Axon terminal bipolar and amacrine cells retinal bipolar cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Unlike most neurons, bipolar cells communicate via graded potentials, rather than action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output neurons of the retina. (org.es)
Fig 5 shows an overview drawing of the development of mouse retinal neurons. (org.es)
Bipolar cells are the last neurons to differentiate. (org.es)
Similarly, most retinal neurons differentiate before birth in other mammals (Altshuler et al. (org.es)
The order of synaptogenesis of retinal neurons is somewhat different from the order of neurogenesis. (org.es)
This degeneration subsequently leads to death of other retinal neurons, creating functional alterations and extensive remodeling of retinal networks. (marclab.org)
Others, like jellyfish, lack a true brain and instead have a system of separate but connected nerve cells (neurons) called a "nerve net. (opentextbc.ca)
The nervous system is made up of neurons , specialized cells that can receive and transmit chemical or electrical signals, and glia , cells that provide support functions for the neurons by playing an information processing role that is complementary to neurons. (opentextbc.ca)
The cell bodies shown above are surrounded by "receptive nets" (A, B) formed by their own dendrites and the axons of neurons originating in the thoracic spinal cord. (nih.gov)
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of blindness and vision impairment, is suggested to exhibit functional and structural changes in retinal neurons as the earliest manifestation, which could be used to predict the progression of related angiopathy. (biomedcentral.com)
The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
cell body]] that sends electrochemical signals on to other neurons. (eyewire.org)
Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions. (lookformedical.com)
Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. (lookformedical.com)
Herein, we investigate how inflammatory mediators, including microglia, interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), and signaling through interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), influence the survival of retinal neurons in response to excitotoxic damage. (biomedcentral.com)
NMDA-induced damage included neuronal cell death, microglial reactivity, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and genes associated with IL1β-signaling in different types of retinal neurons and glia. (biomedcentral.com)
We conclude that reactive microglia provide protection to retinal neurons, since the absence of microglia is detrimental to survival. (biomedcentral.com)

As a part of the retina, bipolar cells exist between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)
Instead, rod bipolar cells synapse on to a Retina amacrine cell, which in turn excite cone ON bipolar cells (via gap junctions) and inhibit cone OFF bipolar cells (via glycine-mediated inhibitory synapses) thereby overtaking the cone pathway in order to send signals to ganglion cells at scotopic (low) ambient light conditions. (wikipedia.org)
OFF bipolar cells synapse in the outer layer of the inner plexiform layer of the retina, and ON bipolar cells terminate in the inner layer of the inner plexiform layer. (wikipedia.org)
Rod photoreceptors and rod-connected nerve cells through the retina are responsible for pathways concerned with night vision and increased sensitivity of our visual system under what is called scotopic conditions (conditions of very little ambient light). (utah.edu)
Both Golgi impregnation of single rod bipolar cells (Fig. 6) and immunocytochemical staining of rod bipolar cell populations with protein kinase C (PKC) (Fig. 7) show the characteristic morphology of the rod bipolar cell type in mammalian retina (Kolb et al. (utah.edu)
Two amacrine cells are key in the rod pathway circuitry through the mammalian retina (Fig. 10). (utah.edu)
R2A-immunoreactivity (R2A-IR) was noted in all layers of the retina, with specific localizations in the outer segments of red/green and blue cone photoreceptors, B-type horizontal cells, several types of amacrine cells, Müller cells and the majority of cells in the ganglion cell layer. (nih.gov)
Although the localization of the R2A subunit was anticipated in ganglion cells, amacrines and Müller cells, the presence of this receptor subunit to the cells in the outer retina was not expected. (nih.gov)
These findings support pharmacological data showing that NMDA directly facilitates GABA release in retina and retinal cultures [I.L. Ferreira, C.B. Duarte, P.F. Santos, C.M. Carvalho, A.P. Carvalho, Release of [3H]GABA evoked by glutamate receptor agonist in cultured chick retinal cells: effect of Ca2+, Brain Res. (nih.gov)
R.C. Kubrusly, M.C. deMello, F.G. deMello, Aspartate as a selective NMDA agonist in cultured cells from the avian retina, Neurochem. (nih.gov)
Since the majority of GABAergic synapses in the inner retina are onto both rod and cone bipolar axon terminals [R.G. Pourcho, M.T. Owzcarzak, Distribution of GABA immunoreactivity in the cat retina: A light and electron-microscopic study, Vis. (nih.gov)
These findings show that retinal functionality is not spatially homogeneous, likely reflecting ecological requirements that favour the early development of dorsal retina, and reflecting different roles in vision in the mature animal. (biorxiv.org)
Although the retina cannot experience patterned vision beforehand, it is remarkable that RGCs are already capable of encoding information originating from photoreceptors and transmit it to retinal central targets as soon as eyes open. (biorxiv.org)
Light responses of rod photoreceptor cells in the retina are encoded by changes in synaptic glutamate release that is in turn shaped by reuptake involving EAAT5 plasma membrane glutamate transporters. (bvsalud.org)
In the retina, RGCs synapse with bipolar and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) to receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs respectively. (org.es)
The last synaptic element to link photoreceptors in the outer retina and RGCs in the inner retina is the synaptic connection between bipolar cells and RGCs (Fig. 5A) (Stone et al. (org.es)
In this work, we constructed computational models of healthy and degenerated (both ON and OFF-type) cone bipolar cells (CBCs) with realistic morphologies extracted from connectomes of the healthy and early-stage degenerated rabbit retina. (marclab.org)
The results suggested that regardless of the position of the OFF CBCs in the retina model, there is not a significant difference between the membrane potential of healthy and degenerate cells when electrically stimulated. (marclab.org)
We have a new manuscript out in Experimental Eye Research, Model-Based Comparison of Current Flow in Rod Bipolar Cells of Healthy and Early-Stage Degenerated Retina . (marclab.org)
The various areas that he examines in his Retina study include Endocrinology, Postsynaptic potential, Retinal, Neurotransmission and Synapse. (research.com)
Functional architecture of synapses in the inner retina: segregation of visual signals by stratification of bipolar cell axon terminals. (research.com)
His work carried out in the field of Retina brings together such families of science as Receptive field, Neurotransmission and Cell biology. (research.com)
His main research concerns Retina, Retinal ganglion, Cell biology, Retinal ganglion cell and Ophthalmology. (research.com)
The study incorporates disciplines such as gamma-Aminobutyric acid, Biophysics, Retinal and Anatomy in addition to Retina. (research.com)
The various areas that Samuel M. Wu examines in his Cell biology study include Vertebrate retina, TFEB and Immunology. (research.com)
Samuel M. Wu spends much of his time researching Cell biology, Retina, Intraocular pressure, Retinal degeneration and Ophthalmology. (research.com)
His work in Retina covers topics such as Anatomy which are related to areas like Retinal. (research.com)
The inverted image of the objects projected to the retina, however can be processed at high resolution only at the central fovea, where light reaches the cone receptor cells directly. (9dok.org)
The neural signals initially processed by the retina travel via the axons of the ganglion cells through the optic nerves, dividing and partially crossing over into the optic chiasm and then travelling via the optic tracts to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). (medscape.com)
and finally reaches the photoreceptor cells of the retina. (medscape.com)
The receptor cells and the bipolar cells of the retina respond to light with graded electrotonic responses, rather than with all-or-nothing action potentials. (medscape.com)
The horizontal cells and the amacrine cells are responsible for lateral interactions within the retina. (medscape.com)
Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
Amacrine Cell:]]''' A type of neuron in the retina. (eyewire.org)
The synaptic inputs to a subtype of gamma cell with dendrites ramifying in the outer sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rabbit retina were identified in a retinal connectome developed using automated transmission electron microscopy. (marclab.org)
The synaptic inputs rsuggest that gamma cells in rabbit retina would have light responses like their homologs in mouse retina, OFF responses to small stimuli in the receptive field center that are suppressed by a variety of larger stimuli. (marclab.org)
The research demonstrates that dBET6 treatment effectively prevents retinal degeneration and reduces inflammation in the retina caused by exposure to excessive light. (stria.tech)

We have investigated the ontogeny of light-driven responses in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (biorxiv.org)
Nearly 50 different mouse retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types sample the visual scene for distinct features. (elifesciences.org)

They can synapse with either rods or cones (rod/cone mixed input BCs have been found in teleost fish but not mammals), and they also accept synapses from horizontal cells. (wikipedia.org)
Electron microscopy of the rod bipolar cell axons in the inner plexiform layer shows that they make ribbon synapses only upon amacrine cell profiles (Fig. 8). (utah.edu)
Because different subtypes of bipolar cells (Fig 1) (Euler and Wässle, 1995) and amacrine cells (Fig. 2) (MacNeil and Masland, 1998) have their axonal/dendritic terminals in the specific sublaminae of the IPL, it is crucial that dendrites of individual RGCs are also confined to specific strata in order to synapses with them. (org.es)
The synapses of amacrine cells in the IPL appear first. (org.es)
RGC feature selectivity arises from their synapses with a specific subset of amacrine (AC) and bipolar cell (BC) types, but how RGC dendrites arborize and collect input from these specific subsets remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)

Rod bipolar cells do not synapse directly on to ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)
The A17 is characterized by always making a return synapse known as a reciprocal synapse to the rod bipolar axon terminal. (utah.edu)
The bipolar cells synapse with the ganglion cells. (medscape.com)
It typically received only one synapse per bipolar cell from at least 4 types of OFF bipolar cells. (marclab.org)

They act, directly or indirectly, to transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)
disputed - discuss] The bipolar cells then transmit the signals from the photoreceptors or the horizontal cells, and pass it on to the ganglion cells directly or indirectly (via amacrine cells). (wikipedia.org)
As was pointed out in a previous section, only one morphological type of bipolar cell has been found to make connections with the rod photoreceptors. (utah.edu)
These are followed by the synaptic formation between photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the OPL. (org.es)
In retinal degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the photoreceptors become stressed and start to degenerate in the early stages of the disease. (marclab.org)
A potential treatment option for retinal degenerative diseases in the early stages can be stimulating bipolar cells, which receive presynaptic signals from photoreceptors. (marclab.org)
Abstract: Retinal degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa, are generally thought to initiate with the loss of photoreceptors, though recent work suggests that plasticity and remodeling occurs prior to photoreceptor cell loss. (marclab.org)
Light activates these photoreceptors, which modulate the activity of bipolar cells. (medscape.com)
The graded responses in the photoreceptors are the result of the photochemical process, but those in the bipolar cells are synaptically driven. (medscape.com)
A light flash decreases the dark current and hyperpolarizes the photoreceptors relative to the dark state, reducing the amount of inhibitory neurotransmitters released onto the bipolar cell. (medscape.com)
The bipolar cells and ganglion cells are organized in such a way that each cell responds to a small circular patch of photoreceptors, which defines the cell's receptive field. (medscape.com)

In photoreceptor cells, there is an abundance of cGMP in dark conditions, keeping cGMP-gated Na channels open and so, activating PDE diminishes the supply of cGMP, reducing the number of open Na channels and thus hyperpolarizing the photoreceptor cell, causing less glutamate to be released. (wikipedia.org)
His Anatomy research incorporates themes from Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells, Gap junction and Outer nuclear layer. (research.com)
His Cell biology research incorporates elements of Rhodopsin, Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells, Endocrinology and TFEB. (research.com)
Sodium influx ceases, resulting in hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cells. (medscape.com)

6.4 Development of retinal ganglion cell dendritic structure and synaptic connections. (org.es)
the dendritic arbor, the cell body, and the axon. (nih.gov)
The number of rod-bipolar cell dendritic boutons and axon terminals was significantly reduced in db/db mice relative to the db/+ mice, suggesting that diabetes may lead to compromised synaptic connectivity. (biomedcentral.com)
On the other hand, direction-selective RGCs require the IgSF contactin 5 (Cntn5) to grow dendritic branches in IPL layers bearing axons of their AC/BC partners. (elifesciences.org)

The bipolar cells, no longer inhibited, release neurotransmitters, which stimulate the ganglion cells to generate action potentials. (medscape.com)
Amacrine cells produce action potentials and enter into reciprocal synaptic relations with bipolar cells. (medscape.com)

RGCs differentiate first followed by amacrine cells, cones and horizontal cells. (org.es)

He works mostly in the field of Excitatory postsynaptic potential, limiting it down to topics relating to Lucifer yellow and, in certain cases, Cell morphology and GABAB receptor. (research.com)
Longitudinal changes in retinal function and morphology were assessed with electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively, at 9, 13, 17, and 25 weeks of age. (biomedcentral.com)
There are at least 30 distinct types of mammalian retinal ganglion cells, each sensitive to different features of the visual environment, and these can be grouped according to their morphology. (marclab.org)
Retinal function, morphology, photoreceptor viability and retinal inflammation were examined in the presence and absence of dBET6 treatment. (stria.tech)

Bipolar cells receive synaptic input from either rods or cones, or both rods and cones, though they are generally designated rod bipolar or cone bipolar cells. (wikipedia.org)
There are roughly 10 distinct forms of cone bipolar cells, however, only one rod bipolar cell, due to the rod receptor arriving later in the evolutionary history than the cone receptor[attribution needed]. (wikipedia.org)
In the dark, a photoreceptor (rod/cone) cell will release glutamate, which inhibits (hyperpolarizes) the ON bipolar cells and excites (depolarizes) the OFF bipolar cells. (wikipedia.org)
The AII is characterized by making gap junctions with neighboring cone bipolar or other AII profiles (Figs. 8 and 9). (utah.edu)
2 (1989) 425-435], we hypothesize that the NMDA-receptor plays a crucial role in providing feedback inhibition onto rod and cone bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
We have a new manuscript from the lab in IEEE, Impact of Retinal Degeneration on Response of ON and OFF Cone Bipolar Cells to Electrical Stimulation. (marclab.org)
Immunohistochemistry showed that the retinas of the db/db mice at 25 weeks were thinner at the outer and inner nuclear layers, with lower photoreceptor and cone cell densities compared with the db/+ mice. (biomedcentral.com)

We recently used pattern recognition analysis to show macula areas can be classified into statistically distinct clusters in accordance to their age-related retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) thickness change in a normal population. (marclab.org)

Finally, in silico modeling demonstrates that EAAT5-mediated autoinhibition may have a substantial impact on postsynaptic excitation of the downstream AII amacrine cell. (wustl.edu)
Samuel M. Wu has researched Inner plexiform layer in several fields, including Axon, Receptive field and Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Excitatory postsynaptic potential. (research.com)
The gamma cell was always postsynaptic in the IPL, confirming its identity as a ganglion cell. (marclab.org)

The cell death in retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinitis pigmentosa (RP), is often caused by the body's own immune system, which attacks retinal cells. (stria.tech)

in 6 instances, the bipolar cells presynaptic to the gamma cell or their electrically coupled neighbors also provided input to an amacrine cell that inhibited the gamma cell. (marclab.org)

The horizontal cells introduce lateral inhibition to the dendrites and give rise to the center-surround inhibition which is apparent in retinal receptive fields. (wikipedia.org)
Axons can be very long, are usually straight and thicker than dendrites. (eyewire.org)
These are from axons and long dendrites of GABAergic amacrine cells, and they provide 60% of all the input. (marclab.org)
Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. (lookformedical.com)

The horizontal cells and the amacrine cells complicate matters somewhat. (wikipedia.org)
While it is known that an important cell in the process is the horizontal cell, the exact sequence of receptors and molecules is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
The primary line of information transmission is from photoreceptor to bipolar cell to ganglion cell and then to the brain, but the amacrine and horizontal cells provide lateral transmission lines that can produce the complicated center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells. (medscape.com)
Like the bipolar cells, the horizontal cells receive their inputs from receptors, and they generate no spikes. (medscape.com)
Horizontal cell outputs inhibit (ie, reduce transmission at) nearby unilluminated receptor-bipolar cell synaptic junctions. (medscape.com)

The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are concentric, consisting of a roughly circular central area and a surrounding ring. (medscape.com)
Ganglion cells have 2 basic types of receptive fields: on-center/off-surround and off-center/on-surround. (medscape.com)

Briefly, IgSFs are adhesion molecules that bind to themselves (homophilic) or compatible IgSFs (heterophilic) across cell-cell junctions. (elifesciences.org)

In the inner nuclear layer, 48% of all cells residing in the amacrine cell layer were R2A-IR including a cell resembling the GABAergic A17 amacrine cell. (nih.gov)
Results showed that all GABAergic-amacrines and displaced amacrines express the R2A-subunit protein. (nih.gov)
R. Huba, H.D. Hofmann, Transmitter-gated currents of GABAergic amacrine-like cells in chick retinal cultures, Vis. (nih.gov)
M. Yamashita, R. Huba, H.D. Hofmann, Early in vitro development of voltage- and transmitter-gated currents in GABAergic amacrine cells, Dev. (nih.gov)

This allows for both divergence of the rod signal and collection (convergence) of signals from many rods and rod bipolars, by means of these amacrine cells, before synaptic output to ganglion cells. (utah.edu)
In mammals, modulation of the amplitude of dim visual signals primarily occurs at axon terminals of rod bipolar cells. (wustl.edu)
My combined results suggest that EAAT5 autoinhibition in rod bipolar cells modulates the rod signaling pathway, possibly tuned to prevent long-term changes in baseline depolarization while still allowing single-photon signals to pass in the dark and transient signals to pass in the twilight. (wustl.edu)

In a mouse model of hemorrhagic macular degeneration, treatment with minocycline prevents microglia accumulation in the sub-retinal space and increased photoreceptor survival [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, Zhu et al discuss the effects of a compound called dBET6 against retinal degeneration in response to light damage. (stria.tech)
Chronic inflammation significantly contributes to photoreceptor death in blinding retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). (stria.tech)
We recently found the first-generation BET inhibitor JQ1 alleviated sodium iodate-induced retinal degeneration by suppressing cGAS-STING innate immunity. (stria.tech)
Here, we investigated the effects and mechanism of dBET6, a proteolysis‑targeting chimera (PROTAC) small molecule that selectively degrades BET by the ubiquitin‒proteasome system, in light-induced retinal degeneration. (stria.tech)
Mice were exposed to bright light to induce retinal degeneration, and the activation of cGAS-STING was determined by RNA-sequencing and molecular biology. (stria.tech)
dBET6 also repressed LD-induced retinal macrophages/microglia activation, Müller cell gliosis, photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration. (stria.tech)
This study indicates targeted degradation of BET by dBET6 exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting cGAS-STING in reactive retinal macrophages/microglia, and is expected to become a new strategy for treatment of retinal degeneration. (stria.tech)

In light adaptation, rhodopsin is activated (ie, 11-cis -retinal is photoisomerized), and the attached G-protein (transducin) is also activated. (medscape.com)

1994). The immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy is now the most illustrative way of seeing the rod bipolar cells in mammalian retinas (Cuenca personal communication) (Fig. 7). (utah.edu)
2009. See also RGCs of human, cat and rabbit retinas in the ganglion cell chapter in Webvision ). (org.es)
Retinas were treated with IL1β prior to NMDA damage and cell death was assessed in wild type, IL-1R1 null mice, and mice expressing IL-1R1 only in astrocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Ablation of microglia with clodronate liposomes or Csf1r antagonist (PLX5622) resulted in elevated cell death and diminished neuronal survival in excitotoxin-damaged retinas. (biomedcentral.com)
Exogenous IL1β stimulated the proliferation and reactivity of microglia in the absence of damage, reduced numbers of dying cells in damaged retinas, and increased neuronal survival following an insult. (biomedcentral.com)

We recorded simultaneously from hundreds to thousands of RGCs at near pan-retinal level using the high-density large-scale CMOS-based Active Pixel Sensor multielectrode array (APS-MEA) featuring 4096 electrodes (42 μm pitch) arranged in a 64x64 configuration, covering an active area of 7.12 mm 2 25 - 27 , allowing us to discriminate topographical differences in light responses. (biorxiv.org)
2001). In rabbit and rat, the amplitudes of retinal light responses measured by electroretinography continuously increases in the first month after birth and reaches the adult level by the ages of P30 to P40 (Gorfinkel et al. (org.es)
The other amacrine cell inputs to the gamma cell should have a much greater impact on the light responses because they are far more numerous. (marclab.org)

This invaginating contact is known to bear metabotropic glutamate receptors in the bipolar dendrite membrane (Fig. 5). (utah.edu)
In "on" bipolar cells, L-glutamate activates L-AP4 receptors to produce depolarization. (medscape.com)

Microglia are the innate immune cells of the central nervous system and are derived from erythro-myeloid precursor cells that originate in the yolk sac during early stages of development [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing results revealed cGAS-STING components were expressed in retinal microglia. (stria.tech)

The mechanism for producing the center of a bipolar cell's receptive field is well known: direct innervation of the photoreceptor cell above it, either through a metabotropic (ON) or ionotropic (OFF) receptor. (wikipedia.org)
However, the healthy ON CBC axon terminal membrane potential rising time-constant is shorter (0.29 ± 0.03 ms) than the degenerated cells (0.8 ± 0.07 ms). Moreover, the ionic calcium channels at the axon terminals of the cells have a higher concentration and higher current in degenerated cells (32.24 ± 6.12 pA) than the healthy cells (13.64 ± 2.88 pA) independently of the cell's position. (marclab.org)

Most commonly the output of the rod bipolar ribbon is to a dyad of amacrine cell processes, one of which is known as AII and the other as A17, a reciprocal amacrine (Figs. 8 and 9). (utah.edu)
The one is a small-field, bistratified cell given the name AII in its original description, to compare with the other amacrine common at the rod bipolar ribbon dyad, known then as as AI (Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974). (utah.edu)

However, when the glutamate receptor NMDAR was inhibited by D-AP5, hair cell death was no longer increased by the GLAST inhibitor. (bvsalud.org)

Using a large-scale, high-density multielectrode array, we recorded from hundreds to thousands of RGCs simultaneously at pan-retinal level, including dorsal and ventral locations. (biorxiv.org)
The axons of RGCs travel through the optic nerve to retinorecipient structures in the brain, where they transfer their specific aspects of visual information to the higher centers (Schiller, 2010). (org.es)

Elevated intraocular pressure causes inner retinal dysfunction before cell loss in a mouse model of experimental glaucoma. (research.com)
Excitotoxic retinal damage was induced via intraocular injections of NMDA. (biomedcentral.com)

Bipolar cells effectively transfer information from rods and cones to ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)
Both rods and cones release L-glutamate at their terminals on bipolar cells. (medscape.com)

In addition to a brain, (d) arthropods have clusters of nerve cell bodies, called peripheral ganglia, located along the ventral nerve cord. (opentextbc.ca)

This causes the ON bipolar cell to lose its inhibition and become active (depolarized), while the OFF bipolar cell loses its excitation (becomes hyperpolarized) and becomes silent. (wikipedia.org)
The amacrine cells also introduce lateral inhibition to the axon terminal, serving various visual functions including efficient signal transduction with high signal-to-noise ratio. (wikipedia.org)
In my primary project I demonstrate the relative contribution of EAAT5-mediated inhibition onto rod bipolar cells in response to physiologically relevant stimuli in retinal slice explants. (wustl.edu)
In this setting, I also compare the roles of autoinhibition, in which excitation of the cell leads to inhibition onto itself, and alloinhibition, which is driven by other bipolar cells. (wustl.edu)
In the present study, we first investigated the localization and expression of GLAST over the course of development of the mouse cochlea, and we found that inhibition of GLAST increased hair cell death. (bvsalud.org)
Our results indicate that GLAST inhibition aggravates damage to cochlear hair cells, which may occur via NMDAR, and this suggests new clinical strategies for ameliorating the ototoxicity associated with the dysfunction of glutamate metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
This finding suggests that many types of stimuli in the receptive field surround or outside of the classical receptive field would provide potent inhibition to the gamma cell. (marclab.org)

We examined these cells' membrane potential and axon terminal calcium current differences when subjected to electrical stimulation. (marclab.org)

The rod bipolar collects input from between 15 and 30 rod spherules in the outer plexiform layer (Fig. 3). (utah.edu)
His work deals with themes such as Voltage clamp, Outer plexiform layer and Axon, which intersect with Inner plexiform layer. (research.com)

The results suggest that retinal disease in the diabetic milieu may progress through neuro-retinal stages long before the development of vascular lesions representing the classic hallmark of diabetic retinopathy, establishing a model for assessing novel interventions to treat eye disease. (wustl.edu)
However, these devices provide limited visual perception as the therapeutic interventions are generally considered in the later stages of the disease when only inner retinal layer cells are left. (marclab.org)

Glutamate is a crucial neurotransmitter for hearing transduction in the cochlea, but excess glutamate is detrimental to the survival of cochlear sensory cells. (bvsalud.org)
Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. (lookformedical.com)

receptor cells nourished by pigment epithelium II. (9dok.org)

Starburst Amacrine cells]] (SAC) are a subtype eyewirers traced in 2013. (eyewire.org)

Anatomy39

Organisms19

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science2

Neurons19

Retina37

Mouse retinal2

Synapses5

Synapse4

Photoreceptors11

Photoreceptor cells4

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Action potentials2

Cones and horizontal cells1

Morphology4

Cone7

Ganglion cell1

Postsynaptic3

Degenerative diseases1

Presynaptic1

Dendrites4

Horizontal5

Receptive fields2

Junctions1

GABAergic4

Signals3

Degeneration8

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Retinas5

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