Ascidians are the closest living relatives of vertebrates, and their study is important for understanding the evolutionary processes of oocyte maturation and ovulation. (elifesciences.org)
Mature oocytes become fertilizable, and their meiosis is arrested again at a species-specific stage: metaphase of the first division (MetI, many invertebrates), metaphase of the second division (MetII, most vertebrates), or G1-phase (some echinoderms and coelenterates) until fertilization. (elifesciences.org)
In the development of invertebrates and vertebrates, the members of the hedgehog (HH) signaling family mediate many essential processes, including short-term and long-term modeling. (regenmedres-journal.org)
The Hh gene family encodes a secreted protein that plays a critical regulatory role in the process of embryogenesis and environmental stabilization in adult tissues of invertebrates and vertebrates [ 44 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)
These observations reveal a conserved role for Eph kinases as determinants of topographic map formation in vertebrates and invertebrates (Dearborn, 2002). (sdbonline.org)
Neuropeptide1
Molt inhibiting hormone (MIH) is a key neuropeptide that controls growth and reproduction in crustaceans by regulating the molt cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Steroid1
Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, protein distribution by immunohistochemistry, and steroid hormone concentrations by radioimmunoassay. (biomedcentral.com)
Induces1
IHH signal induces activation of Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHRP) on the articular surface and gets rid of the hypertrophy of chondrocytes [ 49 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)
Regulation2
In contrast, neither a pituitary organ nor gonadotropins arose in most species of invertebrates, indicating the presence of HPG axis-independent regulation in these organisms. (elifesciences.org)
Two putative Corazonin receptors showed much higher expression in the YOs compared with all other GPCRs, suggesting an important role in molt regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Development1
The highly conserved family of Wnt proteins represents important regulators of cell behaviour, tissue development and homeostasis by inducing responses in a concentration-dependent manner. (exeter.ac.uk)
The hypothalamus is a small, yet vitally important, brain region that integrates the body's two communication systems: the endocrine and nervous systems. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Paracrine3
Ovulation is a key step in animal reproduction and involves multiple endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling molecules, such as progesterone, epidermal growth factors, and prostaglandins. (sdbonline.org)
Our data demonstrate that Unx1 forms large-pore membrane channels, which may serve as a diffusional pathway for ions and small molecules that are likely to be metabolic substrates or waste products, and signaling autocrine and paracrine molecules that could be involved in cell invasion. (bvsalud.org)
They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions. (nih.gov)
Central and peripheral1
A subset of the FGF family, expressed in adult tissue, is important for neuronal signal transduction in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Organisms2
Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
Cells of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms express proteins specialized in membrane channel-based cell-cell communication that are absent in unicellular organisms. (bvsalud.org)
Peripheral1
The gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone in turn act on peripheral reproductive organs to regulate the onset of puberty, gametogenesis and estrous cycling [ 13 ]. (karger.com)
Neurons1
Specifically, several reports have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins on the migration, survival and structural and functional plasticity of neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), essential for the acquisition and maintenance of reproductive competence in mammals. (karger.com)
Adult1
Much recent research has focused on the role of semaphorins in the development and adult activity of hormone systems and, reciprocally, how circulating reproductive hormones regulate their expression and function. (karger.com)