Although uniform across the developing eye, Eph is expressed in a concentration gradient appropriate for conveying positional information during cortical axon guidance in the second-order optic ganglion, the medulla. (sdbonline.org)
Auditory1
Neurons in the avian cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) receive glutamatergic input from the auditory nerve, and GABAergic input from the superior olivary nucleus. (omeka.net)
Neural circuits1
These data indicate that human FOXP2 exerts a greater neurogenic effect, which is perhaps significant for the construction of the brain, including neural circuits involved in language processing. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)
Cortical1
Here we examined the circuit anatomy of zebra finch HVC, a cortical region that generates sequences underlying the temporal progression of the song. (elifesciences.org)
Experimental2
Our approaches combine experimental embryology and functional studies of genes of interest in our avian models, 3D light sheet microscopy to cartography cells and molecules at the whole embryo level, videomicroscopy, and large-scale transcriptomic analyses. (inmg.fr)
The development of knockin mice with Cre recombinase expressed under the control of the promoter for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) has allowed experimental manipulation of cholinergic circuits. (omeka.net)
Song2
Kao, M.H., Doupe, A.J. & Brainard, M.S. Contributions of an avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit to real-time modulation of song. (nature.com)
In this study we looked for neural responses to song in the avian homologues of music-responsive brain regions. (frontiersin.org)
Brain1
The meeting first provided a broad overview of the structure of the human brain in the context of scaling relationships across the brains of mammals, conserved principles in reptilian and avian forebrains, and recent changes in the human lineage inferred from cranial endocast and genomic data from archaic humans. (biologists.com)
Human1
To model and thus be able to study thse childhood malignancies in an embryonic context, we have developed a paradigm of human tumor cell transplantation within selected tissues of the avian embryo. (inmg.fr)
Thalamus1
In male zebra finches, the circuit connecting the medial dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus (DLM) and its cortical target, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (lMAN), is crucial for the acquisition of a normal vocal pattern during the sensitive period for song learning. (jneurosci.org)
Species2
In 1905, Cajal studied human sympathetic ganglia and found morphological arrangements he had not yet seen in other species. (nih.gov)
Avian retina and retina from several mammalian species contain relatively high concentrations of nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, that are primarily associated with the synaptic layers of the retina (6, 7). (nih.gov)
Morphological1
Change in the neurochemical signature and morphological development of the parvocellular isthmic projection to the avian tectum. (antibodiesinc.com)
Vocal3
Because the total number of DLM neurons remains stable throughout this period, the dramatic changes within the overall DLM→lMAN circuit are presumably attributable to dynamic rearrangements at the level of individual DLM axon arbors over the course of vocal learning. (jneurosci.org)
Decreases in the degree of overlap between DLM arbors apparently contribute to the increased overall volume of the DLM→lMAN circuit during vocal learning. (jneurosci.org)
This circuit generates song variability that underlies vocal experimentation in young birds and modulates song variability depending on the social context in adult birds. (washington.edu)
Synapses1
Since only five types of neurons are present in the vertebrate retina and both the structure and function of the neurons and synaptic circuits of the retina have been studied extensively (3-5), chick embryoretina would appear to be an excellent cell system for studying the formation of synapses. (nih.gov)
Mammalian1
a mammalian ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone), expression of immunoreactive RFRP-3 in the neurons of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was monitored in sexually immature and mature laboratory mice (study I). (brainmaps.org)
Behaviors2
Individual axon arbors within developing neural circuits are remodeled during restricted sensitive periods, leading to the emergence of precise patterns of connectivity and specialized adaptive behaviors. (jneurosci.org)
Highly ordered patterns of connectivity within different neural circuits and the specialized behaviors that they subserve emerge during restricted sensitive periods of development. (jneurosci.org)
Neurons1
Specifically, one class of basal ganglia projecting neurons in HVC, (HVCX neurons) show activity that appears to code for specific syllable transitions (look at ref. 1 and 2). (ncbs.res.in)
Nucleus1
These experiments explored the role of the basal ganglia in consummatory reward downshift (cRD) using inhibitory and excitatory DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) infused in either the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or one of its downstream targets, the globus pallidus externus (GPe). (bvsalud.org)
Nuclei1
The isthmic nuclei providing parallel feedback connections to the avian tectum have different neurochemical identities: Expression of glutamatergic and cholinergic markers in the chick (Gallus gallus). (antibodiesinc.com)
Expression1
Within a comparative framework, we use behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular techniques to investigate how social interactions shape gene expression patterns, how these changes modulate neural circuit properties and ultimately, how this constellation of changes sculpts behavior. (ucla.edu)
Role2
provided an earlier comprehensive review of basal ganglia in the context of its possible role in pathophysiology of both developmental and neurogenic stuttering. (frontiersin.org)
C. Dalla "Sex differences in stress response: the role of estrogens, monoamines and brain circuits", 11th Annual meeting of the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences/OSSD, Montreal, Canada, 2017. (uoa.gr)
Function2
Comparative studies using animal models have helped in uncovering brain circuit activities involved in rhythm perception, while human imaging, brain stimulation, and motion capture technologies have enabled neural circuit analysis underlying the effects of MBIs on motor, affective/reward, and cognitive function. (jneurosci.org)
NAc and GPe excitation led to opposite results in the cRD task, providing evidence that the basal ganglia circuit has a function in frustrative nonreward in the absence of detectable motor effects. (bvsalud.org)
Within this theoretical framework, we propose that the primary impairment underlying stuttering behavior is malfunction in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (hereafter, cortico-BG) loop that is responsible for initiating speech motor programs. (frontiersin.org)