Avian hemagglutinin glycoproteins influenza virus. Medical search. Frequent questions

Neuraminidase (NA) has 11 known subtypes, hence influenza virus is named as H1N1, H5N2 etc., depending on the combinations of HA and NA. (wikipedia.org)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune cross-reactivity between human and avian influenza (H5N1) strains in healthy donors vaccinated for seasonal influenza A (H1N1)/(H3N2). (cdc.gov)
To date, 3 influenza subtypes have produced pandemic disease in humans: H1N1 in 1918, H2N2 in 1957, and H3N2 in 1968 ( 4 , 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
Here, we investigated in ferrets the replication and transmission of swine H1N1 isolates P4 and G15, whose majority population had decreased polymerase activity and poor hemagglutinin (HA) stability, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu. (indiatimes.com)
Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. (indiatimes.com)
Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). (indiatimes.com)
Influenza viruses are broadly categorized by their two surface glycoproteins - hemagglutinin ( HA ) and neuraminidase ( NA ) - hence we often talk about seasonal H1N1 or H3N2, or avian H5N1 or H9N2 viral subtypes. (blogspot.com)
2014, "One-pot synthesis of N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acid capped trisaccharides and evaluation of their influenza A(H1N1) inhibition. (sinica.edu.tw)
Is there a difference between being diagnosed with Influenza A and H1N1? (virology.ws)
We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
However, after challenge with a swine influenza virus (H1N1), no protection was observed in the vaccinated groups compared with the non-vaccinated control group. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
Influenza A viruses have predominated overall, with both influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) circulating. (canada.ca)
The Masters of the ScienTWIVic Universe discuss a novel poxvirus isolate from an immunosuppressed patient, H1N1 and the gain-of-function debate, and attenuation of dengue virus by recoding the genome. (microbe.tv)
ABSTRACT Understanding the genetic evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses can help better select strains to be included in the annual influenza vaccine. (who.int)
There is little information on their evolution in Jordan so this study investigated the genetic and antigenic variability of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses in Jordan by performing phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the HA and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses between 2011 and 2013. (who.int)
The full HA and NA genes of 16 H1N1-positive samples obtained in our study and 21 published HA sequences and 20 published NA sequences from Jordanian viruses that were available on online gene databases were analysed. (who.int)
Jordanian H1N1 viruses had mutations that are characteristic of antigenic group 6 while H3N2 virus mutations belonged to group 3. (who.int)
RÉSUMÉ La compréhension de l'évolution génétique des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 permet de mieux sélectionner les souches devant être ajoutées au vaccin antigrippal annuel. (who.int)
Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
Afin de remédier à ce problème et d'étudier les variations génétiques et antigéniques des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2, nous avons procédé à des analyses génétiques et phylogénétiques des gènes de l'hémagglutinine (HA) et de la neuraminidase (NA) de ces virus, sur la période 2011-2013 en Jordanie. (who.int)
L'analyse a porté sur les séquences complètes des gènes de l'HA et de la NA de 16 échantillons positifs au virus H1N1 prélevés dans le cadre de cette étude, ainsi que sur 21 séquences publiées de l'HA et 20 séquences publiées de la NA, issues de virus jordaniens disponibles sur les bases de données de gènes en ligne. (who.int)
Les virus H1N1 jordaniens présentaient des mutations caractéristiques du groupe antigénique 6, tandis que les virus H3N2 appartenaient au groupe 3. (who.int)
Influenza viruses are considered one of and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 erated with SeqMan DNA Lasergene the most common causes of respira- and H3N2 viruses in Jordan between 7 software (DNASTAR, Madison, tory infection among humans and they March 2010 and March 2013. (who.int)

Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
citation needed] A highly pathogenic avian flu virus of H5N1 type has been found to infect humans at a low rate. (wikipedia.org)
This finding seems to explain how an H5N1 virus that normally does not infect humans can mutate and become able to efficiently infect human cells. (wikipedia.org)
The hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus has been associated with the high pathogenicity of this flu virus strain, apparently due to its ease of conversion to an active form by proteolysis. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza virus (H5N1) can be transmitted to humans, resulting in a severe or fatal disease. (cdc.gov)
We also observed that seasonal vaccination is able to raise neutralizing immunity against influenza (H5N1) in a large number of donors. (cdc.gov)
These findings highlight the possibility of boosting cross-type cellular and humoral immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 by seasonal influenza vaccination. (cdc.gov)
In 1997, during the avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China, a cross-reactive cellular immune response induced by influenza (H9N2) was able to protect chickens from influenza (H5N1) ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
Moreover, adults living in the United States who were never exposed to H5N1 subtype have shown cross-type cellular immunity to influenza A virus strains derived from swine and avian species (including the H5N1 subtype isolated in Hong Kong) ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza A viruses of the H5N1 subtype are currently causing widespread infections in bird populations. (cdc.gov)
On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
During 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza virus was determined to be the cause of death in 6 of 18 infected patients in Hong Kong. (mitokor.com)
Although it has been known that cleavage site and glycosylation patterns of the HA protein play important roles in determining the pathogenicity of H5 avian influenza viruses, it has only recently been shown that an additional glycosylation site within the globular head of the neuraminidase protein also contributes to the high virulence of the H5N1 virus. (mitokor.com)
H5N1 hemagglutinin interacts with cell surface proteins containing oligosaccharides with terminal sialyl residues. (mitokor.com)
Virus isolated from a human infected with the H5N1 strain in 1997 could bind to oligosaccharides from human as well as avian sources, indicating its species-jumping ability. (mitokor.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b underwent an explosive geographic expansion in 2021 among wild birds and domestic poultry across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (bvsalud.org)
These reassortant A(H5N1) viruses are genotypically and phenotypically diverse, with many causing severe disease with dramatic neurologic involvement in mammals. (bvsalud.org)
The proclivity of the current A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b virus lineage to reassort and target the central nervous system warrants concerted planning to combat the spread and evolution of the virus within the continent and to mitigate the impact of a potential influenza pandemic that could originate from similar A(H5N1) reassortants. (bvsalud.org)
Clades can be further divided into sub-clades , and subclades (e.g. 2.3.4.4b ) into genotypes ( and variants within genotypes ), producing a myriad of quasi-similar viruses - sometimes with differing characteristics (see Differences In Virulence Between Closely Related H5N1 Strains ) - but still often referred to (outside of scientific journals ) as a single subtype. (blogspot.com)
What we say about our avian H5N1 epizootic today may not hold true tomorrow. (blogspot.com)
All of which brings us to a fascinating, and detailed, look at the growing diversity of avian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses around the world. (blogspot.com)
Among their findings, they report that H5N1 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals ( something we've discussed often, including here, here , and here ) , and could become more dangerous to humans over time. (blogspot.com)
H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 70 million domestic poultry in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. (blogspot.com)
During our routine surveillance, 13 H5N1 viruses were isolated from 26,767 wild bird and poultry samples that were collected between September 2021 and March 2022 in China. (blogspot.com)
To investigate the origin of these Chinese isolates and understand their genetic relationship with the globally circulating H5N1 viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 233 representative H5N1 strains that were isolated from 28 countries. (blogspot.com)
Our study reveals the overall picture of H5N1 virus evolution and provides insights for the control of these viruses. (blogspot.com)
H5N1 viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene have become the predominant strains causing global avian influenza outbreaks since October 2021. (blogspot.com)
In this study, we performed phylogenic analyses of 220 H5N1 viruses that were reported in 27 countries together with 13 viruses we isolated in China, and found that the globally circulating H5N1 viruses have formed 16 different genotypes. (blogspot.com)
The 13 H5N1 viruses isolated in China belong to the G1, G7, G9, and G10 genotypes, and viruses of all four of these genotypes replicated efficiently in multiple organs of mice, although their pathogenicity varied among strains. (blogspot.com)
Disease relevance of na Although differing in their surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase components, a notable feature of these H9N2 viruses is that the six genes encoding the internal components of the virus are similar to those of the 1997 H5N1 human and avian isolates. (wikigenes.org)
This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
This page is dedicated to H5N1 Influenza A virus. (vadscorner.com)
Human Cases of Avian Influenza A ( H5N1 ) Infection Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, 2003. (vadscorner.com)

Neutralizing antibodies are completely protective against secondary challenges only with closely related strains, but they are ineffective against viruses with major antigenic divergence. (cdc.gov)
For this reason, current influenza vaccines are prepared annually on the basis of World Health Organization forecasts on the most probable influenza A and B virus strains thought to be circulating in the next seasonal outbreak ( 5 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
These strains were isolated and guarded by an officially certified laboratory to issue reports for control and eradication of avian influenza in Mexico. (biomedcentral.com)
the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
Screening of high risk virus strains by analyzing the binding ability of HA variants for human receptors through a high-throughput method would be particularly useful. (pku.edu.cn)
Nevertheless, the calculation results also showed that some newly-found virus strains of the H7N9 subtype have a high binding affinity for human receptors, suggesting that the H7N9 subtype might include strains with a high risk for infecting humans. (pku.edu.cn)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
Novel influenza virus strains emerge periodically to which humans have little or no immunity, resulting in devastating pandemics. (mitokor.com)
The G1 viruses are the most widely circulating strains having been detected in wild birds or domestic poultry in 22 countries across Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America. (blogspot.com)
To complicate things even more, there are variants within each subtype, since influenza viruses are permanently evolving and new strains are constantly emerging (this explains why the vaccine changes each year). (pasteur.fr)
Each year, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends which strains should be used to compose the vaccine (three in France and four in other countries) on the basis of the information it receives from the different countries on the viruses circulating there. (pasteur.fr)
Hospitals also send us influenza virus strains from severe cases or treatment failures so that we can analyze their sensitivity to antiviral drugs. (pasteur.fr)
This vaccine, which is capable of neutralizing diverse strains of influenza, was evaluated in a phase I clinical study whose results were published in Nature Medicine on December 7. (scienceboard.net)
When developing influenza vaccines, researchers are forced to predict the genetic makeup of the virus some months in advance, and mismatches occur relatively frequently as strains become antigenically diverse. (scienceboard.net)
This genetic change, or shift, in the virus results in immunity to only specific strains of the influenza virus, requiring frequent re-formulation and re-administration of seasonal vaccines. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric hemagglutinin vaccine is a major advance over conventional vaccines which are often mismatched to the circulating strains of virus, impacting their effectiveness. (scienceboard.net)
Typically, 3 virus strains (2 influenza A and 1 influenza B), which antigenically represent the influenza strains likely to circulate the next flu season, are included in the formulation each year. (medscape.com)
Quadrivalent vaccines that included 2 influenza A strains and 2 influenza B strains are available. (medscape.com)
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) makes the final decision about vaccine strains for influenza vaccines to be sold in the United States, based on year-round surveillance conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). (medscape.com)
No cleavage site mutation as seen in virulent poultry influenza strains (e.g. (cdc.gov)
Rouleaux (stacked clumps) of red blood cells (RBCs) observed in the blood of COVID-19 patients in three studies call attention to the properties of several enveloped virus strains dating back to seminal findings of the 1940s. (bvsalud.org)
3) certain enveloped viruses express hemagglutinin esterase (HE), an enzyme that releases these glycan-mediated bindings to host cells, which is expressed among betacoronaviruses in the common cold strains but not the virulent strains, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS. (bvsalud.org)
This property may be a consequence of the limited host range of the virus - humans and seals - which limits the generation of new strains by reassortment. (virology.ws)
I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. (springer.com)
Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
It is one of two canine influenza strains, the other being H3N8. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)

The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
Moreover, veterinary services revealed more than two log differences in cross hemagglutination inhibition tests between field isolates and the vaccine seed virus (Lucio E., unpublished). (biomedcentral.com)
We compared HA gene sequences from AIVs isolated between 1994 and 2000 [ 3 ], more recent isolates (2002 to 2006) from vaccinated birds showing clinical manifestations of avian influenza, and the A/Chicken/Hidalgo/232/94 vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
To improve vaccine efficiency and pandemic risk assessment for currently-dominant H3N2 influenza viruses, we investigated HA stability of 6 vaccine reference viruses and 42 circulating viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Recent vaccine reference viruses had destabilized HA proteins due to egg-adaptive mutation HA1-L194P. (bvsalud.org)
In ferrets, the vaccine reference viruses and circulating viruses required a relatively stable HA (activation and inactivation pH (bvsalud.org)
The recent vaccine reference viruses with destabilized HA proteins had reduced infectivity, had no airborne transmissibility unless reversion to HA1-P194L occurred, and had skewed antigenicity away from the studied viruses and circulating H3N2 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Other vaccine reference viruses with stabilized HAs retained infectivity, transmissibility, and antigenicity. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, HA stabilization should be prioritized over destabilization in vaccine reference virus selection to reduce mismatches between vaccine and circulating viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, we found that these viruses were antigenically similar to and well matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. (blogspot.com)
We characterize the influenza viruses and determine their genome sequences to see how they are evolving and whether they still match the vaccine. (pasteur.fr)
December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
Therefore, the development of a universal influenza virus vaccine is desirable. (scienceboard.net)
The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
An influenza virus vaccine that results in broad immunity would likely protect against any emerging influenza virus subtype or strain and would significantly enhance our pandemic preparedness, avoiding future problems with influenza pandemics as we see them now with COVID-19," said author Florian Krammer, PhD, professor of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)
The researchers conducted a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the group 1 cHA-based vaccine (a live attenuated or inactive influenza virus vaccine expressing a cH8/1 HA and an N1 NA with a backbone from a master donor stain) in 65 participants in the U.S. (scienceboard.net)
Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
Influenza vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
Consequently the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains an influenza B virus component. (virology.ws)
There is no vaccine against influenza C virus. (virology.ws)
Furthermore, annual re-formulation of vaccine stocks is required in order to sufficiently match seasonally circulating influenza viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
All vaccines induced an antibody response against M2e, and the M2eNP DNA vaccine additionally induced an influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferation response. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
A very exciting project on broadly neutralizing antibodies with influenza virus has revealed novel epitopes that are of great value for structure-assisted vaccine development. (scripps.edu)
The antigenic components of the influenza vaccine have been updated for the 2007-2008 season. (canada.ca)
This year, recommendations for routine influenza vaccine receipt have been expanded to include all pregnant women. (canada.ca)
In Canada, two available measures can reduce the impact of influenza: immunoprophylaxis with inactivated (killed-virus) vaccine and chemoprophylaxis or therapy with influenza-specific antiviral drugs. (canada.ca)
Aging is usually associated with reduced influenza virus-specific and influenza vaccine-specific antibody responses but some elderly individuals with higher pre-exposure antibody titers, due to a previous infection or vaccination, have less probability to get infected. (biomedcentral.com)
The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)

Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
Simply put, you can't tell an HxNx virus by its subtype alone. (blogspot.com)
To get at the genetics behind the newly emerged flu virus subtype, the team sequenced all eight genes that make up the influenza A genome in 37 of the new H7N9 isolates. (genomeweb.com)
Other genes housed a bit more genetic diversity, the study's authors noted, and half a dozen genes showed signs of mixing with sequences from influenza A viruses in the H9N2 subtype. (genomeweb.com)
genes from some influenza A viruses of the N1 subtype. (wikigenes.org)
Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
Infection with a virus of one subtype confers little or no protection against viruses of other subtypes. (canada.ca)

The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface. (wikipedia.org)
According to the antigenic differences in nucleoprotein and matrix proteins, 3 types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C) have been described. (cdc.gov)
Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the nature of their surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H1 to H18) and neuraminidase (N1 to N11). (pasteur.fr)
The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
A number of enveloped viruses confer fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane using surface viral fusion proteins. (bvsalud.org)
The first section of this review describes types of viral fusion proteins and is followed by a comparison of the structural features of class I fusion proteins, namely influenza virus hemagglutinin and the S-protein of the human coronavirus. (bvsalud.org)
The enveloped influenza A virions have three membrane proteins (HA, NA, M2), a matrix protein (M1) just below the lipid bilayer, a ribonucleoprotein core (consisting of 8 viral RNA segments and three proteins: PA, PB1, PB2), and the NEP/NS2 protein. (virology.ws)
Influenza B virions have four proteins in the envelope: HA, NA, NB, and BM2. (virology.ws)
Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
In this thesis we have produced proteins that are densely decorated with carbohydrate determinants in order to study the glycosylation capacity of cell lines (paper I) and generate efficient binders of antibodies (paper II), bacterial toxins (paper III) and virus receptors such as the influenza hemagglutinin (paper IV). (avhandlingar.se)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
In this study, computational models for 11 influenza proteins have been constructed using the machine learning algorithm random forest for prediction of host tropism. (springer.com)
0.916) capable of determining host tropism of individual influenza proteins. (springer.com)
From the prediction models constructed, all achieved high prediction performance, indicating clear distinctions in both avian and human proteins. (springer.com)
Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
Dystrophin associates with a number of proteins to form a large oligomeric complex named the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which bridges across the sarcolemma and connects the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton (Allamand and Campbell, (2000) Human Molecular Genetics 9:2459-2467). (justia.com)
Vaccination with DNA encoding internal proteins of influenza virus does not require CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes: either CD4 + or CD8 + T cells can promote survival and recovery after challenge. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Modified M2 proteins produce heterotypic immunity against influenza A virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)
Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)

The ability of influenza viruses to mutate and reassort their HA-NA genome segments between different animal species is a main concern because immunity generated by previous infections or vaccinations is unable to prevent infection by itself, although it may reduce virus replication and spread ( 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)
In other words, the "seasonal" influenza that causes annual outbreaks is far from being a "trivial" infection, and it is by no means harmless. (pasteur.fr)
Together with results from infection studies on chicken, duck, mouse, and ferret models, the genetic profiles generated for the H7N9 viruses hint that fairly small genetic changes could potentially lead to a version of the virus capable of human-to-human transmission. (genomeweb.com)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
The NA genes of H3N2 viruses used for primary infection or vaccination. (wikigenes.org)
Accordingly, zanamivir is now recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure is suspected. (medscape.com)
We show here that aerosolized lipopeptide fusion inhibitor, derived from heptad-repeat regions of the measles virus (MeV) fusion protein, blocks respiratory MeV infection in a non-human primate model, the cynomolgus macaque. (bvsalud.org)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Vaccination is the most effective prophylactic measure in preventing severe illness or death from influenza infection. (ox.ac.uk)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
This strain of influenza is highly transmissible between dogs, particularly in areas such as Canada where dogs do not have natural immunity from previous infection and where canine influenza vaccination is rare, explains Dr. J. Scott Weese, a professor at the Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, chief of infection control at the Ontario Veterinary College Teaching Hospital and the Canada Research Chair in zoonotic diseases. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
Weese says most dogs that develop influenza do not get seriously ill, and that the recent H3N2 infection cluster in Ontario is hopefully still contained. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
Similarly, with the canine infection, should the dogs come into contact with another flu virus, the combination might re-assort and become more pathogenic, but this is highly unlikely," he says. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
In mice, vaccines inducing antibodies to the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) can confer protection to influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune response of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the capacity of the immune system to fight influenza virus infection and to respond to vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
Although influenza vaccination represents the most effective way to prevent influenza infection, vaccines with greater immunogenicity are needed to improve the response of elderly individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
The US11 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a small, highly basic phosphoprotein expressed at late times during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)

Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)
When the binding ability of HA variants towards human receptors becomes strong, influenza A virus can infect humans. (pku.edu.cn)
Our method may be used to rapidly predict the affinity of HA for human receptors and provides a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of the infectiousness of influenza A virus toward humans. (pku.edu.cn)
During influenza virus entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein binds receptors and causes membrane fusion after endosomal acid activation. (bvsalud.org)
From their genome sequencing data, investigators speculated that the increased virulence and transmissibility of the human H7N9 isolates may stem from subtle genetic changes that alter one or two amino acids encoded by H7N9's basic polymerase 2 gene, for instance, and/or shift hemagglutinin interactions with host cell receptors. (genomeweb.com)

Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
To evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic AIV under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of AIVs isolated from 1994 to 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, 13 years after the use of the vaccination started and more than 2 billion doses were used in the Mexican avian industry [ 4 ], an increase in respiratory signs of disease has been observed in vaccinated, field challenged birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination programs produce faster antigenic drifts of human and avian influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The Mexican aviculture system offers an excellent model to study AIV genetic evolution under high vaccination pressure for two important grounds: i) avian influenza vaccination is a regular veterinary practice, and ii) poultry systems are characterized by high avian population density per production unit. (biomedcentral.com)
Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)

Its non-pathogenic nature in poultry enables the avian H7N9 virus to replicate silently in avian species and to transmit to humans," they continued. (genomeweb.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
3.2.1.18) that are found, along with the sialic acid-binding protein Hemagglutinin, on the surface of influenza viruses that are pathogenic to mammalian or avian species. (cazypedia.org)
The highly-pathogenic types of this virus are H5 and H7, which are reportable to Canadian Food Inspection Agency," notes Dr. Grant Maxie, co-executive director of the Laboratory Services Division and director of the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph. (canadianpoultrymag.com)

Research at the Jenner Institute has led to the development of "universal" influenza vaccines, based on non-replicating MVA or adenoviral vectors which express conserved influenza antigens, NP and M1. (ox.ac.uk)
By directing T-cell memory towards internal and highly conserved influenza antigens, these vaccines have the potential to induce/boost heterosubtypic immunity which could potentially lead to protection or reduction in disease burden during an influenza pandemic. (ox.ac.uk)
Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (canada.ca)

The most widespread virus in France during the last winter outbreak in 2016-2017 was an A virus (H3N2). (pasteur.fr)
The H3N2 canine influenza virus was detected in dogs in Ontario this past December. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
The cause was determined to be H3N2 influenza, the first known detection of the virus in Canada. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
In 2015, the H3N2 strain of canine influenza, which was first detected in 2007 in South Korea, was found in the U.S. for the first time. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
Now, according to the AVMA, "thousands of dogs have been confirmed positive for H3N2 canine influenza across the U.S. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
H3N2 is an 'A' strain of influenza. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
Pour le virus H3N2, nous avons généré 20 séquences de l'HA et 19 de la NA, et avons également inclus dans l'analyse 19 séquences publiées de l'HA et 19 de la NA. (who.int)

With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
To prevent the influenza A virus from infecting humans, proper assessments of the infectious risk posed are urgently needed. (pku.edu.cn)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
To cause pandemics, zoonotic respiratory viruses need to adapt to replication in and spread between humans, either via (indirect or direct) contact or through the air via droplets and aerosols. (bvsalud.org)
Understanding how animal influenza A viruses (IAVs) acquire airborne transmissibility in humans and ferrets is needed to prepare for and respond to pandemics. (bvsalud.org)
There are three types of influenza virus in humans, A, B and C. Types A and B are responsible for annual outbreaks. (pasteur.fr)
Its replication in humans will provide further opportunities for the virus to acquire more mutations and become more virulent and transmissible in the human population. (genomeweb.com)
Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)

Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
All AIVs were obtained from vaccinated birds showing clinical signs of avian influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
Here we show that the western movement of clade 2.3.4.4b was quickly followed by reassortment with viruses circulating in wild birds in North America, resulting in the acquisition of different combinations of ribonucleoprotein genes. (bvsalud.org)
Exposure to H7N9 viruses initially isolated from birds did not lead to discernible signs of disease in mice - nor did they produce symptoms in their typical avian hosts such as chickens and ducks. (genomeweb.com)
A method to preserve, detect and sequence RNA from Avian Influenza Viruses was validated and extended using natural faecal samples from birds. (jove.com)
Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
For the study, birds were inoculated with infectious doses of the virus. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)

These findings support recent concerns about the challenge of AIV antigenic drift and influenza epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)
There are four classes of influenza viruses (A-D), with influenza A and B causing most seasonal epidemics. (scienceboard.net)
Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (canada.ca)
Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)

Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
Currently, implementation of compulsory control measures in H7N9 virus-positive live poultry markets is preventing further human infections," senior author Hualan Chen, a veterinary researcher affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University, and her colleagues wrote. (genomeweb.com)
That rash of flu infections has prompted closure of poultry-markets where the H7N9 virus was detected and spurred interest from several research groups keen to understand the strain's origins, pathogenicity, and transmissibility. (genomeweb.com)
Assessing the risk the recent canine influenza outbreak poses to poultry. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
Some producers have wondered if the recent outbreak of canine influenza in Ontario poses a threat to poultry. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
While the strain is of avian origin, experts Canadian Poultry consulted say the chances of it being transmitted to poultry now that it has switched to a canine-adapted virus are small. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
Overall, the risk here to poultry is negligible for a few reasons, including lack of evidence that this strain is avian-adapted anymore - while it has an avian origin, it's now a canine type - the rarity of it in Canada in dogs and the hopefully low incidence of direct contact between dogs and poultry. (canadianpoultrymag.com)

Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)

Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
What is the evidence that influenza vaccines are effective? (lpmhealthcare.com)
She is currently researching the use of adenoviral vectors as influenza vaccines both pre-clinically and in Phase I clinical trials. (ox.ac.uk)
Current influenza vaccines induce neutralising antibodies (NAb) to the viral surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin or neuraminidase (HA or NA). (ox.ac.uk)
Lynda is currently developing novel vaccines which could further improve immune responses to influenza vaccines and could potentially be used to provide some protection against emerging avian influenza subtypes. (ox.ac.uk)
Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
In this study, the protection conferred by vaccines inducing antibodies to M2e was evaluated in a challenge model for swine influenza in pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Hemagglutinin is a Class I Fusion Protein, having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein. (wikipedia.org)
The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
Similar to influenza C virus (ICV), IDV also has seven segments in its genome and has only one major surface glycoprotein, called the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, for receptor-binding, receptor-destroying, and membrane fusion. (flu.org.cn)
Like the M2 protein of influenza A virus, the BM2 protein is a proton channel that is essential for the uncoating process . (virology.ws)
The M1 protein lies just below the membrane, as in influenza A and B virions. (virology.ws)
P - selectin glycoprotein ligand - 1 (PSGL - 1) is a mucin - type protein that is heavily substituted with O - glycans. (avhandlingar.se)
The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
This not an official Baltimore classification, because it describes mostly viroids that are not viruses (they don't encode for any protein). (expasy.org)
A protein resulting from the fusion between M2e and the hepatitis B virus core protein (M2eHBc), with or without adjuvant, was evaluated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition, a DNA construct expressing a fusion protein between M2e and influenza virus nucleoprotein (M2eNP) was evaluated to see if the broad-spectrum protection conferred by antibodies could be further enhanced by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537593 ), carried out such experiments and did not observe any differences in protein synthesis between wild-type and the different mutant viruses. (microbe.tv)

The deadly Asian H7N9 virus is a far cry from the relatively benign North American H7N9 virus that hit a few farms in 2017. (blogspot.com)
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - A team from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University used genome sequencing as part of its effort to understand the traits and transmissibility of influenza A H7N9 viruses that are behind a spate of human infections in China. (genomeweb.com)
By comparing those sequences with the genomes of five H7N9 viruses involved in human infections, they found hints about the small genetic changes needed to make the H7N9 more virulent and transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)
H]owever, the elimination of the H7N9 virus from nature is a huge and long-term challenge. (genomeweb.com)
More than 130 individuals in China have come down with flu cases involving the avian influenza A virus H7N9 over the past few months, Chen and her co-authors noted, and the virus has been linked to 37 deaths in that country since mid-February. (genomeweb.com)
On the other hand, viruses involved in human H7N9 flu cases in China did appear capable of causing disease in mice: animals infected with those viruses dropped as much as 30 percent of their body weight. (genomeweb.com)
But, they added, results from their analysis indicated that "only a few amino acid changes would be needed to make the avian H7N9 viruses highly transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)

When they compared the genomes to one another and to sequences from five human viruses - including an isolate called A/Anhui/1/2013 from the current outbreak in China - the researchers determined that much of the genome was similar across the isolates. (genomeweb.com)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)

Therefore, HA is responsible for binding Influenza virus to sialic acid on the surface of target cells, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes, causing as a result the internalization of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. (medscape.com)
We here summarize available data from (animal) studies on the impact of HA acid stability on airborne transmission and hypothesize that the transmissibility of other respiratory viruses may also be impacted by an acidic environment in the airways. (bvsalud.org)
We use these samples to search for influenza viruses and also systematically for other major respiratory tract viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). (pasteur.fr)
Each week, we publish a bulletin with reports on the current situation concerning influenza and other respiratory tract infections. (pasteur.fr)
Hendra virus (HeV) belongs to the paramyxoviridae family of viruses which is associated with the respiratory distress, neurological illness, and potential fatality of the affected individuals. (bvsalud.org)
Nearly all adults have been infected with influenza C virus, which causes mild upper respiratory tract illness. (virology.ws)
That's correct - influenza C causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms. (virology.ws)
Influenza A is a highly contagious respiratory disease associated with significant annual morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations. (ox.ac.uk)
Person-to-person transmission of influenza virus occurs through droplets from the respiratory tract that are spread by direct contact, through coughing or sneezing, or by hands contaminated with respiratory secretions. (canada.ca)
National influenza surveillance is coordinated through the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). (canada.ca)
Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)

Thus, speculation that cross-reactive T cells may decrease illness and death by reducing the replication of the new influenza virus, even if elicited by a different strain, is reasonable. (cdc.gov)
These rare mAbs bind to functionally conserved epitopes such as those in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem, thereby providing strain independent protection. (frontiersin.org)
Experts say that while the strain is of avian origin the risk is very low. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
According to the American Veterinary Medicine Association (AVMA), influenza in canines (the H3N8 strain) was detected for the first time worldwide in 2004 among greyhounds at a racetrack in Florida. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
The viral strain is closely related to and believed to be a mutation of the strain that causes influenza in horses. (canadianpoultrymag.com)

In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)

Depending on the damage caused to avian species, AIVs are categorized as either high or low pathogenicity (HP and LP, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
The ferret is a well-suited model for the study of human and avian influenza virus pathogenicity, and transmissibility. (cdc.gov)

The neuraminidase stalks regions in these viruses had no deletion as compared to that A/Dk/HK/ Y280/97 lineage (Ck/Bei-like viruses) and the 2 human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. (scialert.net)
After inoculation in chicken eggs, they were left with a couple hundred flu virus isolates. (genomeweb.com)
For instance, within hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes coding for surface glycoproteins used to classify influenza A subtypes, they saw between 99 and 100 percent sequence homology in the set of isolates tested. (genomeweb.com)

These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
This statement contains new information on human and avian influenza epidemiology. (canada.ca)

Influenza viruses A and B are associated with seasonal illness and death, whereas influenza virus C causes mild infections ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Seasonal influenza affects 3 to 8% of the French population each year, claiming approximately 10,000 to 15,000 lives and worsening the health of already vulnerable populations. (pasteur.fr)
To tackle these seasonal outbreaks, detailed surveillance mechanisms have been introduced at national and international level, making influenza viruses the most closely monitored viruses on the planet (see Interview below). (pasteur.fr)
A weekly surveillance report of seasonal influenza in the US is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FluView . (msdmanuals.com)

Influenza B viruses cause the same spectrum of disease as influenza A. However, influenza B viruses do not cause pandemics. (virology.ws)

A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
The present invention provides methods of achieving directed evolution of viruses by in vivo screening or "panning" to identify viruses comprising scrambled AAV capsids having characteristics of interest, e.g., tropism profile and/or neutralization profile (e.g., ability to evade neutralizing antibodies). (justia.com)
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)
Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
We have defined a broadly neutralizing epitope in all group 1 influenza subtypes and are working on other antibodies that recognize group 2 as well as those that cross all subtypes. (scripps.edu)

Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used for the amplification of the HA cleavage site sequence, a marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
To render influenza A viruses transmissible via air, three phenotypic viral properties must change, of which receptor-binding specificity and polymerase activity have been well studied. (bvsalud.org)
High impact information on NA This was indicated by the ability of viruses bearing the H2- hemagglutinin glycoprotein, regardless of its associated neuraminidase, to induce lymphocyte proliferation in normal spleen cell suspensions and by the ability of antisera with specificity for the H2- hemagglutinin. (wikigenes.org)
One crucial determinant of host tropism is hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, in particular, preference of specific species of sialic acid on host cells. (springer.com)

Where did the 1918 flu virus come from? (cdc.gov)

The global surveillance network for influenza viruses is undoubtedly the oldest and best structured virological surveillance network. (pasteur.fr)
Local influenza surveillance data and laboratory testing can assist the physician regarding antiviral agent choice. (medscape.com)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA. (lookformedical.com)
Genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)

By contrast, cellular responses to cross-reactive epitopes may provide a substantial degree of protection against serologically distinct viruses ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)

Firstly, we would like to thank you for the segment on the current debate as to the mechanism of how viruses can become attenuated through wholescale genome modification. (microbe.tv)

Specifically, neuraminidase-a glycoprotein located on the surface of the influenza virus-cleaves the attachment between hemagglutinin on the viral surface and the sialic acid receptor on the host cell membrane, thereby facilitating the release of the virion from the cell. (medscape.com)
Viruses bind to the cell surface and enter via interaction of the hemagglutinin with cell surface sialic acids. (cazypedia.org)
The function of the neuraminidase is to cleave sialic acid from the cell surface after budding of progeny virus, to assist viral spread to other cells. (cazypedia.org)
The cell surface sialic acids they cleave are linked α(2,3) or α(2,6) to galactose or N -acetyl galactosamine residues that terminate glycolipid or glycoprotein structures. (cazypedia.org)
The most important protective antigen on the surface of influenza virus is HA, whose structure can be divided in two distinct regions: the globular head, responsible for the binding to the sialic acid, and the stem region that contains the fusion peptide and the membrane anchor domain. (distantreader.org)
Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
Neuraminidase (NA), another surface glycoprotein, enzymatically removes sialic acid, promoting viral release from the infected host cell. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
Following discussion of the OHZDP Tool output among disease experts, five priority zoonotic diseases were identified for China: avian influenza, echinococcosis, rabies, plague, and brucellosis. (cdc.gov)

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)

Human type A influenza virus subtypes have been limited to H1, H2, and H3 and to N1 and N2 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Close contacts of the patient have been asymptomatic and have tested negative for influenza viruses, indicating that no known human-to-human transmission occurred ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
Molecular Docking of Human-Like Receptor to Hemagglutinins of Avian Influenza A Viruses[J]. Acta Phys. (pku.edu.cn)
There was some evidence of human to human spread of this virus, but it is thought that the transmission efficiency was fairly low. (mitokor.com)
Disease relevance of NA Structure of the neuraminidase gene in human influenza virus A/ PR/ 8/ 34. (wikigenes.org)
In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highly conserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza viruses belonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (distantreader.org)

Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)
viruses, an arrest of significant evolution of the NA discordant with the continuing antigenic drift of HA was found in the 1980- 1983 period. (wikigenes.org)

Genetically and antigenically, AIV exist as multiple subtypes based on the two glycoproteins (HA and NA) on the virion surface. (scialert.net)
The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)

Reassortment among the three influenza types (A, B, C) does not occur. (virology.ws)

By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together ("agglutinate") in vitro. (wikipedia.org)

The influenza A virion is studded with glycoprotein spikes of HA and NA, in a ratio of approximately four to one. (scialert.net)
Therefore the influenza virion contains 7 RNA segments, not 8 RNAs like influenza A and B viruses. (virology.ws)

Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza A has at least 18 different subtypes. (wikipedia.org)

Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

Disease relevance of NA The complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza. (wikigenes.org)
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)

The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)

The replication kinetics of this mutant virus were identical to wild-type, supporting the notion that in this case RNA secondary structure is not involved in virus attenuation. (microbe.tv)

The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
In nature, influenza A virus undergoes continuous variation, particularly the amino acid sequence at the receptor binding site of HA. (pku.edu.cn)
I]t is difficult to conclude which amino acid substitution alone makes the virus highly transmissible," the study's authors concluded. (genomeweb.com)

Anatomy22

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H1N131

H5N150

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