). (medscape.com)
More recently, it has been shown that the pathophysiology of axonal subtypes is characterised besides axonal degeneration by reversible conduction failure and that AMAN and AMSAN which share a common immunological profile and electrophysiological features represent a continuum in the axonal GBS spectrum. (bmj.com)

Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM) are overlapping syndromes of diffuse, symmetric, flaccid muscle weakness occurring in critically ill patients and involving all extremities and the diaphragm with relative sparing of the cranial nerves. (wikipedia.org)
The weakness may progress over hours to days to involve the arms, truncal muscles, cranial nerves, and muscles of respiration. (medscape.com)
Cranial and autonomic nerves are not affected in POEMS syndrome. (dermnetnz.org)
It includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves from their origin to their end. (msdmanuals.com)

Laryngeal Hemiplegia in Horses Laryngeal hemiplegia is a progressive neuropathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, leading to atrophy and dysfunction of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, an important abductor for the. (merckvetmanual.com)
Peripheral neuropathy (disorder of peripheral nerves ) is often prominent, causing weakness in the feet and later in the arms. (dermnetnz.org)
The diagnosis of GBS is clinical but may be aided by electrophysiology which is also important to characterise the two main electrophysiological subtypes: acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), which is sensory and motor and displays demyelinating changes on nerve conduction studies, and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), which is primarily axonal and thought to be purely motor. (bmj.com)
There are also axonal forms with sensory involvement described as acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). (bmj.com)

The future in peripheral nerve injuries lies in maximizing motor and sensory recovery after nerve injury. (medscape.com)
For optimal outcome after surgery, knowledge of motor and sensory fascicular topography within the nerve is essential to ensure correct alignment of the motor and sensory fascicles. (medscape.com)
Depending on the severity of nerve injury, recovery of motor and sensory function is variable. (medscape.com)
Overall, the present data suggest that acute repair of neonatal peripheral nerves with fibrin sealant results in neuroprotection and regeneration of motor and sensory axons. (hindawi.com)

6 In contrast, the nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) attempt to regenerate and reinnervate themselves. (uspharmacist.com)
Pharmacological inhibition of the necroptotic kinase RIPK1 using necrostatin-1 strongly delayed axonal degeneration in the peripheral nervous system and CNS of wild-type mice of either sex and protected in vitro sensory axons from degeneration after mechanical and toxic insults. (lu.se)

When the nerve injury is very proximal (eg, in brachial plexus injury or sciatic nerve injury), nerve regeneration may not occur quickly enough to permit muscle reinnervation. (medscape.com)
Sciatic nerve transection, early after birth, results in significant degeneration of spinal motoneurons as well as sensory neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia. (hindawi.com)
2. Mecobalamin normalizes axonal transport of skeletal protein in sciatic nerve cells. (avenzor.ae)
4. Mecobalamin restores end-plate potential early induction by increasing nerve fiber excitability in the crushed sciatic nerve. (avenzor.ae)

For example, in a lower trunk brachial plexus injury, reinnervation of the ulnar nerve intrinsic hand muscles is not possible due to the long period of muscle denervation because of the long distance necessary for nerve regeneration. (medscape.com)
Nerve regeneration. (omicsonline.org)
Therefore, this study evaluated neuroprotection and regeneration after neonatal peripheral nerve coaptation with fibrin sealant. (hindawi.com)
Neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and ultrastructural changes at ventral spinal cord were also investigated. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, exogenous treatment with neurotrophins transiently rescues a significant number of neurons, leading to the possibility of axonal regrowth and regeneration [ 19 , 20 ]. (hindawi.com)

6 Although many of these postbariatric surgery neuropathies were likely due to nutritional deficiencies or mononeuropathies due to compression, an inflammatory role (including possible microvasculitis) was confirmed on sural nerve pathology in some cases. (neupsykey.com)
Typical symptoms of relapses may be referable to demyelinating pathology involving the optic nerves (e.g. optic neuritis), brainstem (e.g. internuclear ophthalmoplegia) or spinal cord (e.g. partial myelitis), although non-specific symptoms referable to the cerebral hemispheres or other brain regions can also occur (Katz Sand and Lublin, 2013). (medscape.com)

Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) can be useful in revealing axonal nerve involvement and identifying asymmetry in nerve involvement. (medscape.com)
A detailed clinical examination, nerve conduction studies, and electromyography can help to differentiate. (boneandspine.com)
Nerve conduction studies and electromyography shows show demyelinating features [ not seen in idiopathic brachial neuritis]. (boneandspine.com)

Figure 42-1 Histopathology of sural nerve: severe axonal degeneration. (neupsykey.com)
Figure 42-2 Histopathology of sural nerve: evidence of microvasculitis. (neupsykey.com)

Millecamps, S. & Julien, J. P. Axonal transport deficits and neurodegenerative diseases. (nature.com)
In my laboratory researchers are examining the roles played by axonal cytoskeletal proteins in nervous system development, and in the etiology of Alzheimer's and other related neurodegenerative diseases. (uml.edu)
Through pharmacological and genetic approaches, we tested whether necroptosis, a regulated cell-death mechanism implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, is involved in axonal degeneration. (lu.se)

4 The prognosis for an injured nerve at this stage is good, and recovery occurs within weeks to months. (uspharmacist.com)
2 The prognosis for nerves at this stage is fair, and recovery may require months. (uspharmacist.com)
2 As with axonotmesis, neurotmesis initiates Wallerian degeneration, but the prognosis for nerves is poor. (uspharmacist.com)

We conclude that the rapid degeneration of RGCs after axotomy can be ascribed only partly to the loss of retrogradely transported trophic factors. (nih.gov)
Experimentally, a well-accepted model to mimic axotomy injury retrograde repercussion to spinal neurons is the neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy [ 13 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)

Neurotmesis , the most severe form of nerve injury, is associated with complete nerve division and disruption of the endoneurium. (uspharmacist.com)

Through mechanisms that at present can only be speculated about, myelin disturbances result in axonal damage. (medscape.com)
Neurons require specialized mechanisms of motor-facilitated signal transport for communication along long axonal distances to the cell body and the nucleus. (nature.com)
While the above study provides valuable information on possible mechanisms for loss of motor function with aging, and may provide targets for future drug developments, many research studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of alpha lipoic acid on oxidative stress, particularly as it relates to nerve dysfunction," stated Gerald Bruno, Ph.D. founder of Ethical Alternative Products. (thiogel.com)

When muscles lose stimulation from neurons, they can undergo degeneration. (wikipedia.org)
The classic motor deficits of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons, resulting in the loss of part of the neurons called axonal projections that modulate a cluster of nerve cells called the striatum. (michaeljfox.org)
Studying various markers for nerve damage, the authors found that oxidative stress was more detrimental to motor neurons than sensory neurons. (thiogel.com)

These recent findings provide a coherent mechanistic framework for axon-soma communication in the injured nerve and shed light on the integration of cytoplasmic and nuclear transport in all eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
Our results demonstrate that axonal degeneration proceeds by necroptosis, thus defining a novel mechanistic framework in the axonal degenerative cascade for therapeutic interventions in a wide variety of conditions that lead to neuronal loss and functional impairment. (lu.se)

Furthermore, electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that inhibition of necroptosis delays not only the morphological degeneration of axons, but also the loss of their electrophysiological function after nerve injury. (lu.se)

To distinguish between these two possibilities, we induced a reversible axonal transport blockade in the developing optic nerve by topical application of a local anesthetic (lidocaine). (nih.gov)
To the extent that an impairment of nerve function is reversible in initial phases, early identification may be important to prevent chronicity. (sjweh.fi)
Another perspective is that if a short induction period is followed by a reversible phase, surveillance of nerve conduction may be a responsive here-and-now assessment tool to guide workplace interventions to reach safe exposure intensities. (sjweh.fi)

Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)

Funduscopy now showed optic disc pallor and retinal vessel attenuation bilaterally ( figure 1 ), with thinning of the nasal retinal nerve fibre layer on optical coherence tomography ( figure 2 ). (bmj.com)
Optical coherence tomography showing thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) 1 month postquinine overdose. (bmj.com)
In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. (lu.se)

To address this challenge, the current program will systemically optimize the neuronal-axonal density (i.e., tune the "dose" of reestablished axonal inputs to the striatum) and the biomaterial encasement (i.e., more biodegradable and bioresorbable), ultimately towards the goal of consistent, sustained striatal dopamine levels and sustained amelioration of motor deficits. (michaeljfox.org)
To determine a potential mechanism for age-related deficits in peripheral nerves, the investigators examined functional and morphological changes in normal mice compared to changes in SOD1 deficient mice (a mouse model for increased oxidative stress). (thiogel.com)

The intercostal nerves are segmental. (msdmanuals.com)

1. Mecobalamin is well transported to nerve cell organelles than cyanocobalamin and plays the role of coenzyme in the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. (avenzor.ae)

The study data also suggested that axonal degeneration rather than myelin degeneration occurs during aging with increased levels of oxidative stress. (thiogel.com)

Does a defect of energy metabolism in the nerve fiber underlie axonal degeneration in polyneuropathies? (cdc.gov)
A , Teased fiber preparation demonstrates fulminant axonal degeneration. (neupsykey.com)
After a 7 week treatment period, 12-week-old db/db-vehicle, db/+ -vehicle and db/db-EQ treated animals were evaluated by nerve conduction, paw withdrawal against a hotplate, and fiber density in hindlimb footpads. (nature.com)

A great deal of information regarding the evaluation and treatment of traumatic nerve injuries came with the experience of treating wartime injuries. (medscape.com)
In traumatic nerve injury with large nerve gaps, nerve allografts have been described. (medscape.com)
With closed traumatic injuries or restoration of nerve continuity, axons may regenerate and thus reinnervate the motor end plates and sensory receptors. (medscape.com)
These conditions include but are not limited to artery or vein occlusion in diabetic retinopathy, hypoxic retina in retinopathy of prematurity, aging in age-related macular degeneration, expression of mutant proteins in inherited retinal degeneration, traumatic injury leading to retinal detachment, and light sensitivity in the case of light-induced retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)

This is not surprising given the strong evidence for interaction between myelin and axon gene expression in development and after experimental nerve lesions. (medscape.com)
Sometimes, the lesions involve individual peripheral nerves such as the axillary nerve, the suprascapular nerve, and the anterior interosseous nerve. (boneandspine.com)

Recent evidence suggests that the early calcium wave elicited by an axonal injury induces epigenetic changes in the nucleus, thereby priming the system for subsequent transcriptional events. (nature.com)

His research uses tools from the "molecular revolution" to find new therapies that will promote recovery of function after injury to the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. (yale.edu)
Because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column, the more caudal the spinal nerve, the further the foramen is from the corresponding cord segment. (msdmanuals.com)

He demonstrated increased expression of sodium channels in demyelinated axons ( Science , 1982), identified the channel isoforms responsible for this remarkable neuronal plasticity which supports remission in multiple sclerosis ( PNAS, 2004), and delineated the roles of sodium channels in axonal degeneration ( PNAS , 1993). (yale.edu)

thus, long-distance retrograde signalling from axonal lesion sites to the soma and nucleus is required. (nature.com)
Figure 2: Retrograde signalling via the JUN kinase pathway after an axonal lesion. (nature.com)

Hueter (1871, 1873) introduced the concept of primary epineurial nerve suture, and Nelaton described secondary nerve repair in 1864. (medscape.com)
4 Wrist drop secondary to prolonged external pressure that compresses the radial nerve at the spiral groove of the humerus is a clinical example of neurapraxia. (uspharmacist.com)

The data suggest that up-regulation of Nf expression in the retinal ganglion cells precedes development of RNFL atrophy and plausibly explains the transient increase of axonal diameter and RNFL thickening. (lu.se)

Protection of spatial vision is sustained over time in both sexes and is accompanied by increased RGC survival and additionally preservation of axonal density in optic nerves of Sarm1−/− mice insulted with rotenone. (tcd.ie)

The nervous system manifestations are typically limited to peripheral nerves, as the central nervous system is usually unaffected. (wikipedia.org)
1 Because nerve trauma is the most common form of nervous system trauma encountered in clinical practice, neuronal death due to trauma is an important clinical issue. (uspharmacist.com)
Axonal degeneration, which contributes to functional impairment in several disorders of the nervous system, is an important target for neuroprotection. (lu.se)

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an impairment of the median nerve at the wrist with symptoms including numbness, tingling, and pain in the radial part of the hand ( 1 ). (sjweh.fi)
Little is known about the time relation between entry into a job that entails high mechanical exposures to the wrist and the development and course of median nerve impairment. (sjweh.fi)

Affected cats often have unilateral or bilateral tibial nerve dysfunction, evident as a plantigrade stance. (merckvetmanual.com)

Respiratory difficulties can be caused by atrophy of the muscles between the ribs (intercostals), atrophy of the diaphragm muscle, and degeneration of the nerve that stimulates the diaphragm (phrenic nerve). (wikipedia.org)

To date, neonatal peripheral nerve repair following neurotmesis is largely limited due to technical drawbacks. (hindawi.com)

The scope of these studies encompassed diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma, retinal detachment, light-induced retinal degeneration, age-related macular degeneration, and inherited retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)

Seddon proposed a three-tiered model for nerve injury: neurapraxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis, in order of increasing severity. (uspharmacist.com)

It exhibits neuropathologically and electrophysiologically inhibitory effects on nerve degeneration in neuropathies induced by drugs such as adriamycin, acrylamide and vincristine. (avenzor.ae)

Several individual factors and subcellular events have been implicated in axonal degeneration, but researchers have so far been unable to identify an integrative signaling pathway activating this self-destructive process. (lu.se)
Activation of the necroptotic pathway early during injury-induced axonal degeneration was made evident by increased phosphorylation of the downstream effector MLKL. (lu.se)

ABSTRACT: Nerve injuries cause considerable loss of function in many individuals. (uspharmacist.com)

In a study of the US National Inpatient Sample database, Lad et al reported higher rates of median, ulnar, and radial nerve injuries as compared with brachial plexus injuries. (medscape.com)
Plexopathy refers to a disorder affecting nerves, blood or lymph vessels in the regions of the brachial or lumbosacral plexus, the two major plexus in the body. (boneandspine.com)
Brachial plexus is a complex interconnected network of nerves in the neck formed by contributions from C5 to T1 which divide reconnect and form peripheral nerves. (boneandspine.com)

Mononeuropathies Single mononeuropathies are characterized by sensory disturbances and weakness in the distribution of the affected peripheral nerve. (msdmanuals.com)

Degeneration of these cells was completely prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis during lidocaine application. (nih.gov)

Anatomy29

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes2

Demyelination8

Remyelination2

Neuronal degeneration2

Mitochondrial3

Biopsy7

Fibers9

Distal6

Pathophysiology2

Cranial4

Neuropathy4

Motor and sensory4

Peripheral nervou2

Sciatic nerve4

Regeneration5

Pathology2

Electromyography3

Sural Nerve2

Neurodegenerative diseases3

Prognosis3

Axotomy2

Severe1

Mechanisms3

Neurons3

Mechanistic framework2

Necroptosis1

Reversible3

Subtypes1

Retinal nerve fibre3

Deficits2

Segmental1

Cyanocobalamin1

Occurs1

Fiber3

Traumatic4

Lesions2

Induces1

Spinal cord2

Delineated the roles1

Retrograde2

Secondary2

RNFL1

Density1

Nervous system3

Impairment2

Dysfunction1

Atrophy1

Neonatal1

Macular1

Neurotmesis1

Neuropathies1

Pathway2

Abstract1

Plexus3

Disturbances1

Protein synthesis1