AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Deltoid MuscleShoulderNerve TransferBrachial PlexusAxillaPeripheral Nerve InjuriesStanozololBrachial Plexus NeuropathiesPeripheral NervesMuscle, SkeletalShoulder JointArthroplastyLacerationsShoulder DislocationAxillary ArteryMusclesRotator CuffCadaverArmElectromyographyInjections, IntramuscularShoulder PainAxillary VeinMuscle ProteinsMuscle, SmoothSciatic NerveMuscle ContractionMuscle, Smooth, VascularMuscle Fibers, SkeletalMuscle DevelopmentAcromionBursa, SynovialArm Bones
Brachial plexusSuprascapular nerveArteryLateralHumerusMusculocutaneous nerveBranchesBicepsInnervatesAnterior deltoidCervical nervesMedianVentralInnervationBranchSensorySupraspinatusInfraspinatusThoracic nervePeripheral nerveSensationSubscapularisSpinal cordQuadrangular spaceDislocationTendonsUpper extremityWeaknessHumeralCircumflexAnatomyPalsyDistalPlexusQuadrilateral spaceSerratus anteriorConductionInsertionNeckShoulder jointMedialLatissimus dorsiMediallyRotator cuffNeuromuscularScapularInjuryInjuriesParalysisAbductionElectromyographyRadial nerveRootsPectoralis major formsVessels
Brachial plexus43
Suprascapular nerve12
  • The most commonly involved nerves are the suprascapular nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and the axillary nerve. (standardofcare.com)
  • Suprascapular nerve is the predominant source of innervation of the rotator cuff muscle as well as about 75% of the sensation coming out of the shoulder. (carpaltunnelrelief.net)
  • This patient has severe infraspinatus and teres minor muscle atrophy in the left shoulder related to entrapment of the suprascapular nerve (C5 innervated). (carpaltunnelrelief.net)
  • The suprascapular nerve and the nerve to the subclavius arise from the upper trunk. (medscape.com)
  • The suprascapular nerve contributes sensory fibers to the shoulder joint and provides motor innervation to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer with or without transferring the long head of triceps branch of the radial nerve to anterior branch of the axillary nerve was used to reconstruct shoulder abduction in 2 patients. (ijssurgery.com)
  • Commonly injured nerves around the shoulder include the axillary nerve which supplies sensation and strength around your deltoid muscle, the suprascapular nerve which supplies your rotator cuff muscles and the long thoracic nerve which powers a muscle around your chest wall. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Suprascapular nerve injuries may occur in conjunction with SLAP tears or cysts around the socket. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • If you have a suprascapular nerve injury you may notice pain or weakness in your rotator cuff muscles. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Sometimes, the lesions involve individual peripheral nerves such as the axillary nerve, the suprascapular nerve, and the anterior interosseous nerve. (boneandspine.com)
  • Two weeks after the first transfer surgery, the distal accessory nerve was transferred to the suprascapular nerve to ensure shoulder function. (thenerve.net)
  • Motor root avulsion of the C5 and C6 roots results in Erb palsy, with loss of supply to muscles innervated by the suprascapular nerve, axillary nerve, and musculocutaneous nerve 3 ). (thenerve.net)
Artery15
  • The deltoid is supplied by the thoracoacromial artery (acromial and deltoid branches), the circumflex humeral arteries, and the profunda brachii artery (deltoid branch). (wikipedia.org)
  • Immediately after its formation, the axillary nerve lies posteriorly to the axillary artery and anteriorly to the subscapularis muscle. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • These cords are defined by their spatial relationship to the axillary artery, and are designated as the lateral, posterior, and the medial cord. (asra.com)
  • The teres minor is innervated by the axillary nerve and supplied, in part, by the posterior humeral circumflex artery. (github.io)
  • The cords are referred to as the lateral, posterior, and medial cord, according to their relationship with the axillary artery, as seen in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to these muscles, the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery are in the quadrilateral space. (colganosteo.com)
  • When either the nerve or the artery is compressed or injured in this area it can cause problems such as quadrilateral space syndrome . (colganosteo.com)
  • Bands of extra fibers are usually what cause the compression of the axillary nerve, or the small artery in the quadrilateral space. (colganosteo.com)
  • branch of the Axillary Artery - largery than AHCA . (wheelessonline.com)
  • This muscle, lying to the medial side of pronator teres, is the most prominent and may be traced downward to its tendon, which is situated nearer to the radial than to the ulnar border of the front of the wrist and medial to the radial artery. (wikibooks.org)
  • It crosses anterior to the axillary artery and vein, pierces the clavipectoral fascia, and supplies the deep surface of the pectoralis major. (neurol.ru)
  • It sends a small branch to the medial pectoral nerve, forming a loop in front of the first part of the axillary artery, to supply fibers of the pectoralis minor. (neurol.ru)
  • The ultrasound image includes a partial view of the lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) the internal jugular vein (IJV), carotid artery (CA) and the transverse process of C7 (TP-C7). (nysora.com)
  • Scanning usually begins just below the level of the cricoid cartilage and medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle with the goal of identifying the carotid artery. (nysora.com)
  • Gutton et al examined 146 different brachial plexuses with ultrasound and found the following: 36% had an intramuscular passage of a root, 8% had a C5 root ahead of the anterior scalene muscle, and 23% had an artery crossing the roots or trunks. (medscape.com)
Lateral17
  • The anterior origin lies adjacent to the lateral fibers of the pectoralis major muscle as do the end tendons of both muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the deltoid fascia contributes to the brachial fascia and is connected to the medial and lateral intermuscular septa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other transverse extensors, the infraspinatus and teres minor, also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of an axillary nerve injury include numbness and a dull achy pain over the lateral and posterior deltoid. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • A nerve injury should be suspected with any numbness to the lateral arm after a shoulder dislocation. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • After the posterior terminal branch of the axillary nerve has innervated the teres minor, it continues as the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • Given the proximal take off of the musculocutaneous nerve, the lateral proximal arm would often be spared. (asra.com)
  • The posterior branch then winds round the deltoid muscle and goes to innervate an area of skin on the back of the arm as the upper lateral brachial cutaneous nerve, or the superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm. (github.io)
  • The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks unite to form the lateral cord, which is the origin of the lateral pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7). (medscape.com)
  • It runs in the subarachnoid space and the cavernous sinus inside the skull, enters the back of the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, and innervates the lateral rectus muscle. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • I will show the involvement of the vessels and nerves in the canine shoulder lateral with the labeled diagram. (anatomylearner.com)
  • The lateral border may be traced, when the muscle is in action, as a rounded edge starting from the iliac crest and slanting obliquely forward and upward to the axilla, where it takes part with the teres major in forming the posterior axillary fold. (wikibooks.org)
  • It curves forward to join the branch from the lateral pectoral nerve, entering the deep surface of the pectoralis minor to supply it. (neurol.ru)
  • Sternocostal part: Innervation is via the lateral and medial pectoral nerves, lateral and medial cords, middle and lower trunks, and roots C7, C8, T 1. (neurol.ru)
  • An isolated lesion of the lateral or medial pectoral nerves is rare. (neurol.ru)
  • During positioning of patients into the lateral decubitus position, the course of the long thoracic nerve must be attended to carefully and the nerve should be protected from any external pressure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once they targeted the anterior branch of the axillary nerve to maximize restoration of shoulder abduction, the patient was anesthetized and placed in a semi-lateral position with her affected arm over her body. (childrenshospital.org)
Humerus7
Musculocutaneous nerve9
  • Musculocutaneous nerve, which goes into muscles in the front of your upper arm and near your elbow. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • [1] The aim of his approach was to avoid the positioning limitations and sparing of the musculocutaneous nerve associated with the axillary block, while decreasing the chance of pneumothorax inherent with the Labat approach, by aiming the needle laterally. (asra.com)
  • ICB is associated with less tourniquet pain and is less likely to spare the musculocutaneous nerve. (asra.com)
  • A cadaveric study showed that the exit point of the musculocutaneous nerve is typically distal to the coracoid process. (asra.com)
  • Double fascicular nerve transfer (a fascicle of the ulnar nerve to biceps branch and a fascicle of the median nerve to brachialis branch of the musculocutaneous nerve) was used to reconstruct elbow flexion in 3 patients. (ijssurgery.com)
  • The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm, including the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis. (mrimaster.com)
  • If the needle is inserted too laterally, it may be in the coracobrachialis or the short head of the biceps, which are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. (neurol.ru)
  • After lesioning of the dorsal root entry zone due to painful avulsion, double fascicles (flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris) of the median and ulnar nerve) were transferred to the biceps brachii and brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to restore elbow flexion. (thenerve.net)
  • The so-called 'double fascicular nerve transfer' entails a surgical transfer of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and flexor carpi ulnar (FCU) branches of the median and ulnar nerves to the biceps brachii and brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve for functional restoration of elbow flexion 2 - 4 , 6 , 7 , 12 - 15 ). (thenerve.net)
Branches16
  • These neuromuscular segments are supplied by smaller branches of the axillary nerve, and work in coordination with other muscles of the shoulder girdle include pectoralis major and supraspinatus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nerve then divides into the anterior, posterior, and articular branches. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • The axillary nerve also provides articular branches to the shoulder joint itself. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • The branches from the cords go to form the terminal nerves of the upper extremity, namely the musculocutaneous, axillary, median,radial, and ulnar nerves. (asra.com)
  • The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Its superior border is separated from the edge of the deltoid muscle by an interval in which lie the cephalic vein and deltoid branches of the a. thoracoacromialis. (co.ma)
  • Sensory branches of the radial nerve provide sensation to the posterior arm, forearm, and dorsolateral hand. (mrimaster.com)
  • The spinal cord in the neck, or cervical area, has branches that are called nerve roots . (colganosteo.com)
  • Branches from the medial pectoral nerve may also supply portions of the pectoralis major. (neurol.ru)
  • Each spinal nerve consists of four segments from proximal to distal: (1) roots, (2) main trunk, (3) four primary branches, and (4) numerous peripheral branches ( Fig. 17-3 A ). The roots lie within the vertebral canal and consist of a dorsal root ( radix dorsalis ) with a spinal ganglion ( ganglion spinale ), and a ventral root ( radix ventralis ). (veteriankey.com)
  • At the spinal ganglion, the meninges continue on the main trunk of the spinal nerve and its branches as the epineurium. (veteriankey.com)
  • The axillary nerve was identified in the quadrilateral space, and the radial nerve branches to the triceps were identified just distal to the teres major tendon. (childrenshospital.org)
  • These roots will join and divide several times to form trunks, divisions, cords, and then finally emerge as terminal nerve branches. (medscape.com)
  • It is innervated by the ventral branches of the Cx nerves. (onlinepethealth.com)
Biceps6
  • Signs include loss of sensation in the arm and paralysis and atrophy of the deltoid, biceps, and brachialis muscles. (standardofcare.com)
  • Latissimus dorsi tendon transfers involve cutting the latissimus dorsi in half to pull part of the muscle around and attach it to the outside of the biceps. (standardofcare.com)
  • 2 Deterioration in muscle power of the deltoid with or without the involvement of the biceps muscle is a dominant sign but may also have sensory changes and radicular pain. (ijssurgery.com)
  • You will also see the infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps brachii, and teres major muscles in the dog shoulder structure. (anatomylearner.com)
  • Dynamic stabilizers are primarily muscular and include the rotator cuff, which provides a compressive stabilizing effect, the tendon of the long head of the biceps, and muscles that stabilize the scapula. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • However, the importance of the brachial muscle in elbow flexion was subsequently confirmed and the technique for the transfer of double fascicular nerves to both the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles was introduced 7 ). (thenerve.net)
Innervates8
  • The posterior branch innervates the teres minor and posterior deltoid muscle. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • The smaller articular branch enters the shoulder behind the subscapularis muscle and innervates the shoulder joint itself. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • Posterior terminal branch - Provides motor innervation to the teres minor muscle, and innervates the skin over the inferior part of the deltoid. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • The posterior branch of the axillary nerve innervates the teres minor and also the deltoid. (github.io)
  • Sometimes there is a middle superior alveolar nerve that innervates the premolars and first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The most commonly affected nerve is the axillary nerve, which innervates the deltoid region. (pemsource.org)
Anterior deltoid3
  • Anterior ("upper") branch connects to and provides motor function to your anterior deltoid muscle (front shoulder). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • However, the anterior deltoid and/or axillary nerve may be damaged due to prior procedures or injury. (qxmd.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the compensatory muscle forces required for scapular plane elevation following RTSR when the anterior deltoid is deficient. (qxmd.com)
Cervical nerves1
  • The number of dorsal and ventral root filaments averages six each for the first five cervical nerves. (veteriankey.com)
Median2
  • Median nerve, which goes into the front of your forearm, hand and most of your fingers. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The median nerve supplies motor fibers to muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm, including the flexor muscles of the wrist and fingers. (mrimaster.com)
Ventral8
  • The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 are referred to as the "roots" of the plexus. (medscape.com)
  • The typical spinal nerve root results from the confluence of the ventral nerve rootlets originating in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and the dorsal nerve rootlets that join the spinal ganglion in the region of the intervertebral foramen. (medscape.com)
  • The subscapularis muscle is a rotator muscle that originates on the ventral side of the shoulder blade. (hickeysolution.com)
  • Union of the dorsal and ventral roots forms the main trunk of the spinal nerve, which is located largely within the intervertebral foramen. (veteriankey.com)
  • After emerging from the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve gives off a dorsal branch ( ramus dorsalis ), then a communicating branch ( ramus communicans ), and continues as a larger ventral branch ( ramus ventralis ). (veteriankey.com)
  • B , Schematic drawing of the dorsal and ventral rootlets of a typical spinal nerve. (veteriankey.com)
  • The number of dorsal root filaments agrees closely with the number of ventral root filaments for each spinal nerve. (veteriankey.com)
  • From the second thoracic segment through the thirteenth thoracic segment there are two dorsal and two ventral filaments that form each thoracic nerve root. (veteriankey.com)
Innervation2
  • The plexus, depicted in the images below, is responsible for the motor innervation of all of the muscles of the upper extremity, with the exception of the trapezius and levator scapula. (medscape.com)
  • The remainder of the radial nerve was stimulated as well to ensure that there would be adequate innervation of the triceps after the transfer. (childrenshospital.org)
Branch7
  • Posterior ("lower") branch connects to and provides motor function to your posterior deltoid (back shoulder) and teres minor muscles, along with the skin in this area of your arm. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The muscle is innervated the posterior terminal branch of the axillary nerve. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • The sensory component of the axillary nerve is delivered via its posterior terminal branch. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • Identify and shield the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve in the distal incision. (dnahelix.com)
  • An additional nerve transfer (triceps branch of the radial nerve to the axillary nerve) was planned for shoulder function. (thenerve.net)
  • Within the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve gives off a small and variable meningeal branch ( ramus meningeus ). (veteriankey.com)
  • A nerve stimulator was used to confirm the identity of the anterior branch of the axillary nerve as well as the branch of the radial nerve to the long head of the triceps. (childrenshospital.org)
Sensory3
  • [ 2 ] The strength of individual muscles or of muscle groups is graded, and a sensory examination is performed, which includes testing for light touch, pinprick, 2-point discrimination, vibration, and proprioception. (medscape.com)
  • The axillary nerve also carries sensory information from the shoulder joint. (github.io)
  • Nerves carry messages from the brain to muscles to direct movement (motor nerves) and send information about different sensations such as touch, temperature, and pain from the muscles back to the brain (sensory nerves). (paulcrookmd.com)
Supraspinatus2
Infraspinatus1
Thoracic nerve7
  • Long thoracic nerve injuries are rare and can lead to "winging" of the scapula. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Isolated long thoracic nerve injury causes paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We present the case of a 23-year-old woman who sustained isolated long thoracic nerve palsy during anterior spinal surgery which caused external compressive force on the nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Isolated long thoracic nerve paralysis causes weakness of the serratus anterior muscle and winging of the scapula [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We present a patient with long thoracic nerve palsy caused by the direct compression of the nerve during anterior spinal surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An electrodiagnostic study carried out two months later revealed an isolated long thoracic nerve lesion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, in the last electrodiagnostic study that was carried out 5 years after the surgery, partial and incomplete regeneration of the long thoracic nerve was reported. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral nerve11
  • This is an electrophysiologic test that's used to check peripheral nerve and muscle function. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Peripheral nerve dysfunction can be debilitating, because peripheral nerves generate the signals that govern both pain and peripheral motor function. (medscape.com)
  • Differentiating between a peripheral nerve problem and an injury involving the spinal cord, brain, bone, or soft tissue is crucial. (medscape.com)
  • Are the symptoms and findings consistent with a focal or a diffuse type of peripheral nerve problem? (medscape.com)
  • What is the grade of the peripheral nerve injury? (medscape.com)
  • Peripheral nerve, cross-section. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Imaging techniques, such as radiography, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are valuable diagnostic tools for evaluating a peripheral nerve lesion. (medscape.com)
  • A nerve conduction study (NCS) can be effective in identifying peripheral nerve injury. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, peripheral nerve surgeries for spasticity in lower limbs were limited to selective neurectomies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Peripheral nerve problems about the shoulder are rare but can also leave people with weakness that affects their shoulder motion. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • The axillary nerve is considered a peripheral nerve . (colganosteo.com)
Sensation5
  • This network of nerves enables movement and sensation to your upper limbs. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • It can take months to regain sensation or muscle control. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • In a patient with axillary nerve damage, sensation at the regimental badge area may be impaired or absent. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • The Axillary nerve injury is the loss of movement or lack of sensation in the shoulder area by either a compressive force or traction injury. (physioclinic.sg)
  • Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (unboundmedicine.com)
Subscapularis5
  • The three most common treatments for Erb's palsy are nerve transfers from the opposite arm, subscapularis releases and latissimus dorsi tendon transfers. (standardofcare.com)
  • Subscapularis release does compromise the integrity of the muscle. (standardofcare.com)
  • The nerve then courses anteriorly to the subscapularis. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • The nerve then courses anteriorly to the subscapularis and exits out the axilla posteriorly through the quadrangular space. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • It descends to the inferior border of the subscapularis muscle, and then exits the axilla posteriorly via the quadrangular space. (neurologyneeds.com)
Spinal cord4
  • The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Because the caudal part of the spinal cord (S-1 caudally) and the nerves that leave it resemble a horse's tail, this part of the spinal cord (the conus medullaris), with the spinal roots coming from it, is called the cauda equina (see Chapter 16 ). (veteriankey.com)
  • This rare but increasingly common polio-like illness, often preceded by a viral infection, affects the nervous system in the area of the spinal cord, causing muscles and reflexes to weaken and become paralyzed. (childrenshospital.org)
Quadrangular space1
Dislocation5
Tendons7
Upper extremity2
  • Originally, surgical procedures performed on the elbow and distal upper extremity utilizing regional anesthesia were done under axillary block. (asra.com)
  • Shoulder" is a general term covering a broad group of muscles in the upper extremity. (carpaltunnelrelief.net)
Weakness9
  • It is necessary to monitor your progress in movement and strength, as persistent weakness may indicate a rotator cuff tear or nerve damage. (northernorthopaedic.com.au)
  • The axillary nerve runs close to the bottom of the joint and, if damaged causes weakness of the deltoid muscle and difficulty in raising the arm. (sgsu.co.uk)
  • When Might Nerve Injury Be the Source of Your Shoulder Pain and Weakness? (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • In fact one of the more common conditions that causes shoulder weakness is a pinched nerve in the neck. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Pinched nerves in the neck can lead to weakness in the shoulder muscles and can mimic shoulder and arm problems. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • How do you know if a nerve injury is causing your shoulder weakness? (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • A thorough history and physical performed by a knowledgeable specialist will help you better determine whether nerve damage is causing your weakness. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Numbness, unusual weakness or electric shock-type pain might be a sign of nerve damage. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • As a result, the weakness of her serratus anterior muscle has lessened gradually, but on her last visit five years after the surgery some weakness was still detectable and, although she could manage her daily activities without fatigue, mild winging was still present during overhead activities (Figure 4 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Humeral2
  • These muscles perform the important function of stabilizing the humeral head which is fairly round but asymmetric in the glenoid which is a slightly concave dish. (carpaltunnelrelief.net)
  • Five of the muscles share a common origin from the medial humeral epicondyle: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus and parts of flexor digitorum superficialis. (wikibooks.org)
Circumflex1
Anatomy5
Palsy7
  • Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5-C6 nerves. (standardofcare.com)
  • Background Iatrogenic cervical nerve root injury may occur during cervical spine surgeries, which leads to upper limb palsy. (ijssurgery.com)
  • This study outlines a new reconstructive approach forupper limb palsy following cervical spine surgery using nerve transfer. (ijssurgery.com)
  • Methods In an attempt to reconstruct iatrogenic upper limb palsy, we performed nerve transfer in 4 patients with permanently lost functions. (ijssurgery.com)
  • In addition, we have addressed the question of how nerve transfer can help patients with iatrogenic cervical root palsy. (ijssurgery.com)
  • The most common nerve transfers that can be performed to treat patients with permanent upper limb palsy after cervical spine surgery. (ijssurgery.com)
  • The results confirmed that the patient's axillary nerve was not recovering, troubling because there are very limited options for restoring deltoid function in long-standing axillary nerve palsy. (childrenshospital.org)
Distal1
  • Chen WJ, Wu CC, Lin YH, Shih CH. Treatment of deltoid contracture in adults by distal release of the deltoid. (medscape.com)
Plexus5
  • Following trauma to the head and shoulder, an injury can cause the nerves of the plexus to violently stretch, with the upper trunk of the plexus sustaining the greatest injury. (standardofcare.com)
  • Plexopathy refers to a disorder affecting nerves, blood or lymph vessels in the regions of the brachial or lumbosacral plexus, the two major plexus in the body. (boneandspine.com)
  • The plexus (BP) is seen between the middle scalene muscle (MSM) laterally and anterior scalene muscle (ASM) medially. (nysora.com)
  • The prevertebral fascia, superficial cervical plexus, and sternocleidomastoid muscle are seen superficial to the plexus. (nysora.com)
  • The roots of the plexus lie within a fascial sheath, which is formed from the fascia of the surrounding scalene muscles. (medscape.com)
Quadrilateral space3
Serratus anterior2
  • The normal function of the serratus anterior muscle is to maintain the scapula in apposition to the thorax when the arm is elevated forward at the shoulder [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle causes the scapula to rotate posteriorly on its vertical axis, producing the characteristic appearance of winging of the scapula [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Conduction7
  • NCS/EMG (nerve conduction study/electromyography). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Neurapraxia is a reduction or complete block of conduction across a segment of a nerve with axonal continuity conserved. (medscape.com)
  • [ 12 ] Peripheral nerves are stimulated by somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), and if signal conduction is disrupted along any segment of the circuit, an evoked potentiation is not produced. (medscape.com)
  • The assessment of nerve injury includes a careful neurological examination, sometimes accompanied by tests, e.g., electromyography or nerve conduction studies. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • For more information on the series, including purchase of this and other EMG and Nerve Conduction CDs, please visit the TeleEMG Online Store . (sectorlink.org)
  • A detailed clinical examination, nerve conduction studies, and electromyography can help to differentiate. (boneandspine.com)
  • Nerve conduction studies and electromyography shows show demyelinating features [ not seen in idiopathic brachial neuritis]. (boneandspine.com)
Insertion3
  • Though traditionally described as a single insertion, the deltoid insertion is divided into two or three discernible areas corresponding to the muscle's three areas of origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The arrangement of the fibres of the muscle at its insertion is peculiar. (co.ma)
  • it gradually becomes less marked as it approaches the tendon of insertion and is closely blended with the deltoid. (wikibooks.org)
Neck3
Shoulder joint3
Medial3
  • The anterior division of the lower trunk forms the medial cord, which gives off the medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1), the medial brachial cutaneous nerve (T1), and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (C8, T1). (medscape.com)
  • The medial pectoral nerve is derived from the eighth cervical and first thoracic cervical rami. (neurol.ru)
  • Insert the needle just medial to the anterior axillary fold over the bulk of the muscle. (neurol.ru)
Latissimus dorsi2
  • This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi during arm adduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • They take origin from the costal cartilages, ribs, or borders of the pectoralis major (chondroepitrochlearis, axillary arches, costocoracoideus), or from the border of the latissimus dorsi (dorsoepitrochlearis, axillary arches, costocoracoideus). (co.ma)
Medially1
  • The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect. (wikipedia.org)
Rotator cuff1
Neuromuscular2
  • Studies have shown that there are seven neuromuscular segments to the deltoid muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once a nerve injury occurs, effects on the nerve, neuromuscular junction, and muscle begin to occur. (medscape.com)
Scapular3
  • Anatomically, the deltoid muscle appears to be made up of three distinct sets of muscle fibers, namely the anterior or clavicular part (pars clavicularis) posterior or scapular part (pars scapularis) intermediate or acromial part (pars acromialis) However, electromyography suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • After implantation of the RTSR, the shoulders were mounted on a custom-made shoulder simulator to determine the mean force in each muscle required to achieve 30° and 60° of scapular plane elevation. (qxmd.com)
  • Exercises include strengthening of the rotator cuff muscles and scapular stabilization. (boneandspine.com)
Injury23
  • At this time, Dr. Chou diagnosed Van Zee's injury as a nerve injury in the right shoulder area. (justia.com)
  • Should I be concerned if I have an axillary nerve injury? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Classification of nerve injury is based on the damage sustained by the nerve components, nerve functionality, and the ability for spontaneous recovery. (medscape.com)
  • An untreated acute injury to a nerve can progress to chronic nerve injury. (medscape.com)
  • Is the nerve injury complete or incomplete? (medscape.com)
  • The workup of every patient with acute nerve injury begins with a complete history and a physical examination. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] To rule out bony and ligamentous injuries, all patients with axillary nerve injury should have radiographs taken of the shoulder and cervical spine. (medscape.com)
  • Technological advances in neurosurgical instrumentation and diagnostic imaging have led to great results in the repair of acute nerve injury. (medscape.com)
  • What are the Causes of axillary nerve injury? (physioclinic.sg)
  • What are the Sign and Symptoms of Axillary nerve injury? (physioclinic.sg)
  • The treatment of axillary nerve injury will entirely depends on the cause of shoulder problem. (physioclinic.sg)
  • Conclusion In our view, these results represent an excellent initial step toward the treatment of iatrogenic nerve root injury after spine surgery. (ijssurgery.com)
  • Injury can occur anywhere along the course of the nerve fibers from your spine to the tips of your fingers. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • How might you sustain a nerve injury around the shoulder? (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Nerve injury around the shoulder can be caused by trauma such as fractures, dislocations or blunt force. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • While rare, nerve injury from surgery can happen as well. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Most people find the thought of a nerve injury frightening. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • When they hear the term "nerve injury" they probably visualize a severed nerve. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • But often, time is our best ally if there is a nerve injury. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • There are varying degrees of nerve injury. (colganosteo.com)
  • Most commonly, injury to the axillary nerve is a more mild form of injury called neuropraxia . (colganosteo.com)
  • The axillary nerve is very short, so even a severe injury can heal rather quickly. (colganosteo.com)
  • An acute axillary nerve injury can also happen from carrying a heavy backpack. (colganosteo.com)
Injuries12
  • Injuries to this nerve can affect your ability to rotate your arm or lift it. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Nerve injuries can take a long time to heal. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Severe injuries may need surgery, such as a nerve graft. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • [ 3 ] Seddon created a 3-grade classification, and Sunderland categorized nerve injuries into 5 grades. (medscape.com)
  • Other Injuries as a result of direct violence, including gunshot wounds and traction on the arm can cause nerves related paralysis. (standardofcare.com)
  • Axillary nerve injuries have a very good prognosis with full recovery expected between 12 and 45 weeks. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • 8,9 In the setting of the iatrogenic cervical nerve root injuries, restoration of the elbow flexion and the shoulder function has higher priority to control antigravity movements. (ijssurgery.com)
  • In this study, we report the use of nerve transfers to restore lost functions in 4 cases with different nerve root injuries. (ijssurgery.com)
  • Typically nerve injuries, even from surgery are stretch-type injuries and often recover on their own. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • They have a general understanding that nerve injuries can be permanent. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • Most nerve injuries are stretch injuries or bruises and recover on their own without the need for surgery. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
  • The hard part about nerve injuries is that they require patience through recovery. (drmatthewdipaola.com)
Paralysis2
  • Patients may have paralysis of the deltoid and teres minor muscles, rendering them unable to abduct the affected limb. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • In this regard, a variety of nerve transfers based on the pattern of paralysis are introduced ( Figure 1 ). (ijssurgery.com)
Abduction5
  • When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The axillary nerve controls the deltoid and teres minor muscles, which are involved in shoulder abduction and external rotation, respectively. (mrimaster.com)
  • Nerve grafting or tendon transfers may be considered to improve shoulder abduction when recovery is not present. (boneandspine.com)
  • Deltoid muscle abduction contracture. (medscape.com)
  • Fibrous replacement of the deltoid muscle: a remediable cause of abduction contracture of the shoulder in scleroderma. (medscape.com)
Electromyography1
Radial nerve3
  • Radial nerve, which goes into muscles in the back of your arm (triceps) and in your wrists. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • [2] ICB has less impact on pulmonary function but is more likely to spare the radial nerve distribution if a single injection is used compared with the supraclavicular approach. (asra.com)
  • For shoulder function, it is recommended to perform radial nerve transfer at the time of the first surgery. (thenerve.net)
Roots1
  • The axillary nerve is mainly formed from the fifth (C5) and sixth (C6) cervical nerve roots. (colganosteo.com)
Pectoralis major forms1
  • The lower border of pectoralis major forms the rounded anterior axillary fold. (wikibooks.org)
Vessels2
  • The clavicle also forms a protective covering for important nerves and blood vessels that pass under it from the spine to the arms. (paulcrookmd.com)
  • Blood vessels travel along with the nerves to supply blood to the arms. (paulcrookmd.com)