Avian influenza a virus h7n7 subtype. Medical search. Frequent questions

In August 2013, high pathogenic (HP) H7N7 was found in markets in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province in China when testing for H7N9. (wikipedia.org)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
There are many subtypes of avian influenza viruses, but only some strains of five subtypes have been known to infect humans: H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2. (inciner8.com)
Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 is a novel avian influenza virus first reported to have infected humans in 2013 in China. (inciner8.com)
In this study the host transcriptomic response to emerging H7N9 influenza virus is characterized in mice and compared it with the responses to H7N7, H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. (usda.gov)
This work identifies host responses that could be targeted to treat severe H7N9 influenza and identifies two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed as H7N9 influenza therapeutics. (usda.gov)
Though the pathogenicity of emerging H7N9 influenza virus has been reported in several animal models, these studies have not included a detailed characterization of the host response following infection. (usda.gov)
To this end, we characterized the transcriptomic response of BALB/c mice infected with H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013) virus and compared it to the responses induced by H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), H7N7 (A/Netherlands/219/2003) or H1N1 (A/Mexico/4482/2009) viruses. (usda.gov)
H5N1, H7N7 and H7N9 viruses were pathogenic in mice, and this pathogenicity correlated with increased cytokine response, decreased lipid metabolism and decreased coagulation signaling. (usda.gov)
Finally, we used host transcriptomic profiling to computationally predict drugs that reverse the host response to H7N9 infection, and identified two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed to treat H7N9 and other pathogenic influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
Since the last update of 26 August 2013, China has reported no new cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus , but reported one death in a previously reported case. (flutrackers.com)
As of 7 October 2013, 135 human cases of influenza A(H7N9) virus infection were reported to WHO. (flutrackers.com)
Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. (bvsalud.org)
The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. (bvsalud.org)
The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. (bvsalud.org)
Avian influenza of subtypes H5N1 and H7N9 are classical examples of direct animal to human transmission. (rroij.com)
Avian influenza types (AI) A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N7), A(H7N9), A(H9N2), which originated in birds, and swine influenza A(H3N2)v, which originated in pigs, Human infections with swine flu A(H1N1v) and A(H3N2v) viruses have been reported from different regions, with maximum notified from North America and Europe. (rroij.com)
Some subtypes of the Influenza A, usually called Bird flu (H5N1 and H7N9 viruses) and Swine flu (H1N1 virus) have caused serious infections in human, which have sometimes resulted in death. (gomedii.com)
Full genome sequencing of 15 influenza isolates from 6 waterfowl species revealed subtypes combinations that were previously described in South America (H1N1, H4N2, H4N6 (n = 3), H5N3, H6N2 (n = 4), and H10N7 (n = 2)), and new ones not previously identified in the region (H4N8, H7N7 and H7N9). (bvsalud.org)
In many patients infected by A(H5) or A(H7N9) avian influenza viruses, the disease has an aggressive clinical course. (environmentalenergy.us)
The case fatality rate for A(H5) and A(H7N9) subtype virus infections among humans is much higher than that of seasonal influenza infections. (environmentalenergy.us)
Fluhunter: Avian Influenza H7N9 virus + Mammal (incl. (genekam.de)
Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
Chen P., Jiang Y., Guan Y., Liu J., Gu W., Han S., Chen H.. Rapid Evolution of H7N9 Highly Pathogenic Viruses that Emerged in China in 2017. (caas.cn)
The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. (ox.ac.uk)
A novel H7N9 influenza A virus first detected in March 2013 has since caused more than 130 human infections in China, resulting in 40 deaths. (ox.ac.uk)
We show that the H7 viruses subsequently reassorted with enzootic H9N2 viruses to generate the H7N9 outbreak lineage, and a related previously unrecognized H7N7 lineage. (ox.ac.uk)
Since 31 March 2013, the government of China has been notifying the World Health Organization (WHO) of human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 1 as mandated by the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)
H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) have previously been reported, 3 the current event in China is of historical significance as it is the first time that A(H7N9) viruses have been detected among humans and the first time that a low pathogenic avian influenza virus is being associated with human fatalities. (who.int)
5,6 Here, we describe the age and sex distribution of the human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) to better inform risk assessments and potential next steps. (who.int)
Between 31 March and 16 April 2013, there were 63 reported cases of avian influenza A(H7N9). (who.int)
9 LBMs have been the primary site where avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has been detected in poultry and environmental samples in the affected areas, 9 although age- and sex-specific LBM visit patterns are unknown.Elderly Chinese men are well-known to be hobbyists of "walking" ornamental pet songbirds and take frequent and extended walks with their caged birds, congregating together in parks. (who.int)
H7N9 avian influenza human infection is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 better known as coronavirus. (done21.com)
Recent human infections with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are infecting humans too. (influenzavirusnet.com)
From Lisa Schnirring at CIDRAP : ' A study designed to sift out some of the risk factors for H7N9 influenza in China found that expos. (blogspot.com)

During 2020, LPAI H9N2 virus infection in one child with moderate illness after possible indirect exposure to backyard poultry was reported from Hong Kong in February 2020. (cdc.gov)
Senegal reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a child with mild illness after backyard poultry exposure that occurred in February 2019. (cdc.gov)
During 2020, China reported five cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in four children and one adult who experienced mild illness and were detected through ILI surveillance. (cdc.gov)
During 2021, 24 cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection were identified in China, including 19 mild cases in children, two mild cases in adults, and three severe cases requiring hospitalization in adults, including one death. (cdc.gov)
During January through April 2022, China reported four cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection, three in children and one in an adult, all with mild illness. (cdc.gov)
In March 2022, Cambodia reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a young child who was hospitalized for one day. (cdc.gov)
Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
Examples include avian influenza \'bird flu\' virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) or swine influenza \'swine flu\' virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (environmentalenergy.us)
For human infections with avian influenza A(H7N7) and A(H9N2) viruses, disease is typically mild or subclinical. (environmentalenergy.us)
Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) caused by infection with low pathogenic H9N2 viruses have occurred in poultry, resulting in serious economic losses in Asia and the Middle East. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been difficult to eradicate the H9N2 virus because of its low pathogenicity, frequently causing in apparent infection. (biomedcentral.com)
It is important for the control of AI to assess whether the H9N2 virus acquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we investigated whether a non-pathogenic H9N2 virus, A/chicken/Yokohama/aq-55/2001 (Y55) (H9N2), acquires pathogenicity in chickens when a pair of di-basic amino acid residues is introduced at the cleavage site of its HA molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
More than 75% of chickens inoculated intravenously with the passaged virus, rgY55sub-P10 (H9N2), died, indicating that it is pathogenic comparable to that of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (biomedcentral.com)
The present results demonstrate that an H9N2 virus has the potential to acquire intravenous pathogenicity in chickens although the morbidity via the nasal route of infection is lower than that of H5N1 HPAIV. (biomedcentral.com)
It is important for controlling avian influenza and for preparing for pandemic influenza to assess whether the H9N2 virus aquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Preliminary analyses suggest that the virus is a reassortant of H7, N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses, and carries some amino acids associated with mammalian receptor binding, raising concerns of a new pandemic. (ox.ac.uk)
H9N2 is the most common subtype of influenza viruses in Chinese chickens and thus causes great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The crucial role of H9N2 viruses due to the wide host range, adaptation to both poultry and mammals and extensive gene reassortment. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The H9N2 influenza virus can be transmitted by air droplet, dust, feed, or water. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has issued a task order under an existing contract to Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, CA, for the production of an investigational vaccine based on an H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus that has infected humans and has the potential to trigger a modern-day pandemic. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Over the years the H9N2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in Hong Kong with the latest occurring in December 2009. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
The Avian Influenza H7N3 Outbreak in South Central Asia. (cdc.gov)
Reassortant influenza virus H7N3 (A/Canada/rv504/04), H7N6 (A/quail/Aichi/3/09), H7N7 (A/duck/Hokkaido/1/10), H7N7 (A/Netherlands/219/03), H2, H6, H8, H11-H13, H5N1 (A/Vietnam/VN1203/03/) and H1N1 (A/TLL51/Singapore/09) were generated by reverse genetics as described previously [14]. (egfr-signaling.com)

Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
We found that responses to the H7 subtype viruses were intermediate to those elicited by H5N1 and H1N1 early in infection, but that they evolved to resemble the H5N1 response as infection progressed. (usda.gov)
This three-pronged signature has previously been observed in mice infected with pathogenic H1N1 strains such as the 1918 virus, indicating that it may be predictive of pathogenicity across multiple influenza strains. (usda.gov)
The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
Re-collection creates most beneficial situations for influenza pandemics just like the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic that took place in 2009-2010. (rroij.com)
The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was initially caused by new re-assortant virus, this is the aggregate of swine-avianhuman influenza viruses, arising from pigs which later mutated to efficiently become transmissible among human beings. (rroij.com)
Typically, horse strains of influenza A are H3N8 and H7N7, pigs and humans are susceptible to H1N1 and H3N2, and avian influenza encompasses H5 and H7 serotypes. (westernmorning.news)
Pre-exposing Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) to a low-pathogenic H1N1 avian influenza virus protects them in opposition to H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
In distinction, Canada Geese that had been pre-exposed to H1N1 had been protected in opposition to a deadly H5N1 problem, shed minimal quantities of the virus into the atmosphere, and didn't transmit the an infection to naïve contact birds. (flugenome.org)
nonetheless, sera from H1N1-infected birds diminished virus plaque dimension however not quantity compared with H2N3, H6N5, or unfavourable sera, suggesting that antibodies directed in opposition to the neuraminidase might have had a job within the protecting results noticed. (flugenome.org)
PVP-I was tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae according to bactericidal quantitative suspension test EN13727 and against severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), rotavirus strain Wa and influenza virus A subtype H1N1 according to virucidal quantitative suspension test EN14476. (springer.com)
PVP-I gargle/mouthwash diluted 1:30 (equivalent to a concentration of 0.23% PVP-I) showed effective bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, influenza virus A (H1N1) and rotavirus after 15 s of exposure. (springer.com)
Electron microscope beeʼiilkid, Tsʼííh honiigaah H1N1 influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)

Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)
The surface glycoprotein genes of the H3N8 isolate showed a close phylogenetic relationship and high nucleotide identities to H3N8 subtype isolates from Northern Europe collected in 2003-2006, and to an H3N2 isolate in Italy in 2006, extending the perceptions of this HA subtype across Northern and Southern Europe close to this period. (slu.se)
An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)
The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
The sporadic occurrence of human infections with swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) viruses and the continual emergence of novel A(H3N2) viruses in swine herds underscore the necessity for ongoing assessment of the pandemic risk posed by these viruses. (cdc.gov)
Here, we selected three recent novel swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses isolated between 2017 to 2020, bearing HAs from the 1990.1, 2010.1 or 2010.2 clades, and evaluated their ability to cause disease and transmit in a ferret model. (cdc.gov)
We conclude that despite considerable genetic variances, all three contemporary swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses displayed a capacity for robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract and were also capable of limited airborne transmission. (cdc.gov)

During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (cdc.gov)
In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (cdc.gov)
they had not used personal protective equipment (PPE) until August 21, when influenza A(H7N7) virus infection in poultry was diagnosed. (cdc.gov)
During 2020, reassortment (gene-swapping) between poultry and wild bird viruses led to the emergence of HPAI H5N1 with the NA viruses with an N1 NA from wild birds. (cdc.gov)
From late 2021 to 2022, the predominant HPAI H5 virus causing poultry outbreaks worldwide was the wild-bird adapted HPAI H5N1virus, according to WHOA (formally known as OIE [610 KB, 6 pages] ). (cdc.gov)
During January through April 2022, China reported seven cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection following poultry exposures, with severe or critical illness, including one death. (cdc.gov)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus hit the poultry industry in the Emilio-Romagna region of northern Italy on 10 August. (thepoultrysite.com)
The outbreaks must bring back unpleasant memories for the Italian poultry industry, which was severely hit by highly pathogenic avian flu in 2000-2001. (thepoultrysite.com)
In 2003, 89 people in the Netherlands were confirmed to have been infected by H7N7 following an outbreak in poultry on approximately 255 farms. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies were found in over half of 500 people tested according to the final official report by the Dutch government: As at least 50% of the people exposed to infected poultry had H7 antibodies detectable with the modified assay, it was estimated that avian influenza A/H7N7 virus infection occurred in at least 1000, and perhaps as many as 2000 people. (wikipedia.org)
This suggests that the population at risk for avian influenza was not limited to those with direct contact to infected poultry, and that person to person transmission may have occurred on a large scale. (wikipedia.org)
In August 2006, low pathogenic (LP) H7N7 was found during routine testing at a poultry farm in Voorthuizen in the central Netherlands. (wikipedia.org)
In July 2015, high pathogenic (HP) H7N7 was confirmed on a poultry farm in Lancashire, England. (wikipedia.org)
Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
With Avian Flu looming its gloomy head over the start to 2018, what can YOU do as poultry farmers to reduce your potential exposure to this destructive disease. (inciner8.com)
Poultry farms with a high level of hygiene and waste management find avian flu infections occur less frequently. (inciner8.com)
As influenza A(H5N1) virus is thought to be circulating widely in poultry in Cambodia and Indonesia, additional sporadic human cases or small clusters might be expected in the future. (flutrackers.com)
Whenever influenza viruses are circulating in poultry, sporadic infections or small clusters of human cases are possible, especially in people exposed to infected household poultry or contaminated environments. (flutrackers.com)
Normally in the UK we see a number of localised bird flu outbreaks each winter, but the levels of the current virus - identified in more than 300 UK poultry farms in the past two years - is unprecedented in modern times. (westernmorning.news)
A nine-year-old girl from Ecuador who contracted the virus was reported to be in contact with backyard poultry. (westernmorning.news)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
These viruses naturally spread among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. (environmentalenergy.us)
Since the avian flu began circulating last year, there have been outbreaks at poultry operations in 47 states. (environmentalenergy.us)
The agency says avian flu viruses 'usually do not infect people,' though last spring, the CDC reported the infection of one person in Colorado who had been in contact with infected poultry. (environmentalenergy.us)
Viruses that cause severe disease in poultry and result in high death rates are called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
Viruses that cause mild disease in poultry are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
Evaluating the impact of environmental temperature on global highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in domestic poultry. (flugenome.org)
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Marek's disease virus is a herpesvirus of chickens that costs the worldwide poultry industry more than US$1 billion annually. (bioone.org)
It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
Wang C., Zhang Y., Xing X., Zeng X., Liu L., Tian G., Yasuo Suzuki, Li C., Deng G .*, Chen H.*. Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China. (caas.cn)
The continuing prevalence of H7 viruses in poultry could lead to the generation of highly pathogenic variants and further sporadic human infections, with a continued risk of the virus acquiring human-to-human transmissibility. (ox.ac.uk)
This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The Centre for Food Safety (CFS) of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department received notification from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) today (August 5) that there have been outbreaks of low pathogenic H5N2 and H5N3 avian influenza detected on poultry farms in Hualien County in Taiwan. (blogspot.com)
Via The Poultry Site : ' SOUTH KOREA : Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) of the H7N6 sub-type been found in ducks on a farm in th. (blogspot.com)
An article from Mizzima News : ' Chiang Mai : The avian influenza has been detected on a poultry farm in Sittwe in Arakan State, acco. (blogspot.com)

In May 2021, HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in wild fox kits 51 at a rehabilitation center in the Netherlands, during an outbreak of HPAI in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
GLOBAL - The outbreak of H7N7 highly pathogenic avian flu has already affected more than 850,000 layers and turkeys in Italy. (thepoultrysite.com)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
The Mexican Avian Influenza (H5N2) Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
And while avian flu has traditionally been a problem primarily for chickens and other domestic birds, this outbreak has been unusual in its capacity to cause disease and death in wild birds too. (westernmorning.news)
Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)
The discovery here of a related H7N7 influenza virus in chickens that has the ability to infect mammals experimentally, suggests that H7 viruses may pose threats beyond the current outbreak. (ox.ac.uk)
We will closely monitor information issued by the OIE on the avian influenza outbreak and the latest situation in Taiwan, and will maintain close contacts with major local egg importers, distributors and supermarkets," the spokesman said. (blogspot.com)

Final analysis of Dutch avian influenza outbreaks reveals much higher levels of transmission to humans than previously thought. (wikipedia.org)
however those are the activities that cause global influenza outbreaks or pandemics. (rroij.com)
The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
The diversity of these responses, and their resulting outcomes, offer important lessons for the control of future avian flu outbreaks-a key protection against a human pandemic. (nationalacademies.org)
Recent virus epidemics and rising antibiotic resistance highlight the importance of hygiene measures to prevent and control outbreaks. (springer.com)
In addition to seasonal endemic viruses, emerging and re-emerging virus outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) require close contact for human-to-human transmission and can spread nosocomially [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)
Influenza A serotypes are designated based on two proteins found on the virus's surface called neuraminidase (N) and haemagglutinin (H), each of which come in several different types. (westernmorning.news)
Remarkably and despite evidence of recent hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtype introductions, the phylogenetic composition of internal gene constellation of these influenza A viruses has remained unchanged. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza type A viruses are classified into subtypes according to the combinations of different virus surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (environmentalenergy.us)
So far there are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes. (environmentalenergy.us)
Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase AIV subtypes were determined for pos- itive samples. (who.int)
Multiple subtypes of AIVs including nine hemagglutinin (HA) and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were isolated form the environmental samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally restricted to H5 and H7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (CS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) and any AIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ≥1.2. (preprints.org)
We chosen H1, H2, and H6 hemagglutinin subtype viruses based mostly on their higher-order evolutionary relatedness to the H5 hemagglutinin. (flugenome.org)
2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)

Genetic analyses revealed that the viruses from the humans were closely related to those from chickens on affected farms. (cdc.gov)
Comparison of Four H7n7 Avian Influenza Viruses Associated with Infection and Disease in Humans. (wikipedia.org)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
an unusually dangerous virus for humans. (inciner8.com)
Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)
Zoonotic influenza viruses are influenza virus type A which might be transmitted from animals to humans and seldom transmitted from human to human. (rroij.com)
In such instances, infection with avian or swine influenza can be deadly to humans. (rroij.com)
There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
Type B and C viruses are restricted to humans and cause only mild infections. (vetcos.com)
The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)
If we see in the past, in 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus the H7N7 and H5N1, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. (gomedii.com)
The influenza virus mainly has three families including A, B, and C. The type A influenza models the most serious problems among humans causing 95% of cases. (gomedii.com)
Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is caused by the influenza A virus which can lead to disease in many hosts including humans. (westernmorning.news)
Generally, the risk of transmission of avian influenza to humans is low. (westernmorning.news)
Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
Bird flu viruses do not normally infect humans. (environmentalenergy.us)
All of these animal influenza type A viruses are distinct from human influenza viruses and do not easily transmit among humans. (environmentalenergy.us)
Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
it possible to provide general assays for testing sera from different avian species, humans, and other Ro 61-8048 species without changing any of the test reagents [13]. (egfr-signaling.com)
Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)

In terms of transmission, human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. (environmentalenergy.us)

Evolution of the A/chicken/pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
The H7N7 Hungarian virus and some H5N2 influenza viruses isolated from Korean pigs appeared to have their basic polymerase gene 1 from a relatively recent common ancestor. (slu.se)

These wild bird-adapted HPAI H5N1 viruses were first identified in Europe during the fall of 2020 and spread across Europe and into Africa, the Middle East and Asia 24 . (cdc.gov)
During 2020, five human cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection were reported in China. (cdc.gov)
In October-November 2020, HPAI H5N8 virus was detected in several swans, seals, and a fox in the United Kingdom 64 . (cdc.gov)
In March 2021, there were reports of HPAI H5N8 virus in seals in the United Kingdom, Germany 58 , and Denmark. (cdc.gov)
In December 2021, detections of HPAI H5N1 virus were also reported in wild foxes in Estonia 54 . (cdc.gov)
During 2021, China reported 36 cases of human infection with HPAI H5N6 virus with 18 deaths. (cdc.gov)
In January 2022, an HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection was reported in an asymptomatic 80-year-old man who raised ducks that became sick in England in late December 2021. (cdc.gov)
In February, Peru reported HPAI H5N1 virus infections in sea lions following deaths of hundreds of sea lions that began in January. (cdc.gov)
In January 2022, the first HPAI H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) infection in wild birds in the United States since 2016 was reported by USDA/APHIS . (cdc.gov)
In April 2022, the first human case of HPAI H5N1 virus was reported in the United States, though this detection may have been the result of contamination of the nasal passages with the virus rather than actual infection. (cdc.gov)
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus HPAI H7N7 - 2003 Epidemic in Europe. (wikipedia.org)
The emergence and unfold of extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus subtype H5N1 in Asia, Europe and Africa has had an enormously socioeconomic influence and presents an vital risk to human well being due to its environment friendly animal-to-human transmission. (flugenome.org)
Many components contribute to the incidence and transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus, however the function of environmental temperature stays poorly understood. (flugenome.org)
Genetic range and phylogenetic evaluation of extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh from 2007-2011. (flugenome.org)
Extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been endemic in Bangladesh since its first isolation in February 2007. (flugenome.org)
Phylogenetic evaluation of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of HPAI H5N1 viruses demonstrated that 25 Bangladeshi isolates together with two human isolates from 2007-2011 together with some isolates from neighbouring Asian nations (India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, China and Vietnam) segregate into two distinct clades (2.2 and a couple of.3). (flugenome.org)
In earlier research we examined the function of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) within the epidemiology of Eurasian extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flugenome.org)
To develop on this and higher perceive how pre-exposure to heterosubtypic low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses may affect the result of H5N1 HPAI an infection, we pre-exposed naïve juvenile Canada Geese to completely different North American wild-bird-origin LPAI viruses. (flugenome.org)
Pre-exposing Canada Geese to both H2N3 or H6N5 viruses didn't shield them in opposition to a deadly H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
Enhanced infectivity of H5N1 extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) virus in pig ex vivo respiratory tract organ cultures following adaptation by in vitro passage. (flugenome.org)
Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (H7N7 61, 63 , H4N5 62 , H4N6 60 , H3N3 60 and H10N7 59 ) have caused epidemics in seals. (cdc.gov)
Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
2000. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
worldwide, annual influenza epidemics are estimated to result in about 3-5 million cases of severe illness and about 250,000-500,000 deaths [ 4 ]. (springer.com)

This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)
Historical records indicate that each one pandemic influenza occurrences originated from animals. (rroij.com)
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
2003. Are we ready for pandemic influenza? (nationalacademies.org)

Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
nevertheless, it remains unknown why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. (preprints.org)
Human infection with avian influenza type A viruses are unusual and particularly result from indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. (rroij.com)
This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
The origins of all influenza A serotypes are thought to be in aquatic birds such as ducks, geese, gulls and wading birds. (westernmorning.news)
Among vertebrates, birds possess the greatest diversity of haemosporidia, historically placed in 3 genera: Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium, the causative agent of avian malaria. (bvsalud.org)
Wild aquatic birds are the major reservoir of influenza A virus. (bvsalud.org)
These findings provide further data to the diversity of influenza viruses found in wild migratory birds and present useful information for large scale studies on influenza virus evolution. (slu.se)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir for most subtypes of influenza A viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
Most cause asymptomatic or mild infection in birds, where the range of symptoms depends on the virus properties. (environmentalenergy.us)
Both do- burden of influenza in middle eastern countries is now of mesticated and wild birds can be infected with AI virus considerable concern. (who.int)
Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)

In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)
Again in 2003 bird flu virus A (H7N7) infected 80 people in Netherlands killing one. (vetcos.com)
During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
However, sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred. (environmentalenergy.us)
Article from Scoop : ' New York, Apr 21 2011 : While most countries have managed to stamp out bird flu, eliminating the virus from po. (blogspot.com)

Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)
Throughout the past few years, the public has become intensely aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the threat of bioterrorism, the discovery of human cases of monkeypoxin, and the proliferation of West Nile virus. (gomedii.com)
Those viruses that cause influenza spread mainly by droplets of respiratory fluids transmitted through the air from person to person, like if someone infected with the virus sneezes or coughs, when other people inhale the airborne virus and become infected. (gomedii.com)
By contrast, HAs of LPAIVs are cleaved only by trypsin-like proteases which are expressed in the cells lining the respiratory or intestinal tracts, so that the viruses cause only localized infections, resulting in mild or asymptomatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
While WA/1 virus exhibited a moderately increased proportion compared to that in the inoculum following co-infection in human respiratory cells, Delta variant possessed a substantial in vivo fitness advantage as this virus becoming predominant in both inoculated and contact animals. (cdc.gov)
Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
Respiratory pathogens such as influenza are also transmitted via airborne dispersion of small particle aerosols (≤ 5 µm) when an infected individual breathes, coughs or sneezes [ 11 ], while respiratory syncytial viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can be spread by large droplets propelled through the air and inoculated into the eyes, nose and mouth at close range [ 12 ]. (springer.com)
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)

In May 2021, China reported the first case of LPAI H10N3 virus infection in an adult who became critically ill but recovered. (cdc.gov)

One death was recorded - a veterinarian who had been testing chickens for the virus - and all infected flocks were culled. (wikipedia.org)
In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic CS 322PEKRRTR/G329 was isolated from quails in California which, however, was avirulent in chickens. (preprints.org)
Here, we investigated the virulence of this virus in chickens after expansion of the polybasic CS by substitution of T327R (322PEKRRRR/G329) or T327K (322PEKRRKR/G329) with or without reassortment with HPAIVs H5N1 and H7N7. (preprints.org)
Viruses carrying the H4-HA with or without R327 or K327 mutations and the other gene segments from HPAIV H5N1 exhibited high virulence and efficient transmission in chickens. (preprints.org)
The chickens inoculated with the virus via the intranasal route, however, survived without showing any clinical signs. (biomedcentral.com)

袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)

Laboratory research of typeA influenza cases and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses assist additionally to diagnose each seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
V) in HA protein of some clade 2.2 Bangladeshi viruses together with the human isolates , suggesting there was antigenic drift in clade 2.2. (flugenome.org)
Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The term antigenic shift is more often applied specifically (but is not limited) to the influenza literature, as it is the best known example (e.g. visna virus in sheep). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Illustration of potential influenza antigenic shift. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
This antigenic shift could cause the formation of a highly virulent virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)

Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
We aimed to assess the reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted investigational supra-seasonal universal influenza virus vaccines (SUIVs) in healthy young adults. (bvsalud.org)
Is There Any Kind of Influenza Vaccines Available? (gomedii.com)
Yes, there is some type of vaccines that are helpful in preventing the flu, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this vaccination against influenza helps in reducing sickness due to the flu, hospitalizations as well as deaths. (gomedii.com)
What is the evidence that influenza vaccines are effective? (lpmhealthcare.com)
All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
Two generations of Marek's disease vaccines have shown reduced efficacy over the last half century due to evolution of the virus. (bioone.org)
However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

We compiled data from ferrets inoculated with an extensive panel of over 50 human and zoonotic IAV (inclusive of swine-origin and high- and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses associated with human infection) under a consistent protocol, with all viruses concurrently tested in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (Calu-3). (cdc.gov)

Avian Influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). (cdc.gov)
Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)

Avian Flu Epidemic 2003: Public health consequences. (wikipedia.org)
The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. (cdc.gov)
in Hong Kong the virus infected population of 5lacs and the epidemic density in the region was 500 infected people per acre, and had infected 15% of USA population. (atomictherapy.org)
If you are infected with the virus or have flu like symptoms after travel history to epidemic region then isolate yourself so that you dont spread the virus to others and get properly diagnosed and treated. (atomictherapy.org)

Histologic findings may include pulmonary changes with alveolar damage similar to seasonal influenza. (medscape.com)
Zoonotic influenza is also called as non-seasonal influenza as it may be transmitted at any time of the year when people are exposed to animal influenza viruses. (rroij.com)
Yet according to the World Health Organization (WHO), seasonal influenza kills up to 650 000 people every year. (gomedii.com)

Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Notably, the relative levels of cross-reactivity to the drifted viruses as measured by the antibody GMT ratios to the 5th wave viruses were similar across all 4 vaccine groups. (bvsalud.org)
There are 13 distinct H subtypes and 9 distinct N subtypes each of which require a different vaccine to protect against infection. (vetcos.com)
This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
Dishjį́diʼ éí azee ąąh alʼįʼdiʼ jigáágo éí achʼąąʼ adáʼatsʼiʼ, azee éí "trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV)" wolyé. (wikipedia.org)

Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)

More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)
When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)

In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
The UK Health Security Agency has a zero to six level of threat for pandemic avian influenza. (westernmorning.news)
General, the info indicate genetic range amongst circulating viruses and a number of introductions of H5N1 viruses with an elevated threat of human infections in Bangladesh, and institution of H5N1 virus in wild and home fowl populations, which calls for lively surveillance. (flugenome.org)
Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza C viruses are less frequently detected and cause mild infections, which are not a threat to public health. (zovon.com)
Influenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. (springeropen.com)
The continual emergence of influenza viruses remains the main threat to human health results in a considerable record of morbidity and mortality. (springeropen.com)

Several zoonotic influenza viruses have these days caused sporadic human contamination. (rroij.com)

Viral titers in ferret nasal wash specimens and nasal turbinate tissue correlated positively with peak titer in Calu-3 cells, whereas additional phenotypic and molecular determinants of influenza virus virulence and transmissibility in ferrets varied in their association with in vitro viral titer measurements. (cdc.gov)
Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)

The aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of AIVs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (PMA) of China, compare the AIVs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze the diversity of AIVs subtypes in environment. (biomedcentral.com)
The H5, H7, and H9 subtypes accounted for the majority of AIVs in environment. (biomedcentral.com)

Her primary research interests include molecular mechanisms of genetic variability of influenza viruses and antiviral susceptibility. (blogspot.com)
Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)
2004. NISN statement on antiviral resistance in influenza viruses. (nationalacademies.org)

Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)

In general, human influenza viruses have little capacity to infect animal species and vice versa, but sporadic infections can sometimes occur between species. (westernmorning.news)
As many geese and duck species can carry the virus and shed it in their droppings without becoming ill they can easily transmit virus to other bird species. (westernmorning.news)
Cloacal swabs and feces samples (n = 6595) were collected from 62 bird species in Argentina from 2006 to 2016 and screened for influenza A virus. (bvsalud.org)
Considering the extended time and the number of sampled species of the current study, and the paucity of previously available data, our results contribute to a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of influenza virus in South America. (bvsalud.org)
The latest CDC data shows the avian flu has been detected in a range of species, including black vultures and geese. (environmentalenergy.us)
As influenza A viruses (IAV) continue to cross species barriers and cause human infection, the establishment of risk assessment rubrics has improved pandemic preparedness efforts. (cdc.gov)
It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)

In August 2020, H7N7 was confirmed on a free range farm in Lethbridge, Victoria. (wikipedia.org)

For human infections with swine influenza viruses, most cases have been mild with a few cases hospitalized and very few reports of deaths resulting from infection. (environmentalenergy.us)
Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Also in April 2022, the first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H3N8 virus was reported in China. (cdc.gov)
Two low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus strains, A/mallard/Hungary/19616/07 (H3N8) and A/mute swan/Hungary/5973/07 (H7N7), isolated as part of the National Surveillance Program in Hungary, were fully sequenced and characterized. (slu.se)
The matrix gene nucleotide sequence of each Hungarian virus showed close relationship with contemporaneous Czech H3N8 mallard isolates, which belonged to distinct phylogenetic branches. (slu.se)

Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
Competitive ELISAs (cELISA), also called epitope blocking ELISAs, are widely used for serological detection of antibodies to influenza viruses [12], mainly due to their sensitivity and simplicity. (egfr-signaling.com)

Depending on the origin host, influenza A viruses can be classified as avian influenza, swine influenza, or other types of animal influenza viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)

Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA. (lookformedical.com)

Notably, the internal gene segments of all 15 Argentine isolates belonged to the South American lineage, showing a divergent evolution of these viruses in the Southern Hemisphere. (bvsalud.org)
and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)
Using phylogenetic analysis of partial fusion gene sequences, these viruses clustered with recent European PPMV-1 isolates (EU/re) within the genotype VIb/1. (bioone.org)

Vaccination is the primary method opted for to prevent influenza infections. (springeropen.com)

Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl. (cdc.gov)

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Diseases18

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

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Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science4

Health Care22

Geographicals11

H7N948

H9N224

H7N34

H1N113

H3N210

Poultry43

Outbreak11

Outbreaks7

Neuraminidase12

Hemagglutinin3

Humans33

Infections with avian1

H5N22

HPAI23

Epidemics7

Pandemic influenza4

Birds18

Bird Flu7

Respiratory11

LPAI1

Chickens5

Abstract1

Antigenic12

Vaccines8

High and low pathogeni1

Pathogenicity2

Epidemic4

Seasonal influenza3

Vaccine5

Reassortant2

Strains of influenza2

Threat7

Zoonotic influenza viruses1

Virulence2

AIVs2

Antiviral3

H10N71

Species9

20201

Swine influenza viruses2

H3N83

Antibodies3

Animal influenza viruses1

Genetic3

Isolates3

Vaccination1

Migratory1