AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
IsoniazidMycobacterium aviumMycobacterium avium ComplexMycobacterium avium-intracellulare InfectionTuberculosisAntitubercular AgentsMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosisTuberculosis, AvianRifabutinRifampinMycobacterium InfectionsRifamycinsMycobacterium tuberculosisGranulomaClarithromycinEthambutolAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsPyrazinamideAntibiotics, AntitubercularAzithromycinTuberculosis, Multidrug-ResistantParatuberculosisTuberculosis, PulmonaryAmikacinMice, Inbred C57BLBordetella aviumSpleenMacrophagesInterferon-gammaColony Count, MicrobialEthionamideDrug Therapy, CombinationBCG VaccineMycobacteriumAntigens, BacterialMice, Inbred BALB CLungStreptomycinMicrobial Sensitivity TestsImmunity, CellularAnti-Bacterial AgentsInterleukin-12Aminosalicylic AcidsAminosalicylic AcidDrug Resistance, BacterialClofazimineIsonicotinic AcidsCatalaseLiverLymphocyte ActivationBacterial ProteinsMycolic AcidsT-LymphocytesCytokinesMycobacterium smegmatisThioacetazoneMycobacteriophagesDisease Models, AnimalDNA, BacterialDrug Resistance, MicrobialDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialMice, KnockoutSputumLatent TuberculosisAza CompoundsTuberculin TestCattle DiseasesMycobacterium phleiCells, CulturedNontuberculous MycobacteriaOxidoreductasesArylamine N-AcetyltransferaseHydrazinesMycobacterium Infections, NontuberculousThioridazinePolymerase Chain ReactionMycobacterium bovisMycobacterium scrofulaceumBordetellaTuberculosis, Lymph NodeQuinolinesTuberculosis, Splenic
MycobacteriumPyrazinamideIntracellulareEthambutolRifampinRifampicinOpportunistic InfectionsBacterial infectionsNontuberculous mycobacterialStrainsAntibioticsUnderlying lungLungsRespiratoryPulmonaryFungal infectionsAsymptomaticSevereGastrointestinalLatent infectionPatientsSpeciesComplexWidespreadResistantZoonotic infectionMortalityChronicTularemiaXenopi infectionDiagnosisCause infectionImmuneMalabsorptionSoft tissue infectionsTuberculosis infectionSystemicSputumTypicallySusceptibleNosocomialStreptomycinTreatmentPrimarilyClinicalDrugPrevalenceCerebralInjectionResistance
Mycobacterium26
Pyrazinamide4
Intracellulare6
  • M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. chimaera). (wikipedia.org)
  • The most prevalent species are M. avium and M. intracellulare . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • M. fortuitum , M. intracellulare , M. terrae and M. avium . (who.int)
  • The M. avium complex (including M. avium and M. intracellulare ) is most often associated with pulmonary infection. (who.int)
  • M. avium intracellulare, M. kansasii and M. fortuitum strains were tested with both agar dilution method and broth microdilution method. (practo.com)
  • For M. avium intracellulare, the agreement between both methods figured around 70% for isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (STR) and ethambutol (EMB). (practo.com)
Ethambutol3
  • 2,10 The M. avium complex is treated with combination therapy consisting of Clarithromycin, Rifampicin and Ethambutol and should be continued for one year. (who.int)
  • 11 While the regimen includes Rifampicin and Ethambutol, two of the standard first-line anti-TB drugs, the length of the TB regimen is not sufficient to address M. avium complex infections. (who.int)
  • Companion drugs in both arms of the study were ethambutol, clofazimine, and isoniazid. (ox.ac.uk)
Rifampin1
  • Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis-that is, M. tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (rifampin), plus any fluoroquinolone and one or more of the three injectable second-line drugs (capreomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin)-is an increasing clinical problem. (clinicalgate.com)
Rifampicin2
  • Additionally, Isoniazid (apart from Rifampicin the most potent first-line anti-TB drug) has only a limited effect on M. avium , 9 and relapses are common. (who.int)
  • Globally, in 2018 about half a million TB infections were rifampicin-resistant, of which 78% were multi-drug resistant (MDR)-TB ( World Health Organization [WHO], 2019a ). (frontiersin.org)
Opportunistic Infections7
  • This issue of MMWR Recommendations and Reports (Vol. 44, No. RR-8) is excerpted from the USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, to be published in a supplement to Clinical Infectious Diseases in August 1995. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevention of opportunistic infections (OI) in patients with HIV has since significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in these patients. (medscape.com)
  • Opportunistic infections are defined as infections that are either more severe because of HIV-related immunosuppression, or more frequent. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] This is similar to observed CDC data of a reduction in 14 opportunistic infections from 15.1 per 100 person-years to fewer than 2 per 100 person-years. (medscape.com)
  • Infection leads to progressive immunologic deterioration and opportunistic infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1997 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immuno- deficiency virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Its prevalence has not been accurately determined, although with improved survival from both opportunistic infections and HIV disease, it can be expected to be increasingly common in clinical practice. (clinicalgate.com)
Bacterial infections2
  • This medicine is primarily used to cure bacterial infections. (365chemists.com)
  • The following is a list of adverse reactions to claravis, which may occur in any drug used in combination with antibiotics for which the adverse reaction may be assumed to be drug related: amoxil: amoxil is used to treat bacterial infections that may have spread to your bloodstream or tissues from the skin or tissues. (eyelikemusic.nl)
Nontuberculous mycobacterial4
  • The incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection has been increasing globally. (degruyter.com)
  • Rifabutin versus placebo in combination with three drugs in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in patients with AIDS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The aim of this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 12-week study was to assess the efficacy of rifabutin (450 or 600 mg/d) in the treatment of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in patients with AIDS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections There are over 170 recognized species of mycobacteria, mostly environmental. (merckmanuals.com)
Strains1
  • Therefore, a typical course may require additional medications and a longer duration if drug-resistant strains are causing infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Antibiotics2
  • Similarly, doctors often find MAC infections challenging to treat due to the inherent resistance of the bacteria to many commonly used antibiotics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Because antibiotics were unknown, the only means of controlling the spread of infection was to isolate patients in private sanitoria or hospitals limited to patients with TB - a practice that continues to this day in many countries. (encyclopedia.com)
Underlying lung1
  • The infections often target individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Lungs5
  • M. tuberculosis causes TB and is a highly contagious respiratory infection, primarily affecting the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Most M xenopi infections occur in the lungs, usually in patients with preexisting lung disease or with predisposing conditions (eg, extrapulmonary malignancy, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, HIV infection). (medscape.com)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Combutol 400 Tablet is utilized to treat tuberculosis, an irresistible infection that fundamentally influences the lungs yet can influence different pieces of the body also. (cheapmedicinepills.com)
  • Localized infection escalates within the lungs, with dissemination to the regional lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
Respiratory3
  • This infection causes respiratory illness in birds, pigs, and humans, especially in immunocompromised people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprin , SMZ/TMP, aka B actrim aka Fish Sulfa is used for urinary tract infections , MRSA skin infections, travelers' diarrhea , respiratory tract infections , and cholera , among others. (blogspot.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To characterize residential social vulnerability among healthcare personnel (HCP) and evaluate its association with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. (cdc.gov)
Pulmonary6
  • Pulmonary infection is the most common manifestation of NTM, accounting for approximately 90% of infections. (degruyter.com)
  • M. fortuitum has been associated with pulmonary infection but more often affects the skin, soft tissue or bones. (who.int)
  • For pulmonary disease, inhalation of infected airborne particles is the usual route of infection. (medscape.com)
  • M xenopi can cause 2 patterns of disease in these patients: localized pulmonary disease that can mimic tuberculosis in persons with early-stage HIV infection and disseminated disease in those with advanced AIDS. (medscape.com)
  • The second group comprises immunocompetent adults with chronic lung disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in whom M xenopi infection usually follows a long-term, indolent course. (medscape.com)
  • Updated ATS/IDSA guidelines focusing on diagnostic testing for latent tuberculosis infection, pulmonary tuberculosis, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. (thoracic.org)
Fungal infections1
  • If the ulcer is caused by infection (deep fungal infections), usually it exposes the underlying bone and has necrotic slough. (jcda.ca)
Asymptomatic2
  • Tuberculosis is a chronic, progressive mycobacterial infection, often with an asymptomatic latent period following initial infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • New infections are asymptomatic. (themauimiracle.org)
Severe2
  • Pain severity may range from mild to severe depending on the cause of the lesion and the presence of secondary infection. (jcda.ca)
  • Pain is more severe when there is secondary or superadded infection. (jcda.ca)
Gastrointestinal1
  • Finally, as the treatment of infections in gastrointestinal disturbances of episodic mem- however, pharmacotherapy of dementia. (themauimiracle.org)
Latent infection1
  • All HIV-infected persons at risk for infection with M. tuberculosis must be carefully evaluated and, if indicated, administered therapy to prevent the progression of latent infection to active TB disease and avoid the complications associated with HIV-related TB. (cdc.gov)
Patients14
  • However, Jerome Reich and Richard Johnson describe a series of six patients with MAC infection of the right middle lobe or lingula who did not have any predisposing lung disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Since the six patients in their retrospective case series were older females, Reich and Johnson proposed that patients without a vigorous cough may develop right middle lobe or left lingular infection with MAC. (wikipedia.org)
  • For many years before the development of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), these infections inflicted significant morbidity and mortality on patients living with AIDS. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Patients should be aware of their CD4 count and their risk for specific infections and should begin ART. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] As observed in patients with hemophilia who experienced presumed transfusion-related transmission during the 1980s to 1990s, OI generally developed an average of 7 to 10 years after initial HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • 17 These results are consistent with two possibilities: either MAP infection could cause Crohn's disease in a subset of patients that are either selectively exposed to this organism or who are genetically susceptible to infection or, alternatively, this relatively common dietary organism may selectively colonise (or a dead organism selectively lodge in) the ulcerated mucosa of Crohn's disease patients but not initiate or perpetuate intestinal inflammation. (bmj.com)
  • The addition of rifabutin to a triple-drug regimen may contribute to the clearance of disseminated MAC infection in patients with AIDS, without causing additional toxicity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the sputum of HIV-infected patients: infection or colonization? (medscape.com)
  • Topics A-Z These atypical mycobacterial infections are a frequent complication in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or AIDS. (vint.cz)
  • Many elderly patients developed the infection some years ago when the disease was more widespread. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Limited access to laboratory services in low- and middle-income countries means that almost half the fatal cases of TB/HIV co-infection are unrecognised before the patients die [ 1 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The current picture mirrors early reports of MDR tuberculosis in HIV infection in that mortality is very high among HIV-infected patients: In the original South African study from KwaZulu Natal, survival was less than 3 weeks from the time of receipt of the first sputum sample. (clinicalgate.com)
  • Type 2 DM patients are estimated to have a 3-fold higher risk of developing active TB infection compared to non-diabetic individuals [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Poor glycemic control is considered a major risk factor for the development of TB in DM patients [ 3 ] and may contribute to alterations in peripheral, as well as local, immune cell responses at the site of Mtb infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Species2
  • The MAC is a group of closely related mycobacterial species that share similar characteristics and cause similar infections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • De Lorenzi D, Solano-Gallego L. Tracheal granuloma because of infection with a novel mycobacterial species in an old FIV-positive cat. (medscape.com)
Complex1
  • to be applied?APRICOT : AIDS Pegasys Ribavirin International CO-infection Trial?APSAC: Anisolyated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex?APT: Alum-precipitated toxoid?aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time?APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time?aq. (kuwaitpharmacy.com)
Widespread1
  • There is no doubt that a potential source of zoonotic infection exists, with widespread MAP infections in the dairy herds of Europe, North America, and Australia, 13, 14 excretion of MAP in milk from infected cows, 15 relative resistance of intracellular MAP to widely used pasteurisation techniques, 16 and recovery of viable MAP from the water supplying Los Angeles. (bmj.com)
Resistant2
  • They loose peroxidase and catalase activity when they become isoniazid (INH) resistant. (vint.cz)
  • About 10% of all new TB infections are resistant to at least one anti-TB drug because monotherapy contributed to the resistance development, genuine anti-TB drug therapy has included the use of numerous drugs [ 13 ]. (ajgreenchem.com)
Zoonotic infection1
  • Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic infection, and exposure to pet reptiles has been implicated in several human outbreaks. (bioone.org)
Mortality3
  • HIV/AIDS is the most important factor predisposing to TB infection and mortality in parts of the world where both infections are prevalent. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The first group comprises young, severely immunocompromised individuals in whom M xenopi infection occurs as an opportunistic infection that may then become disseminated, conferring a high risk of mortality and morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • Atypical mycobacteria infections cause little mortality. (vint.cz)
Chronic4
  • Infections usually occur because of compromised immune systems, such as those with AIDS , chronic lung diseases, or other factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Similarities between chronic idiopathic granulomatous ileocolitis and mycobacterial infections have been noted since the original descriptions of the clinical syndrome now called Crohn's disease. (bmj.com)
  • To be sure, Oskar Fischer was the first on record to suggest that chronic infection might be causative for what we today call AD. (j-alz.com)
  • The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) TB is related to the prevalence of TB in the community, and it is still the most common type of chronic CNS infection in developing countries. (medscape.com)
Tularemia1
Xenopi infection2
  • The combination therapy used showed efficacy and thus could serve as a reference treatment for kidney and lymph node M. xenopi infection. (degruyter.com)
  • Surveillance data for M xenopi infection are not available because such infection is not a reportable disease. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis4
  • Understanding the differences between these two mycobacterial infections is crucial for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and prevention strategies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Further, it has been reported that early NTM infection diagnosis and treatment can considerably improve patient prognosis. (degruyter.com)
  • Mixed infections as well as false-positive TB diagnosis cannot be ruled out. (who.int)
  • Rapid, point‐of‐care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. (cebhc.co.za)
Cause infection3
  • citation needed] MAC bacteria are common in the environment and cause infection when inhaled or swallowed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both may remain dormant and cause infection when under stress . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Environmental exposure to many of these organisms is common, but most exposures do not cause infection and many infections. (merckmanuals.com)
Immune4
  • M. avium and M. haemophilum infections in children form a distinct clinical entity, not associated with abnormalities of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • MAC infections typically occur when individuals with compromised immune systems or preexisting lung conditions come into contact with contaminated water, soil, or food. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Immunosuppression resulting from HIV places a patient at risk for infection from organisms that are otherwise relatively mildly hazardous and that would normally be cleared by a competent immune system. (medscape.com)
  • Immunosuppressive circumstances reduce the immune system's effectiveness, allowing formerly dormant bacteria to reactivate, resulting in active TB decades after the initial infection. (ajgreenchem.com)
Malabsorption1
  • MAC infections can cause fevers, diarrhea, malabsorption, as well as loss of appetite and weight loss, and can disseminate to the bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
Soft tissue infections1
  • For skin and soft tissue infections, direct contact through penetrating injuries and surgical procedures provide the route. (medscape.com)
Tuberculosis infection2
  • Guidelines for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020. (thoracic.org)
  • 2022) Estimating waiting times, patient flow, and waiting room occupancy density as part of tuberculosis infection prevention and control research in South African primary health care clinics. (cebhc.co.za)
Systemic1
  • Ask about any medical illnesses or conditions (infections, lung disease or any other systemic disease). (jcda.ca)
Sputum1
  • The test requires no laboratory infrastructure, is cheaper and simpler to perform than the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, and lacks the infection risks associated with sputum collection [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Typically1
  • M. avium typically causes unilateral swelling of one of the lymph nodes of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
Susceptible1
  • Immunocompromised cases (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] positive cases) are susceptible to NTM infection, particularly disseminated M. avium disease. (who.int)
Nosocomial1
  • Colonization of hospital water systems is associated with infection, disease, and nosocomial isolation. (medscape.com)
Streptomycin1
Treatment7
  • Treatment duration for MAC infections is generally longer, and a doctor only considers a person cured once samples show no sign of disease for at least 12 months . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • One study found significantly reduced incidence of OI after ART initiation, from 15.1 infections per 100 person-years in the 6 months before starting ART to 2.2 infections per 100 person-years after 9 to 15 months of treatment. (medscape.com)
  • However, traditional methods for detecting pathogenic microorganisms are associated with several limitations, and optimal treatment regimens for several NTM infections have not yet been established. (degruyter.com)
  • Treatment is with isoniazid and other antituberculous. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The most noteworthy change to the newest latent TB treatment guideline is preferential use of three rifamycin-based regimens of 3-4 month duration over isoniazid monotherapy for 6-9 months. (thoracic.org)
  • if it is due to an underlying medical condition like syphilis, tuberculosis (TB) or deep fungal infection, refer the patient to a specialist for treatment in consultation with a medical doctor. (jcda.ca)
  • Combutol 400 Mg Tablet is an anti-infection that is utilized in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB). (cheapmedicinepills.com)
Primarily1
  • The aims of this study were to evaluate 1) the reliability of spoligotyping when used with clinical specimens, 2) the potential usefulness of the method in distinguishing M. tuberculosis from other nontuberculous mycobacteria (primarily M. avium ), and 3) the feasibility and impact of spoligotyping in managing tuberculosis in clinical settings. (cdc.gov)
Clinical1
  • Further, this case showed that the clinical symptoms of NTM infection are atypical and highly occult, especially for extrapulmonary NTM infections, which are difficult to diagnose. (degruyter.com)
Drug2
Prevalence1
  • Little data are available on the prevalence of NTM infections in TB high-burden countries, but the incidence can nevertheless be substantial. (who.int)
Cerebral2
  • Moreover, Fischer felt such cerebral plaque to be the result of an infection and was very specific as to the sort of infection that might be involved. (j-alz.com)
  • TBM must be differentiated not only from other forms of acute and subacute meningitis but also from conditions such as viral infections and cerebral abscess. (medscape.com)
Injection1
  • Ambistryn-S 1Gm Injection, combined with penicillin, is used as a standard antibiotic cocktail to prevent bacterial infection in cell culture. (365chemists.com)
Resistance1
  • 2) After first infection, the host acquires some resistance against reinfection as evident from quick healing of local ulcer following reinfection of the guinea pig (Koch's phenomenon). (vint.cz)