Axon neurons parvalbumins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Chandelier neurons synapse exclusively to the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, near the site where action potential is generated. (wikipedia.org)
It is believed that they provide inhibitory input to the pyramidal neurons, but there is data showing that in some circumstances the GABA from chandelier neurons could be excitatory. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, the connection probability of GABAergic interneurons is remarkably higher than that of pyramidal neurons [4-7]. (researchsquare.com)
Here using toxic and genetic mouse models of demyelination and dysmyelination, respectively, we find that loss of compact myelin reduces PV+ interneuron presynaptic terminals, increases failures and the weak phasic inhibition of pyramidal neurons abolishes optogenetically driven gamma oscillations in vivo. (nin.nl)
Thus, myelination of PV axons is required to consolidate fast inhibition of pyramidal neurons and enable behavioral state-dependent modulation of local circuit synchronization. (nin.nl)
Especially inhibitory neurons of the hippocampus, called GABAergic interneurons, show a great diversity in what inputs they integrate and how they target the principal cells of the hippocampus, the excitatory pyramidal neurons that transmit memories to other brain areas. (medicalxpress.com)
It has been shown previously and we also show in our study that pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus represent virtual space similar to real environments," Forro said. (medicalxpress.com)
Operative GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in experimental epilepsy. (brain-knowledge-engine.org)
Mouse models of fragile X syndrome exhibit a higher density of dendritic spines in basal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. (sfari.org)
Moreover, the spike phase response to synaptic inputs in individual cells depends on the expression of the hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation current (I h ), which differs between CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. (shengsci.com)
The Changes of Intrinsic Excitability of Pyramidal Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Neuropathic Pain. (shengsci.com)

Remarkably, these effects are not associated with changes in the expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with a reduction of parvalbumin (PV) neuron density and PV mRNA levels. (biorxiv.org)
Chandelier neurons or chandelier cells are a subset of GABAergic cortical interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
They are described as parvalbumin-containing and fast-spiking to distinguish them from other subtypes of GABAergic neurons, although more recent work has suggested that only a subset of chandelier cells test positive for parvalbumin by immunostaining. (wikipedia.org)
In the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) drives feedforward inhibition in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) via local parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons [12]. (researchsquare.com)
Although the FS neurons were most likely PV cells ( Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997 ), the RS inhibitory neurons were a mixture of other GABAergic subtypes. (jneurosci.org)
Various GABAergic neuron types of the amygdala cooperate to control principal cell firing during fear-related and other behaviors, and understanding their specialized roles is important. (jneurosci.org)
Among GABAergic neurons, the so-called intercalated cells (ITCcs) are critically involved in the expression and extinction of fear memory. (jneurosci.org)
We demonstrate that L-ITCcs are GABAergic, and strongly express metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α and GABA A receptor α1 subunit, together with moderate levels of parvalbumin. (jneurosci.org)
The highest density of GABAergic neurons is present in the so-called intercalated cell (ITCc) masses, which surround the deep amygdaloid nuclei ( Millhouse, 1986 ). (jneurosci.org)
Most often, inhibitory neurons are also called GABAergic neurons for that reason. (knowingneurons.com)
2006). Furthermore, these mice show postnatal loss of maturation in GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) and show behavioral hyperactivity (Muller Smith et al. (ap26113.com)
In rodent models for neuropsychiatric disorders reduced number of hippocampal interneurons have been reported, but the total number of GABAergic neurons in the normal rat hippocampus is yet unknown. (akjournals.com)
Such low ratios could suggest that even a limited loss of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus may have a considerable functional impact. (akjournals.com)
Beaulieu, C. (1993) Numerical data on neocortical neurons in adult rat, with special reference to the GABAergic population. (akjournals.com)
The present review will discuss why this new hypothesis is especially attractive to describe the pathophysiology of the autistic brain in light of recent progress made in understanding the generation, migration, and differentiation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the cortex. (neurotransmitter.net)
Mouse models of Rett syndrome and others bearing human autism risk variants show a decrease in parvalbumin-stained GABAergic interneurons. (sfari.org)

Despite the fact that thalamic efferent inputs on parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons are bifurcated from the same set of axons, their pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms tend to be stronger than those on principal neurons [1-3]. (researchsquare.com)
Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons are critically involved in producing rapid network oscillations and cortical microcircuit computations but the significance of PV+ axon myelination to the temporal features of inhibition remains elusive. (nin.nl)
Their findings , outlined in Neuron , show that distinct types of interneurons fire differently while the mice are navigating an environment and remembering odors they smelled in the past. (medicalxpress.com)
They then used these visualizations to reconstruct dendrites and axons allowing them to identify the cell type of the recorded cells and better understand the activity of these distinct types of interneurons while the mice were completing the spatial navigation task. (medicalxpress.com)
Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions. (lookformedical.com)
Named after the characteristic protein they carry - parvalbumin, a regulatory calcium binding protein - these interneurons comprise of 40% of interneuron subpopulation. (knowingneurons.com)
Named after the characteristic ionotropic serotonin receptor 5HT3a these express, the 5HTaR interneurons are the third largest group of inhibitory neurons [5]. (knowingneurons.com)
In addition, FGFR1 signaling in Rabbit Polyclonal to CDH11 astrocytes is required for postnatal maturation of interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV). (ap26113.com)
Recent progress continues to be manufactured in developing solutions to remove chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in Flavopiridol HCl the thick ECM-containing PNNs that surround parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneurons (Deepa et al. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Hcn1 G380D/+ animals had an overall more severe phenotype, with pronounced alterations in the levels and distribution of HCN1 protein, including disrupted targeting to the axon terminals of basket cell interneurons. (sciety.org)

Based on these differential subcellular targeting preferences, it has been postulated that PV and SOM cells play distinct roles in regulating principal neurons' responses. (jneurosci.org)
We propose that, during salient sensory stimulation, L-ITCcs disinhibit local and distant principal neurons, acting as "hub cells," to orchestrate the activity of a distributed network. (jneurosci.org)
We show that principal neurons in this region are activated as virtual place cells in specific locations of the VR environment or are activated by sensory cues and reward and furthermore that the activity of some neurons relates to memory content depending on learned associations. (medicalxpress.com)
PNNs are supposed to control synaptic transmission and are frequently associated with neurons firing at high rates, including principal neurons of auditory brainstem nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)

We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)

of genetically labeled specific types of neurons provides a promising approach for systematically addressing this issue. (jneurosci.org)
These computations are performed by distinct types of neurons interconnected in circuits dedicated to the specialized roles of the auditory system. (stanford.edu)
GIRK currents contribute to the resting membrane potential of several types of neurons (Cruz et al. (pafr-inhibitor.com)

Inflammation induced a reduction in parvalbumin-positive interneuron density in the cortex, which was normalised with high-dose montelukast. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, the three chemically specified subtypes together can account for a majority of total inhibitory neurons. (jneurosci.org)

The Translation Initiating Factor eIF4E and Arginine Methylation Underlie G3BP1 Function in Dendritic Spine Development of Neurons. (antibodiesinc.com)
During central nervous system development extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors and their ligands enjoy key Flavopiridol HCl element roles as guidance molecules informing neurons where so when to send out axonal and dendritic projections create connections and form synapses between pre- and postsynaptic cells. (bio-cavagnou.info)
2013 TLCN is definitely enriched in the soma dendritic shafts dendritic filopodia and immature dendritic spines of excitatory neurons. (bio-cavagnou.info)

For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)

Somatostatin-expressing inhibitory (SOM) neurons in the sensory cortex consist mostly of Martinotti cells, which project ascending axons to layer 1. (jneurosci.org)
We recorded with silicon probes the activity of hippocampal neurons of the intermediate CA1 hippocampus, a subdomain of the hippocampus that has been hypothesized to be particularly important for the integration of sensory inputs. (medicalxpress.com)
conversely, its contribution to peripheral sensory neuron function is more enigmatic. (elifesciences.org)
Notably, genetic deletion of Na V 1.1 in sensory neurons caused profound and visible motor coordination deficits in conditional knockout mice of both sexes, similar to conditional Piezo2-knockout animals, suggesting that this channel is a major contributor to sensory proprioceptive transmission. (elifesciences.org)
Thus, Na V 1.1 haploinsufficiency in sensory neurons impairs both proprioceptor function and motor behaviors. (elifesciences.org)
therefore, our data suggest that sensory neuron dysfunction contributes to the clinical manifestations of neurological disorders in which Na V 1.1 function is compromised. (elifesciences.org)
Using pharmacology, gene knockout, behavior, and histology in mice, the authors show quite convincingly that Na V 1.1 in sensory neurons is essential for normal motor behavior and contributes to proprioceptor excitability. (elifesciences.org)
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. (lookformedical.com)
Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. (lookformedical.com)
Claustral neurons in distinct zones, while having large receptive fields, were responsive to particular sensory modalities (visual, somatosensory, or auditory) [ 27 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The introduction of voltage imaging to the CN creates the opportunity to investigate auditory processing circuitry in populations of neurons targeted on the basis of their genetic identity and their roles in sensory processing.Significance StatementThe cochlear nucleus uses dedicated circuitry to process and interpret information from the ear. (stanford.edu)
The tooth has an unusual sensory system that converts external stimuli predominantly into pain, yet its sensory afferents in teeth demonstrate cytochemical properties of non-nociceptive neurons. (mdpi.com)
We used single neuron recordings and controlled whisker deflections to examine responses of thalamocortical neurons to sensory stimulation in rat survivors of 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest incurred on post-natal day 17. (cdc.gov)

Thalamic recruitment of feedforward inhibition is known to enhance the fidelity of the receptive field by limiting the temporal window during which cortical neurons integrate excitatory inputs. (researchsquare.com)
Thalamic excitatory inputs diverge on both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons, generating disynaptic feedforward inhibition. (researchsquare.com)
Although feedforward inhibition mediated by cortical PV neurons has been described previously [12], the mechanism underlying the modulation of feedforward inhibition during high-frequency activity has never been examined. (researchsquare.com)
Our results suggest that SOM and PV neurons engage in cortical circuits in different manners: while PV neurons provide fast, strong but untuned feedforward inhibition to excitatory neurons, likely serving as a general gain control for the processing of ascending inputs, SOM neurons with their selective but delayed and weak inhibition may provide more specific gating of later arriving intracortical excitatory inputs on the distal dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
At least in layer 4, the major recipient layer of the cortex, they are the main source of fast feed forward inhibition onto neighboring excitatory neurons, where, upon receiving inputs from the thalamus , they get activated and now inhibit their neighboring excitatory neurons in the forward direction. (knowingneurons.com)
Not much is known about their functionality of VIP, though recently, studies are attributing a disinhibitory role to these neurons i.e. an inhibition of other inhibitory neurons, thereby relieving the overall inhibition of excitatory neurons. (knowingneurons.com)

Myelination of central neurons increases conduction velocity of action potentials and provides metabolic support to axons 1 , 2 . (biorxiv.org)
We postulated that this phenomenon was primarily due to the increased failure rate of evoking action potentials in parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons. (researchsquare.com)

This balance is determined in part by the number and function of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, the excitability of input and output neurons and the ability of microcircuits to compensate for synaptic alterations, known as synaptic homeostasis. (sfari.org)

Aijón, J. (1997) Calretinin- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat main olfactory bulb do not express NADPH-diaphorase activity. (uv.es)

Toni N ., Song H., Ming GL "Tangential migration of neuronal precursors of glutamatergic neurons in the adult mammalian brain", PNAS 2015 July 13. (chuv.ch)

Previous work of Professor Thomas Klausberger and other researchers has revealed that neurons in the hippocampus express a high diversity, consisting of distinct neuron types," Thomas Forro, co-author of the paper, told Medical Xpress. (medicalxpress.com)
We used in situ hybridization method to label the 65 isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and counted the number of GAD65 mRNA-expressing neurons along the entire septo-temporal axis of the hippocampus. (akjournals.com)
GAD65 mRNA-expressing neurons were significantly more numerous in dorsal than in ventral hippocampus. (akjournals.com)
Toni N . "Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate the integration of new granule neurons in the postnatal mouse hippocampus and their impact on spatial memory. (chuv.ch)

Cell assemblies and central pattern generators (CPGs) are related types of neuronal networks: both consist of interacting groups of neurons whose collective activities lead to defined functional outputs. (degruyter.com)
It is found in well-defined populations of NEURONS and is involved in CALCIUM SIGNALING and NEURONAL PLASTICITY. (lookformedical.com)
A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. (lookformedical.com)
1998 L1 is definitely expressed in many neurons of the CNS Flavopiridol HCl in the onset of differentiation where it interacts with multiple extracellular partners to regulate several aspects of neuronal migration axon growth and synaptic transmission (Dityatev et al. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Susceptible neuronal populations also include inhibitory neurons in the thalamic Reticular Nucleus. (cdc.gov)

In upper layers they are 25% of the inhibitory neuron population, while in deeper layers they constitute almost 50% of the total inhibitory neuron population. (knowingneurons.com)

Interestingly we found that SOM neurons exhibit distinct functional properties from PV neurons. (jneurosci.org)

These functional differences between SOM and PV neurons exist in both layer 2/3 and 4. (jneurosci.org)
However, the processing properties of SOM neurons and their functional distinctions compared with PV neurons remain unclear. (jneurosci.org)
The ability of a neuron to communicate is based on neural network formation that relies on functional synapse establishment (Colón-Ramos, 2009). (aopwiki.org)
In paper №3, I also identify the specific mesDA population (A9) that is critical for functional recovery, with transplants that lack A9 neurons failing to improve motor recovery. (lu.se)
A potentially pre-clinical aspect of this thesis is detailed in paper №4 where I describe a robust protocol for the generation of functional mesDA neurons from human embryonic stem cells that are functional in a rat model of PD. (lu.se)

Reconstructed neural process of parvalbumin expressing and cholecystokinin expressing basket cells with dendrites colored in red and reconstructed axons in blue. (medicalxpress.com)
Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. (lookformedical.com)
axons decorated with spiny boutons and beaded dendrites. (knowingneurons.com)
SOM axons in general seem to target distal dendrites of the neurons they connect with [2] to provide a delayed response to stimuli [4]. (knowingneurons.com)
A specialized form of the ECM are the perineuronal nets (PNNs), a pericellular cover that tightly enwraps somata, proximal dendrites, and axon initial segments of specific neurons thereby leaving meshes occupied by synaptic terminals. (biomedcentral.com)
The connectivity of axons emanating from one set of cells to post-synaptic side of synapse on the dendrites of the receiving cells must be intact for effective communication between neurons. (aopwiki.org)

The mean conduction velocity of these fibers of 0.27 m/sec was rapid but in range with other unmyelinated axons. (stanford.edu)

The phase of firing of hippocampal neurons during theta oscillations encodes spatial information. (shengsci.com)

By two-photon imaging guided cell-attached recordings, we characterized visual response and receptive field (RF) properties of SOM neurons and parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory (PV) neurons genetically labeled in the mouse primary visual cortex. (jneurosci.org)
using two-photon imaging guided cell-attached recordings in GAD67 -GFP knock-in transgenic mice, we examined the receptive field (RF) properties of inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1). (jneurosci.org)
For example, a neuron in the visual cortex will respond to visual stimuli, and a neuron in the auditory cortex will respond to auditory stimuli. (knowingneurons.com)
These visual defects are associated with cerebral neuron immaturity especially in the primary visual cortex. (shengsci.com)

The onset latency of the latter is consistent with that of inhibitory input to excitatory neurons. (jneurosci.org)

These ECM baskets potentially contribute to control of synaptic transmission at IHCs and might be functionally related to PNNs of neurons in the CNS. (biomedcentral.com)

Odor-evoked c-Fos responses along the olfactory pathway were abolished in mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons, which is consistent with reduced olfactory sensitivity in these animals. (concordia.ca)

Myelination of central nervous system axons increases the conduction speed of neural impulses and contributes to the function and maintenance of neural circuits. (biorxiv.org)
We conclude that the neurodegenerative deficits in HMSN/ACC are primarily caused by an axonopathy superimposed upon abnormal development, affecting peripheral but also central nervous system axons, all ultimately because of a genetic defect in the axonal cotransporter KCC3. (nature.com)

We mapped and quantified the intracortical inputs to L2/3 neurons using laser-scanning photostimulation combined with patch clamp recordings. (biorxiv.org)
We found that hypomyelination reduces inhibitory connections to L2/3 neurons without affecting excitatory inputs, thus altering excitatory/inhibitory balance. (biorxiv.org)
They receive inputs from both excitatory neurons in the cortex as well as the thalamus . (knowingneurons.com)

Using a combination of biochemical, behavioral, and imaging approaches, we found that mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons displayed erratic circadian behavior and weakened synchronization among cells in the SCN, the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. (concordia.ca)
Thus, to further examine the contribution of GIRK channel subunits on resting membrane potential in POMC neurons, we generated POMC-hrGFP mice with global deletion of either GIRK1 or GIRK2. (pafr-inhibitor.com)
I also describe the development of a novel behavioural task that is predictive of mesDA neuron cell loss in mice. (lu.se)

Furthering this link, in schizophrenia, scientists have observed changes in their form and functionality, such as 40% decrease in the axon terminal density. (wikipedia.org)

The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. (lookformedical.com)
Although they constitute only 20-25% of all neurons in the cortex, they are strikingly diverse, with different morphologies, sizes, intrinsic properties, connectivity patterns, and protein expression. (knowingneurons.com)

We next examined the necessity of synaptic vesicle proteins are transported, sorted, and locally regulated in neurons to control synaptic autophagy for the active zone proteins in regulating mRNA stability Knockdown of decapping in Drosophila, suggesting that DCP1 overexpression does not result in alteration of the fluorescence intensities of nos and pgc puncta were analyzed using the VariantAnnotation package (V1. (tazreenclaimstrust.org)

The origin of high-frequency activity of auditory brainstem neurons is the indefatigable sound-driven transmitter release of inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea. (biomedcentral.com)
In CN slices from these animals auditory nerve fiber stimulation elicited a glutamate receptor-dependent depolarization in hVOS probe-labeled neurons. (stanford.edu)
Imaging with a voltage sensitive dye provided a contrasting global view of signals arising predominantly from unmyelinated axons creating a potential method for studying type II auditory nerve or DCN parallel fibers. (stanford.edu)

The axon cartridges formed by chandelier cells are one of the synapse types that show the most dramatic changes during normal adolescence, and could potentially be relevant to the adult onset of psychiatric disease. (wikipedia.org)
With regard specifically to embryonic and adult cerebellar stem cells, we observe that they are able to give rise to neurons that resemble different select classes of cerebellar subclasses when grafted into the perinatal host cerebellum. (silverchair.com)
Less is known regarding its function in postmitotic neurons in the adult brain. (concordia.ca)
In paper №2, I describe how mesDA neurons transplanted in the adult SN of a PD mouse model, extended axons across millimetres into the striatum, functionally reforming the nigrostriatal pathway. (lu.se)

We found that 48-72 hours after cardiac arrest, thalamocortical neurons demonstrate significantly elevated firing rates both during spontaneous activity and in response to whisker deflections. (cdc.gov)
Despite the overall increase in firing, by 6 weeks, thalamocortical neurons display degraded receptive fields, with decreased responses to adjacent whiskers. (cdc.gov)

however, it remains unclear if GIRK channels are involved in the mCPP-induced excitation of POMC neurons. (pafr-inhibitor.com)

Developmental changes in parvalbumin regulate presynaptic Ca2+ signaling. (sppin.fr)
2011 Additionally integrin α3β1 can bind to the ECM protein reelin and regulate neuron-glia interactions necessary for appropriate cortical lamination. (bio-cavagnou.info)

In addition to neurons and glia, the extracellular matrix (ECM) forms a fundamental, non-cellular component of the nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypotheses about altered brain development in individuals with autism involve changes in the birth and programmed cell death of neurons and glia, altered fate determination and aberrant cell migration. (sfari.org)

Being the most recent group to be characterized, these include two major subgroups: (1) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons and (2) Reelin expressing neurons. (knowingneurons.com)

Simultaneous Visualization of Vasopressin and Oxytocin mRNA- Containing Neurons in the Hypothalamus Using Non-Radioactive in situ Hybridization Histochemistry. (neurotree.org)

Information in the brain flows via excitatory neurons that have properties depending on their anatomical location. (knowingneurons.com)

Strikingly, the evoked spiking responses of SOM cells are ∼3- to 5-fold weaker and 20-25 ms delayed compared with those of PV neurons. (jneurosci.org)

GIRK currents may contribute to the mCPP-induced depolarization in POMC neurons we examined the effect of the GABAB antagonist CGP54626 on the resting membrane potential of POMC neurons. (pafr-inhibitor.com)

Tightly clustered small-sized spiny neurons constitute the majority of ITCcs, but they are surrounded by sparse, larger neurons (L-ITCcs) for which very little information is known. (jneurosci.org)

Notably, the specific GABAB receptor antagonist, CGP54626 (2 μM), completely suppressed the baclofen-activated GIRK currents in POMC neurons (Figure 3C), which is consistent with previous reports in the midbrain (Cruz et al. (pafr-inhibitor.com)

While parvalbumin (PV) basket cells increased in general their activity during VR spatial navigation cholecystokinin (CCK) cells decreased their activity. (medicalxpress.com)

Using a voltage-sensitive dye we recorded glutamate receptor-independent signals arising predominantly from axons. (stanford.edu)
Here, we cover fundamental findings that implicate CCK neuron activity and CCK receptor signaling in modulating drug intake and drug-seeking (focusing on psychostimulants, opioids, and alcohol). (stanford.edu)
and in nonneuronal cells determining and characterizing ECM receptor connections in neurons from the central anxious system (CNS) possess proven more challenging. (bio-cavagnou.info)

Small tumor-like overgrowths of axons, termed axonomas, were found in the central and peripheral nervous system, indicating attempted axonal regeneration. (nature.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs4

Phenomena and Processes1

Pyramidal neurons11

GABAergic16

Interneurons10

Principal neurons4

GABA1

Types of neurons3

Interneuron1

Subtypes1

Dendritic3

Primary audito1

Sensory13

Inhibition6

Action potentials2

Alterations1

19971

Glutamatergic1

Hippocampus4

Neuronal5

Total inhibitory1

Distinct1

Functional5

Dendrites6

Conduction velocity1

Oscillations1

Visual cortex4

Inhibitory input1

Functionally related1

Olfactory1

Central nervous syst2

Inputs3

Mice3

Density1

Cortex2

Control synaptic1

Auditory3

Adult4

Thalamocortical2

Excitation1

Regulate2

Glia2

Reelin1

MRNA1

Anatomical1

Strikingly1

Depolarization1

Spiny1

Currents1

Spatial1

Receptor3

Peripheral1