MetaphaseFailed to segregate chromosomesSegregateMicrotubulesArrangement of chromosomesSegregation of chromosomesSpindleHomologousHaploidPaternal chromosomeEukaryotic organismsTelomeresMutationsGeneChromosomalMeiosisBudding yeastCompactionLoopsHomologsAberrationsProphaseOrganismsRegulatesTestesProteinsGenesChromatin structureMitosisHypogonadismAntero-posteriorNucleolusReconstructionsSpindlesLongitudinal axisTesticularProteinMalesBody axisDefectsGeneticIlluminationAcutePairLateralProgressionAffectsMammalianDisruption
Metaphase10
- Cryo-electron tomography and small-angle X-ray scattering were used to investigate the chromatin folding in metaphase chromosomes. (unibas.ch)
- This new metaphase We spindle was founded across the a lot of time axis away from the newest ascus. (gov.ls)
- It would appear that maintenance from bivalents from the no less than one chiasmata for each and every chromosome partners on metaphase-anaphase I is important to possess proper disjunction. (gov.ls)
- New metaphase I1 spindles also are founded across the much time axis of your own ascus. (gov.ls)
- In the present study, we investigated the structure of CENP-A chromatin at travel and human metaphase kinetochores, using three-dimensional (3D) deconvolution microscopy. (bso14.org)
- These studies revealed conserved structural and functional features of higher eukaryotic centromeres and suggest a model for how centromeric chromatin and kinetochores are organized on metaphase chromosomes. (bso14.org)
- Non-random, locus-specific differences in DNA accessibility are present in homologous metaphase chromosomes. (cytognomix.com)
- Condensation differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin along the lengths of homologous, mitotic metaphase chromosomes are well known. (cytognomix.com)
- In summary, we present several lines of evidence that regional differences in condensation between homologs are programmed during metaphase chromosome compaction. (cytognomix.com)
- mutants defective in synaptonemal complex formation exhibit univalents at metaphase I and improper chromosome segregation at anaphase I (Ross et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Failed to segregate chromosomes1
- Surprisingly, the nup2Δ ndj1Δ double mutant failed to segregate chromosomes, even though the meiotic program continued. (biorxiv.org)
Segregate3
- They are assembled to segregate chromosomes to the forming daughter cells (Movie 1). (tu-dresden.de)
- kinetochores and proper spindle orientation correctly segregate chromosomes in four haploid cells. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- these structures serve as the poles of the mitotic spindle, helping to organize the microtubules that segregate the duplicated chromosomes. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Microtubules6
- Such large-scale reconstructions allow us to segment centrosomes, chromosomes and microtubules in 3D. (tu-dresden.de)
- Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis 2 , the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. (nature.com)
- In all spindles, the microtubule cytoskeleton connects to chromosomes via a special class of microtubules called kinetochore microtubules (KMTs). (nature.com)
- In the case of chromosomal origin, microtubules instead nucleate around chromosomes and only later attach to kinetochores, as observed in Xenopus cell-free extracts 13 . (nature.com)
- The centromere/kinetochore complex is the chromosomal structure that mediates chromosome attachment to kinetochore microtubules and mitotic chromosome movement. (bso14.org)
- This pair of centrioles is usually located at the middle of an animal cell's 'centrosome,' the structure that serves as the origin of many of its cytoplasmic microtubules. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Arrangement of chromosomes2
- A . Schematic of the bouquet configuration of chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. The spatial arrangement of chromosomes with telomeres clustered and attached at the inner nuclear membrane is shown. (biorxiv.org)
- this evidence was gained from ultrastructural reconstruction analyses of the arrangement of chromosomes in germ line nuclei (prophase nuclei in spermatogonia and spermatocytes) of males heterozygous for an X-autosome chromosome translocation. (rupress.org)
Segregation of chromosomes4
- The mitotic spindle ensures the faithful segregation of chromosomes. (nature.com)
- The mitotic spindle is a dynamic microtubule-based apparatus that ensures the segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (nature.com)
- 2005). Meiotic recombination Meiotic recombination affects segregation of chromosomes in at least two ways. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- Chiasmata keep bivalents together to ensure proper orientation and segregation of chromosomes during the first meiotic division. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Spindle6
- Nonrandom chromosome arrangements in germ line nuclei of Sciara coprophila males: the basis for nonrandom chromosome segregation on the meiosis I spindle. (rupress.org)
- 93:655-669), I suggested that the meiosis I spindle does not play a direct role in the nonrandom sorting of chromosomes but that, instead, haploid sets are already separated in prophase nuclei well before the onset of spindle formation. (rupress.org)
- 2017). My intention is to apply this approach now for a quantitative analysis of mitotic spindle structure in mammalian cells. (tu-dresden.de)
- In toto , our results show that the connection between centrosomes and chromosomes is mediated by an anchoring into the entire spindle network and that any direct connections through KMTs are few and likely very transient. (nature.com)
- If the role of KMTs is to mediate forces between chromosomes and spindle poles, they need to somehow connect to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
- On late anaphase I, the fresh chromosomes have reached brand new pole and they are nevertheless linked by the new pole-to-pole central spindle fabric. (gov.ls)
Homologous7
- Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
- Segregation off homologous centromeres happens at this point (the original division segregation), and proper disjunction away from homologs is dependent on chromosome pairing and you will chiasma development. (gov.ls)
- Synapsis is usually installation of a proteinaceous structure, the synaptonemal complex (SC), between the paired homologous chromosomes, which stabilizes the pairing interactions. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- First, studies in many species, including plants, mammals, and fungi, have indicated that homologous chromosome pairing is usually closely connected to meiotic recombination (Pawlowski and Cande, 2005). (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- Second, crossovers, reciprocal chromosome segment exchanges created as a result of meiotic recombination, form physical connections, known as chiasmata, between homologous chromosomes in each bivalents. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- 1997). The MRN complex (MRE11/RAD50/NBS1) then resects the breaks creating single-stranded DNA overhangs (Borde, 2007), which invade appropriate regions in the homologous chromosomes then. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- However, this technique is certainly restrained and changed by fix via the homologous chromosome when Dmc1 is certainly localized to meiotic DNA break sites as well as Rad51 (Bishop et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Haploid1
- Because of this translocation, the maternal and paternal chromosome sets are distinguishable, so it is possible to demonstrate that (a) the two haploid chromosome sets occupy distinct maternal and paternal nuclear compartments and that (b) nuclei are oriented so that the two haploid chromosome sets have consistent relationships to a well-defined cellular axis. (rupress.org)
Paternal chromosome1
- The imprinted paternal chromosome 15 in a three-generation pedigree also showed non-random bias in DA. (cytognomix.com)
Eukaryotic organisms2
- In eukaryotic organisms, the DNA of each cell is organized into separated chromosomes, which are composed of chromatin, a mixture of DNA and many different groups of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Anaphase is perhaps the most striking and elegant, as it is the short but momentous step in which duplicated chromosomes , the bearers of eukaryotic organisms' genetic material, actually separate. (sciencing.com)
Telomeres3
- In chromosomes start to pair before telomeres dissociate through the nucleolus, recommending the fact that clustering in the nucleolus might are likely involved similar compared to that from the canonical bouquet. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- 2001). Oddly enough, the connections utilized to add chromosomes towards the nuclear envelope in and so are homologs from the same transmembrane protein that are found in various other types to tether telomeres towards the nuclear envelope during bouquet development. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- Telomeres are protective molecular caps at the ends of chromosomes. (ps3magic.de)
Mutations5
- Mutations were subsequently identified in two positional candidate genes, RSPH9 on chromosome 6p21.1 and RSPH4A on chromosome 6q22.1. (scienceopen.com)
- Investigation of the effect of knockdown or mutations of RSPH9 orthologs in zebrafish and Chlamydomonas indicate that radial spoke head proteins are important in maintaining normal movement in motile, '9+2'-structure cilia and flagella. (scienceopen.com)
- Chromosome mutations are alterations occurring in chromosomes that typically result from errors during nuclear division or from mutagens. (ps3magic.de)
- May 21, 2021 All mutations that change the total number of chromosomes are considered to be genome mutations. (ps3magic.de)
- Possible types of mutations in chromosomes include Deletion When a segment of DNA is lost, so there is a missing segment in the chromosome. (ps3magic.de)
Gene4
- In XY males, the activation of the sex-determining region Y chromosome gene (SRY) initiates testis development. (scielo.org.za)
- Researchers have identified a gene on the X chromosome, GPR101 , which was overexpressed 1000-fold more than normal in a genetic study of 43 patients affected by sporadic or inherited gigantism that manifested during childhood or adolescence. (medscape.com)
- and 10% had X-linked acro-gigantism (X-LAG) due to chromosome Xq26.3 microduplications on the GPR101 gene. (medscape.com)
- Transcription of the SRY gene (testis-determining factor region) on the Y chromosome ultimately leads to sex differentiation. (medscape.com)
Chromosomal4
- Disorders of sexual development (DSD), formerly termed 'intersex', are congenital abnormalities in the development of chromosomal (abnormalities in XX or XY sex chromosome number or structure), gonadal (testicular, ovarian and ovotesticular DSD, previously termed true hermaphrodite, or dysgenesis) or phenotypic (male or female with abnormalities of tubular and external genitalia) sex. (scielo.org.za)
- Integration sites seem also selected at the large chromosomal scale, as they are nonrandomly organized in terms of the origin-terminus axis and the macrodomain structure. (pasteur.fr)
- In most eukaryotes, the LEs are derived from the axial elements (AEs) loaded around the chromosomal MK-1775 supplier axis before synapsis. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- Chromosomal This type affects the structures that hold your genesDNA within each cell (chromosomes). (ps3magic.de)
Meiosis5
- Chromosome segregation errors during meiosis are the leading cause of birth defects and developmental delays in humans ( H assold and H unt 2001 ). (biorxiv.org)
- Meiosis I in males of the Dipteran Sciara coprophila results in the nonrandom distribution of maternally and paternally derived chromosome sets to the two division products. (rupress.org)
- Here we review the current knowledge around the processes taking place during chromosome segregation in herb meiosis, focusing on the characterization of the molecular factors involved. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- also known as fermentationstage of mitosis or meiosis where the sister chromatids begin to separate and begin move to the opposite poles of the the structure of an animal or plant or of any of its partsa vascular plant whose sex organs are enclosed by flowers and seeds are enclosed by an ovary (fruit)the eukaryotic cells that make up animal tissues. (pdfdrug.com)
- As CXXC1 is orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spp1 that links DSB sites to the DSB machinery on the chromosome axis, we propose that these molecular interactions involved in the regulation of meiotic DSB formation are conserved in mouse meiosis. (springer.com)
Budding yeast1
- In budding yeast, single continuous KMTs span the full pole-to-chromosome distance 6 . (nature.com)
Compaction1
- Condensin II drives the compaction of the chromosome loops along the axis. (wikipedia.org)
Loops5
- It is thought that the protein has a role in untangling the DNA as the loops become more concentrated along the axis during the condensation of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Condensin I regulates the timing of chromosome condensation and is essential for changing the chromatin organization at the beginning of mitosis, from TADs to an array of loops around the chromosome axis. (wikipedia.org)
- The SC consists of two lateral elements (LEs) which reside at the base of the chromosome loops and are held together in parallel by transverse filament proteins. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- 2009 ). At a larger scale, DSB formation occurs in the context of a specific chromosome architecture that consists of chromatin loops anchored to a proteinaceous axis (Zickler and Kleckner 1999 ). (springer.com)
- DSB sites are preferentially located within chromatin loops, while several proteins that are required for DSB formation (Rec114, Mei4, and Mer2) localize on the chromosome axis (Blat et al. (springer.com)
Homologs2
- Fourteen short (1.5-5kb) sc and low copy (lc) FISH probes (from chromosomes 1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 22) targeting genic and non-genic regions with and without DA were developed and hybridized to cells from 10 individuals with cytogenetically-distinguishable homologs. (cytognomix.com)
- Additional non-DA probes ( NOMO1 , NOMO3 ) hybridized to grooves in chromosome topography and exhibited a narrow range of probe depths (average: 0.08 μm) along axial and lateral axes of the 2 homologs. (cytognomix.com)
Aberrations2
- It develops as a result of numerical aberrations of chromosome X (usually 47,XXY). (postepyandrologii.pl)
- Testosterone is determined in men when reduced testosterone production is suspected, e.g., in hypogonadism, estrogen therapy, chromosome aberrations (as in the Klinefelter's syndrome) and liver cirrhosis. (cdc.gov)
Prophase1
- The events of meiotic prophase follow a specialized round of DNA replication when the meiotic chromosome axis is formed. (biorxiv.org)
Organisms1
- However, how KMTs bind to chromosomes varies substantially between organisms. (nature.com)
Regulates1
- It is known that KIF4A regulates the behavior of condensin I, because in absence of KIF4A the chromosome axis does not become enriched with condensin I. Poonperm R, Takata H, Hamano T, et al. (wikipedia.org)
Testes2
- The testes are ovoid (10 cm - 14 cm × 6 cm - 8 cm without the epididymis) and suspended into the scrotum with a vertical long axis. (scielo.org.za)
- Cryptorchidism is a condition whereby one or both testes and the associated structures are absent in the scrotum because of a failure of the testes to descend from the pre-natal abdominal position. (scielo.org.za)
Proteins6
- It is composed of a group of non-histone proteins that are essential in the structure and maintenance of eukaryotic chromosomes throughout the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- In the late 1970s, Ulrich K. Laemmli and colleagues discovered a backbone structure in eukaryotic chromosomes after they depleted the histone proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Among them, the structural proteins (that are not histones) bind the chromatin fiber around themselves forming a long, continuous axis or backbone that gives the chromosomes their shape. (wikipedia.org)
- When these proteins are removed, the chromosome shape does not appear and the chromatin fibers spread out. (wikipedia.org)
- Condensin complexes, formed from the union of SMC2 and SMC4 (among other proteins), are responsible for the condensation of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- 14. What is the structure of proteins? (fsu.edu)
Genes11
- The human genome possesses large-scale structure: In particular, body tissue genes map somatotopically onto the complete chromosome set. (umd.edu)
- The genes of lambdoid prophages are systematically co-oriented with the bacterial replication fork and display the host high frequency of polarized FtsK-orienting polar sequences motifs required for chromosome segregation. (pasteur.fr)
- Hox genes encode transcription factors that specify segmental identities along the Antero-Posterior body axis. (biorxiv.org)
- These genes are organized in clusters, where their order corresponds to their activity along the body axis, an evolutionary conserved feature known as collinearity. (biorxiv.org)
- Hox genes encode crucial developmental regulators that specify segmental identities along the Antero-Posterior (A-P) body axis in the developing embryo of bilaterian species. (biorxiv.org)
- A unique feature of Hox genes in most species is that they are organized in clusters, with their relative genomic position corresponding to their order of expression along the A-P axis ( McGinnis and Krumlauf, 1992 ). (biorxiv.org)
- In D. melanogaster , the eight Hox genes are organized in two separate clusters on chromosome 3R: the Antennapedia cluster (ANT-C) and the Bithorax cluster (BX-C). The 350 kb BX-C contains the Ubx, abd-A and Abd-B genes, which specify the identity of the more posterior embryonic parasegments 5 to 14 (PS5 to PS14). (biorxiv.org)
- The collinear activation of the Hox genes and their cis -regulatory elements is thought to rely on the progressive opening of the chromatin within the BX-C along the A-P axis. (biorxiv.org)
- Genetic amplification of chromosome 1q (chr1q-amp) is a major CNA conferring adverse prognosis in several types of cancer, including in the blood cancer multiple myeloma (MM). Although several genes across chr1q portend high-risk MM disease, the underpinning molecular aetiology remains elusive. (ox.ac.uk)
- Here, with reference to the 3D chromatin structure, we integrate MM patient multi-omics datasets with genetic variables to obtain an associated clinical risk map across chr1q and to identify 103 adverse prognosis genes in chr1q-amp MM. Prominent amongst these genes, the transcription factor PBX1 is ectopically expressed by genetic amplification and epigenetic activation of its own preserved 3D regulatory domain. (ox.ac.uk)
- Disturbance in function of these genes was not associated with defects in left-right axis determination in humans or zebrafish. (scienceopen.com)
Chromatin structure2
- CENP-A Sarolaner is also likely to be involved in establishing a centromere-specific chromatin structure. (bso14.org)
- One pathway, which has been extensively studied in yeast, is mainly guided by chromatin structure and the other, analyzed in detail in mice, is driven by the sequence-specific DNA-binding PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9). (springer.com)
Mitosis3
- In mitosis, it is concentrated at the centromeres and the axis along the chromosome arms. (wikipedia.org)
- The removal of this protein causes a dramatic loss of the chromosome structure in mitosis, and the cell cycle comes to a stop. (wikipedia.org)
- KIF4A, a chromokinesin, is implicated in the shaping of chromosomes during mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Hypogonadism1
- From the middle of puberty (GIII Tanner's stage) develops the clinical picture of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to progressive degeneration of the structure and impaired testicular function. (postepyandrologii.pl)
Antero-posterior1
Nucleolus1
- The nucleolus, some reduced in proportions, has been connected to a great chromosome, this new nucleolar chromosome. (gov.ls)
Reconstructions1
- The tomographic 3D reconstructions show that frozen-hydrated chromatin emanated from chromosomes is planar and forms multilayered plates. (unibas.ch)
Spindles1
- The consequences of such nonrandom aspects of nuclear structure for chromosome behavior on premeiotic and meiotic spindles are discussed. (rupress.org)
Longitudinal axis1
- Later, once the longitudinal axis of the brain bends, Six3 mRNA is also found in structures derived from the anterior neural plate: ectoderm of nasal cavity, olfactory placode and Rathke's pouch, and also the ventral forebrain including the region of the optic recess, hypothalamus and optic vesicles. (nih.gov)
Testicular1
- In childhood and early puberty activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis is usually normal. (postepyandrologii.pl)
Protein2
- Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein that packages DNA into chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
- In S. cerevisiae , this interaction is at least in part provided by Spp1 that directly interacts with both methylated H3K4 near DSB sites and the axis-localized protein Mer2 (Acquaviva et al. (springer.com)
Males2
- pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XY in Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, males, XX in females) (8). (cdc.gov)
- envision physician services leadership ' Sex chromosomes determine an individual's sex females have two X chromosomes (XX), and males have an X and a Y chromosome (XY). (ps3magic.de)
Body axis1
- This is associated with a variety of ultrastructural defects of the cilia and sperm axoneme that affect movement, leading to clinical consequences on respiratory-tract mucociliary clearance and lung function, fertility, and left-right body-axis determination. (scienceopen.com)
Defects1
- When SMC2 is inhibited, the structure of the mitotic chromosome suffers grave defects. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic1
- The y-axis values indicate the mean genetic distance sums for each xrs2 mutant relative to the wild type (for chromosomes III or VII). (ps3magic.de)
Illumination2
- To quantify DA and pinpoint probe locations, we performed 3D-structured illumination super-resolution microscopy (3D-SIM). (cytognomix.com)
- Detailed instructions on how to equip an OpenSPIM with two illumination sides and two detection axes (X-OpenSPIM) are provided, and a solution is also provided on how the temperature can be controlled in the sample chamber. (mpi-cbg.de)
Acute1
- Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia secondary to chemoradiotherapy for Ewing sarcoma. (who.int)
Pair2
- This identified two loci, in two families with intermittent absence of the central-pair structure (chromosome 6p21.1, Zmax 6.7) and in five families with complete absence of the central pair (chromosome 6q22.1, Zmax 7.0). (scienceopen.com)
- The last pair of chromosomes are sex chromosomes, which determine an individuals sex. (ps3magic.de)
Lateral2
- Smooth to palpation, the testis sits obliquely with its long axis mostly vertical with a slight anterior and lateral slant to the superior pole. (medscape.com)
- HN - 2008 BX - Lateral Sinus MH - Atrial Septum UI - D054087 MN - A07.541.459.249 MS - The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart. (bvsalud.org)
Progression2
- Mechanically, the JPX/miR-33a-5p/Twist1 axis participated in EMT progression by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
- In conclusion, lncRNA SNHG3 may promote GC progression through the miR-326/TWIST axis, which may provide a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for GC. (hindawi.com)
Affects1
- Installation of the synaptonemal complex is also closely linked with the formation of crossovers (see MK-1775 supplier the following section), and so synapsis also affects chromosome segregation through its role in crossover formation. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Mammalian2
- The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a crucial and integrative role in the mammalian endocrine regulation to maintain homeostasis. (intechopen.com)
- Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)